ASTM E1675-20

Standard Practice for Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of Chemical Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The objective of this practice is to obtain representative samples of the steam and liquid phases as they exist in the pipeline at the sample point, without allowing steam condensation or additional liquid flashing in the separator. A significant feature of the practice is the use of a cyclone-type separator for high-efficiency phase separation which is operated at flow rates high enough to prevent significant heat loss while maintaining an internal pressure essentially the same as the pipeline pressure.  
4.2 Another significant feature of the practice is to locate the sampling separator at a point on the pipeline where the two-phase flow is at least partially stratified to aid in the separation process. It is neither necessary nor possible to pass representative proportions of each phase through the sampling separator to obtain representative samples. The separator is usually attached to an appropriately oriented port to collect each specific phase – normally on top of the line for steam and at the bottom for liquid. In some cases, piping configurations can generate unusual flow regimes where the reverse is required. If the ratio of one phase to another is not extreme, it may be possible to obtain representative samples of each phase from a horizontal port on the side of the pipeline.  
4.3 This practice is used whenever liquid or steam samples, or both, must be collected from a two-phase discharge for chemical analysis. This typically includes initial well-testing operations when a well is discharged to the atmosphere or routine well production when a well discharges to a fluid gathering system and power plant. The combined two-phase flow of several wells producing through a common gathering system may also be sampled in accordance with this practice.  
4.4 This practice is not typically employed when individual wells produce to dedicated production separators. In these cases, the separated steam and liquid at the outlet of the production separator is samp...
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to obtain representative samples of liquid and steam as they exist in a pipeline transporting two-phase geothermal fluids.  
1.1.1 The liquid and steam samples are collected and properly preserved for subsequent chemical analysis in the field or an off-site analytical laboratory.  
1.1.2 The chemical composition data generated from the analysis of liquid and steam samples may be used for many applications important to geothermal energy exploration, development, and the long-term managed exploitation of geothermal resources. These applications include, but are not limited to, resource evaluations such as determining reservoir temperature and the origin of reservoir fluids, tracer-based measurements of production flow and enthalpy (TFT), compatibility of produced fluids with production, power generation and reinjection hardware exposed to the fluids (corrosivity and scale deposition potential), long-term reservoir monitoring during field exploitation, and environmental impact evaluations including emissions testing.
1.1.2.1 To fully utilize the chemical composition data in the applications stated in 1.1.2, specific physical data related to the two-phase discharge, wellbore, and geothermal reservoir may be required. Mathematical reconstruction of the fluid chemistry (liquid and steam) to reservoir conditions is a primary requirement in many applications. At a minimum, this requires precise knowledge of the total fluid enthalpy and pressure or temperature at the sample point. Fluid reconstruction and computations to conditions different from the sample collection point are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice is limited to the collection of samples from two-phase flow streams at pressures greater than 70 kPa gauge (10 psig) and having a volumetric vapor fraction of at least 20 %. This practice is not applicable to single-phase flow streams such as pumped liquid disch...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2020
• ICS: 75.020 - Extraction and processing of petroleum and natural gas
• Technical Committee: E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources
• Drafting Committee: E44.15 - Geothermal Field Development, Utilization and Materials

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E947-83(2007) - Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007
• Refers: ASTM E947-83(1996)e1 - Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
• Effective Date: 27-May-2002
• Refers: ASTM E947-83(2002) - Standard Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
• Effective Date: 27-May-2002

Overview

ASTM E1675-20 is the internationally recognized standard practice for sampling two-phase geothermal fluid-specifically, both the steam and liquid components-for the purpose of chemical analysis. Developed by ASTM Committee E44, this standard outlines procedures to ensure that samples collected from geothermal pipelines accurately represent the existing conditions of both phases at the sampling point. By minimizing phase changes such as steam condensation or additional flashing in the separator, the methodology supports reliable and meaningful chemical composition data, a cornerstone for geothermal resource management and exploration.

Key Topics

• Representative Sampling: Emphasizes sample collection techniques that preserve the native state of both steam and liquid phases in two-phase flows under pressure conditions above 70 kPa gauge (10 psig) and a vapor fraction of at least 20%.
• Cyclone-Type Separator Usage: Specifies the application of high-efficiency cyclone-type separators operated at appropriate flow rates to prevent heat loss and maintain pipeline-equivalent pressure-essential for phase integrity.
• Strategic Separator Placement: Recommends positioning sampling ports where flow is partially stratified, such as on the top (for steam) or bottom (for liquid) of the pipeline, to aid phase separation and ensure sample accuracy.
• Port and Equipment Requirements: Outlines port dimensions, equipment pressure ratings, and practical measures for preventing contamination, ensuring worker safety, and maintaining sample integrity.
• Sampling Procedures: Details operational steps for separator installation, sample collection for both steam and liquid phases, and the handling of noncondensable gas samples.
• Health and Safety: Addresses hazards such as high temperatures, hydrogen sulfide exposure, and the risks associated with high-pressure geothermal fluids.

Applications

The ASTM E1675-20 standard is critical across several geothermal industry operations:

• Resource Evaluation: Accurate chemical analysis of separated steam and liquid helps determine reservoir temperature and origin, supporting exploration and reservoir management strategies.
• Production Monitoring: Routine well testing and continuous monitoring benefit from representative sampling, enabling assessment of fluid compatibility with production equipment and reinjection systems, and tracking changes in fluid composition over time.
• System Performance and Environmental Compliance: Data obtained is valuable for emissions testing, tracer studies, and evaluating scaling and corrosion risks for power generation infrastructure.
• Field Development: Fundamental for both initial well discharge tests to the atmosphere and ongoing supervision of wells discharging into gathering systems or directly supplying power plants.
• Long-Term Sustainability: Supports efforts to manage geothermal resources efficiently, mitigate environmental impacts, and facilitate regulatory compliance.

