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ASTM D5903-96(2023)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event

Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The success of a sampling event is influenced by adequate planning and preparation. Use of this guide will help the groundwater sampler to methodically execute the planning and preparation.  
3.2 This guide should be used by a professional or technician that has training or experience in groundwater sampling.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers planning and preparing for a groundwater sampling event. It includes technical and administrative considerations and procedures. Example checklists are also provided as Appendices.  
1.2 This guide may not cover every consideration procedure, or both, that is necessary before all groundwater sampling projects. In karst or fractured rock terranes, it may be appropriate to collect groundwater samples from springs (see Guide D5717). This guide focuses on sampling of groundwater from monitoring wells; however, most of the guidance herein can apply to the sampling of springs as well.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jan-2023
ICS
13.060.10 - Water of natural resources
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D5717-95e1 - Standard Guide for Design of Ground-Water Monitoring Systems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers (Withdrawn 2005)
Effective Date
13-Oct-1998

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ASTM D5903-96(2023) - Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling EventASTM D5903-96(2023) - Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event
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ASTM D5903-96(2023) - Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5903 − 96 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Guide for
Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5903; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This guide covers planning and preparing for a ground-
D5717 Guide for Design of Ground-Water Monitoring Sys-
water sampling event. It includes technical and administrative
tems in Karst and Fractured-Rock Aquifers (Withdrawn
considerations and procedures. Example checklists are also
2005)
provided as Appendices.
1.2 This guide may not cover every consideration
3. Significance and Use
procedure, or both, that is necessary before all groundwater
3.1 The success of a sampling event is influenced by
sampling projects. In karst or fractured rock terranes, it may be
adequate planning and preparation. Use of this guide will help
appropriate to collect groundwater samples from springs (see
the groundwater sampler to methodically execute the planning
Guide D5717). This guide focuses on sampling of groundwater
and preparation.
from monitoring wells; however, most of the guidance herein
3.2 This guide should be used by a professional or techni-
can apply to the sampling of springs as well.
cian that has training or experience in groundwater sampling.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Considerations and Procedures
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Evaluate the scope of the sampling and analysis pro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
gram.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1.1 Review plans, protocols, and objectives of the sam-
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information
pling program and event. The sampler should review the
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
sampling and analysis plan, site health and safety plan,
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
sampling protocol, and quality assurance/quality control plan,
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
when available. These documents will provide information on
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
required sampling procedures and also should provide the
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
information in the following paragraphs.
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
4.1.2 Determine which wells will be sampled. The sampler
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
should have a map or diagram showing the locations of the
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
wells to be sampled. Determine if there is a preferred well
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
sampling sequence specified in the sampling and analysis plan.
document means only that the document has been approved
4.1.3 Identify the laboratory analyses to be performed on
through the ASTM consensus process.
samples from each well. The analytical requirements are often,
but not always, the same for each well. Determine if there is a
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
preferred order in filling containers based on analytes.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1.4 Identify data to be collected in the field. The sampler
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
must know in advance what types of data must be collected in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the field (that is, chemical measurements, water level
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
measurements, etc.) Many samplers use a form to record field
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
data and other observations. The use of a form can help the
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Vadose Zone Investigations. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
ɛ1 3
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D5903 – 96 (2017) . The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.ast-
DOI: 10.1520/D5903-96R23. m.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5903 − 96 (2023)
sampler to collect and record information in a consistent analyses. This notification allows the laboratory to plan for
manner and can reduce the chance of failure to collect needed adequate equipment and personnel resources to complete the
data.
analyses.
4.1.5 Determine from what depth range within the well the
4.4.2 Determine the volume of sample needed for each
samples will be collected.
analysis.
4.1.6 Evaluate the need for specialized handling of purged
4.4.3 Coordinate the preparation or shipment, or both, of
water and decontamination wastewater. The waters may be
sample containers, preservatives, and shipping containers to
released to the ground surface, discharged to a sanitary or
the site and to the laboratory. The analytical laboratory often
industrial sewer, or containerized and handled as a potentially
supplies the sample containers and preservatives, and some-
hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes will require specialized
times the shipping containers for the return of samples. The
labeling, storage, transportation, and disposal.
project manager or sampler will need to provide the details
4.1.7 Identify all documentation and field quality control
needed to accomplish this. The laboratory will need to know
procedures stipulated in the sampling and analysis plan or
the number of containers and preservatives for each analyte,
quality control plan.
when the containers are needed, whether containers will be
4.2 Review available information.
picked up or shipped, and the address of the location to which
containers/preservatives must be shipped. The laboratory
4.2.1 Review well construction details. The sampler should
know the material of construction, the inside diameter, the should specify any related administrative requirements. The
completion depth, the screened interval, and the cap type and return of samples to the laboratory also must be coordinated.
lock type (if locked). This information is needed to select
The sampler will need to be aware of any special instructions
purging and sampling equipment, and may be needed to select
regarding shipment or receipt of the samples (that is, times
other tools (for example, a strap wrench to remove the cap,
when samples cannot be received, unacceptable shipping
boltcutters or a hack saw to remove damaged locks, or keys for
containers, Department of Transportation restrictions, and
locks).
documentation requirements). The sampler also must have the
4.2.2 Evaluate historical well performance and chemical
address of the laboratory if samples will be shipped.
characteristics of the water from each well, if available. The
4.4.4 When the sampler is also the project manager, the
behavior of the well during past sampling events is useful
methods of analyses and lower reporting limits also must be
information in the planning process. This may include the flow
coordinated with the laboratory. These are chosen based on the
rate in the screened interval, the maximum pumping rate, the
data quality objectives.
time required to purge the well, whether the well is easily
4.4.5 Identify the sample volumes, preparation, and holding
bailed or pumped dry, etc. Knowledge of the past groundwater
time requirements. The sampler should be aware of the total
chemistry and non-aqueous phase liquids in the well also can
volume of water that must be collected from each well. This
be useful. The turbidity of the water may influence sampling
may influence the selection of sampling equipment. The
methods and the need for or approach to filtration of samples.
Use of personal protective equipment also may be dictated by
sampler also should know what will be involved in the
known contamination of the water from a well.
preparation of samples (that is, chemical and physical preser-
4.2.3 Evaluate the physical setting of the well locations. vation). This knowledge is needed to make logistical arrange-
This is necessary to determine the accessibility of the wells. ments. For example, the sampler may need to use an area near
Access could be impeded or difficult due to mud, snow, trees,
the site that has an electrical outlet and a sink if filtration is
fences, steep hills, secured areas, etc. This information will
required. Lastly, the sampler must know if any of the samples
help the sampler determine what type of vehicle is needed,
have a short holding time (maximum allowable time between
whether special tools are needed, or whether administrative
sample collection and preparation or analysis). Collecting
clearances are required, or both.
samples with short holding times could influence the timing or
4.2.4 For wells with dedicated sampling equipment find out
method of sample shipment.
the type of
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ground water samples are subject to chemical, physical, and biological change relative to in- situ conditions at the ground surfaces as a result of exposure to ambient conditions during sample collection (for example, pressure, temperature, ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric oxygen, and contaminants) (1) (2).6 Physical and chemical preservation of samples minimize further changes in sample chemistry that can occur from the moment the ground water sample is retrieved, to the time it is removed from the sample container for extraction or analysis, or both. Measures also should be taken to preserve the physical integrity of the sample container.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for field preservation of ground water samples from the point of sampling through receipt at the laboratory. Laboratory preservation methods are not described in this guide. Purging and sampling techniques are not addressed in this standard but are addressed in Guides D6564/D6564M, D6634/D6634M, D7929, and Practice D6771.  
1.2 Ground water samples are subject to chemical, physical, and biological change relative to in situ conditions at the ground surfaces due to exposure to ambient conditions during sample collection. Physical and chemical preservation of samples minimize further changes in sample chemistry that can occur from the moment the ground water sample is retrieved, to the time it is removed from the sample container for extraction or analysis.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event

ABSTRACT
This guide covers what and how information should be recorded in the field when sampling a ground-water monitoring well. This guide is limited to written documentation of a ground-water sampling event. When sampling ground-water monitoring wells, it is very important to thoroughly document all field activities. It is important to record procedures used and measurements immediately after they have been accomplished and are fresh in the memory. The format of the documentation is discretionary, but should be consistent from well to well and in accordance with regulatory requirements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When sampling groundwater monitoring wells, it is very important to thoroughly document all field activities. Sufficient field data should be retained to allow one to reconstruct the procedures and conditions that may have affected the integrity of a sample. The field data generated are vital to the interpretation of the chemical data obtained from laboratory analyses of samples. Field data and observations may also be useful to analytical laboratory personnel.  
4.2 Due to the changing nature of regulations and other information, users are advised to thoroughly research requirements related to packaging and shipping prior to initiating a sampling event.
Note 1: The sampling of an individual groundwater monitoring well should be repeated as closely as possible each time the monitoring well is sampled. This reduces the variability of the chemical parameters due to sampling variability which is the desired result. The intent is to detect the change in chemistry by repeating the sampling protocol at each individual well. This does not mean that all the wells are sampled the same way, nor does it prohibit changes in the sampling protocol, provided they are planned and documented.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers what and how information should be recorded in the field when sampling a groundwater monitoring well. Following these recommendations will provide adequate documentation in most monitoring programs. In some situations, it may be necessary to record additional or different information, or both, to thoroughly document the sampling event. In other cases, it may not be necessary to record all of the information recommended in this guide. The level of documentation will be based on site-specific conditions and regulatory requirements.  
1.2 This guide is limited to written documentation of a groundwater sampling event. Other methods of documentation (that is, electronic and audiovisual) can be used but are not addressed in this guide. The specific activities addressed in this guide include documentation of static water level measurement, monitoring well purging, monitoring well sampling, field measurements, groundwater sample preparation, and groundwater sample shipment.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be appli...

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ASTM
ASTM D6771-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling Used for Groundwater Monitoring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Method Considerations—The objective of most groundwater sampling programs is to obtain samples that are similar in composition to that of the formation water near the well screen. The low-flow purging and sampling method uses the stabilization of indicator parameters to determine when the pump discharge is considered to represent a flow-weighted average of the formation water. Measurements of operational parameters are used to determine potential sampling bias (for example, artifactual turbidity and increased temperature) that may have been introduced by pumping operations and to ensure that the sample is representative of formation water. The low-flow purge rate minimizes lowering of the ambient groundwater level and thereby minimizes potential entrainment of blank-riser pipe (and potentially stagnant) water above or below the screen into the screened-zone of the well. This sampling method assumes that the well has been properly designed and constructed as described in Practices D5092/D5092M and D6725/D6725M, adequately developed as described in Guide D5521/D5521M, and has received proper well maintenance and rehabilitation as described in Guide D5978/D5978M (see Note 1).
Note 1: This Standard is not intended to replace or supersede any regulatory requirements, standard operating procedure (SOP), quality assurance project plan (QAPP), ground water sampling and analysis plan (GWSAP) or site-specific regulatory permit requirements. The procedures described in this Standard may be used in conjunction with regulatory requirements, SOPs, QAPPs, GWSAPs or permits where allowed by the authority with jurisdiction.  
5.2 Applicability—Low-flow purging and sampling may be used in a monitoring well that can be pumped at a constant low-flow rate without continuously increasing drawdown in the well (2). If a well cannot be purged without continuously increasing drawdown even at very low pumping rates (for example, 50 – 100 mL/min), the well should not be sampled using th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the method of low-flow purging and sampling used to collect groundwater samples from wells to assess groundwater quality.  
1.2 The purpose of this procedure is to collect groundwater samples that represent a flow-weighted average of solute and colloid concentrations transported through the formation near the well screen under ambient conditions. Samples collected using this method can be analyzed for groundwater contaminants and/or naturally occurring analytes.  
1.3 This practice is generally not suitable for use in wells with very low-yields and cannot be conducted using grab sampling or inertial lift devices. This practice is not suitable for use in wells with non-aqueous phase liquids.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are approximate mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standar...

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ASTM
ASTM D6001/D6001M-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Direct-push groundwater sampling and profiling are economical methods for obtaining discrete interval groundwater quality samples in many soils and unconsolidated formations without the expense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-10).4 Many of these devices can be used to profile groundwater quality or contamination and/or hydraulic conductivity with depth by performing repetitive sampling and testing events. DP groundwater sampling is often used in expedited site characterization (Practice D6235) and as a means to accomplish high resolution site characterization (HRSC) (11, 12). The formation to be sampled should be sufficiently permeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relatively short time. The zone to be sampled and/or slug tested can be isolated by matching sampler screen length to obtain discrete samples of thin saturated, permeable layers. Use of these sampling and hydraulic testing techniques will result in more detailed characterization of sites containing multiple aquifers. The field conditions, sampler design and data quality objectives should be reviewed to determine if development (Guide D5521/D5521M) of the screened formation is appropriate. The samplers do not have a filter pack designed to retain fines like conventional wells, but only a slotted screen or wire-mesh covered ports. So, obtaining low turbidity samples may be difficult or even impossible in formations with a significant proportion of fine-grained materials. With most systems turbidity will always be high so consult Guide D6564/D6564M if field filtration of samples is required. Discrete water sampling, combined with knowledge of location and thickness of target aquifers, may better define conditions in thin multiple aquifers than monitoring wells with long screened intervals that can intersect and allow for intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4, 6, 11-15). DP sampling performed without knowledge of the location and thickness of target aquifers can result in sampling...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of groundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods (D6286/D6286M, see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Knowledge of site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions is necessary to successfully obtain groundwater samples with these devices.  
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality and permeability may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These explorations are frequently advised in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies.  
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater samplers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube sampling systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth provide the highest quality water samples. Profiling samplers using an exposed screen(s) which are purged between sampling events allow for more rapid sample collection at multiple depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone with no purging prior to sampling may result in more questionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones, and in that case, would be considered screening devices.  
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. These methods include use of related standards such as; selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and D6634/D6634M), samp...

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ASTM
ASTM D5473/D5473M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Analyzing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well and Determining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Conductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aquifer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter and partially penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky artesian aquifer is homogeneous, and aerially extensive. The aquifer may also be anisotropic and, if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively. The methods may be used to analyze tests on unconfined aquifers under conditions described in a following section.
Note 1: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 2.  
5.2 Implications of Assumptions—The vertical flow components in the aquifer are induced by a control well that partially penetrates the aquifer, that is, a well that is not open to the aquifer through its full thickness. The effects of vertical flow components are measured in piezometers near the control well, that is, within a distance, r, in which vertical flow components are significant, that is:
5.3 Application of Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions, Weeks (1) has pointed out that the solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer, and the effects of delayed gravity response are small. The effects of gravity response become negligible after a time as given, for piezometers near the water table, by the equation:
for values of ar/b  
for greater values of ar/b.  
5.3.2 Drawdown in an unconfined aquifer is also affected by curvature of the water table or free surface near the control well, and b...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical solution for determining the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer by analysis of the response of water levels in the aquifer to the discharge from a well that partially penetrates the aquifer. This standard uses data derived from Test Method D4050.  
1.2 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and...

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