Related Standards

Professionals implementing ASTM E1675-20 should also consider the following related standards:

• ASTM E947: Specification for sampling single-phase geothermal liquid or steam for purposes of chemical analysis, recommended when sampling from separated streams or where two-phase conditions do not exist.
• ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1: Governs the design and fabrication of pressure vessels used in geothermal sampling systems, ensuring mechanical integrity and safe operation.
• Pressure Equipment Directive (PED): Relevant for installations in certain jurisdictions with alternate pressure vessel compliance requirements.

Summary

ASTM E1675-20 advances best practices for accurate, safe, and representative sampling of two-phase geothermal fluids, forming an essential foundation for chemical analysis in geothermal energy production. By following these guidelines, geothermal operators, laboratories, and engineers can maximize the reliability of their resource assessments, maintain the integrity of power plant systems, and fulfill critical environmental and regulatory obligations. The standard’s focus on effective equipment, methodology, and safety protocols ensures its ongoing relevance in geothermal field operations worldwide.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1675 − 20
Standard Practice for
Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of
Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope the flash point or superheated steam flows. Refer to Specifica-
tion E947 for sampling single-phase geothermal fluids.
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to obtain representative
samples of liquid and steam as they exist in a pipeline
1.3 The sampling of geothermal fluid two-phase flow
transporting two-phase geothermal fluids.
streams (liquid and steam) requires specialized sampling
1.1.1 The liquid and steam samples are collected and
equipment and proper orientation of sample ports with respect
properly preserved for subsequent chemical analysis in the
to the two-phase flow line. This practice is applicable to wells
field or an off-site analytical laboratory.
not equipped with individual production separators.
1.1.2 The chemical composition data generated from the
analysis of liquid and steam samples may be used for many 1.4 Thetwo-phaseequipmentandtechniquesdescribedhere
applications important to geothermal energy exploration,
areoftentheonlywaytoobtainrepresentativesteamandliquid
development, and the long-term managed exploitation of
samples from individual producing geothermal wells. They
geothermal resources. These applications include, but are not
have been developed to address common two-phase conditions
limited to, resource evaluations such as determining reservoir
such as:
temperature and the origin of reservoir fluids, tracer-based
1.4.1 Unstable production flow rates that have a large
measurements of production flow and enthalpy (TFT), com-
degree of surging,
patibility of produced fluids with production, power generation
1.4.2 Unknown percentage of total flow that is flashed to
and reinjection hardware exposed to the fluids (corrosivity and
steam or is continuously flashing through the production
scale deposition potential), long-term reservoir monitoring
system,
during field exploitation, and environmental impact evalua-
tions including emissions testing.
1.4.3 Mineral deposition during and after flashing of the
1.1.2.1 To fully utilize the chemical composition data in the
produced fluid in wellbores, production piping, and sampling
applications stated in 1.1.2, specific physical data related to the
trains,
two-phase discharge, wellbore, and geothermal reservoir may
1.4.4 Stratification of flow inside the pipeline and unusual
berequired.Mathematicalreconstructionofthefluidchemistry
flow regimes at the sampling ports, and
(liquid and steam) to reservoir conditions is a primary require-
1.4.5 Insufficient flash fraction to obtain a steam sample.
mentinmanyapplications.Ataminimum,thisrequiresprecise
knowledge of the total fluid enthalpy and pressure or tempera-
1.5 This practice covers the sample locations, specialized
tureatthesamplepoint.Fluidreconstructionandcomputations
sampling equipment, and procedures needed to obtain repre-
to conditions different from the sample collection point are
sentative liquid and steam samples for chemical analysis.
beyond the scope of this practice.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 Thispracticeislimitedtothecollectionofsamplesfrom
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
two-phase flow streams at pressures greater than 70 kPa gauge
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(10 psig) and having a volumetric vapor fraction of at least
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
20 %. This practice is not applicable to single-phase flow
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
streams such as pumped liquid discharges at pressures above
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,
Geothermal and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
SubcommitteeE44.15onGeothermalFieldDevelopment,UtilizationandMaterials.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020. Published September 2020. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1675 – 04 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/E1675-20. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1675 − 20
2. Referenced Documents production separator is sampled in accordance with single-
2 phase sampling methods (Specification E947). It may,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
however, be used downstream of production separators when
E947 Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal
separator efficiency is expected to be very poor. In these cases,
Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
themethodisusedtoremovethecontaminatingphasefromthe
2.2 Other Document:
samples being collected.
ASMECodeSectionVIII,Division1(2019), PressureVessel
Design, Fabrication and Certification
5. Sample Location
3. Summary of Practice
5.1 Sample locations vary and are dependent upon the gross
3.1 Samples are collected from a pipeline carrying two- quantitiesofeachphaseatthesamplepoint.Ifsampleportsare
phase geothermal fluids by using a sampling separator which
properlyorientedonthetwo-phasepipeline,acertaindegreeof
separates liquid and steam phases through centrifugal force. phase stratification will have occurred prior to sampling,
Separators are operated at or near pipeline pressure, to mini-
facilitating further separation of the target phase through the
mize phase changes arising from pressure drop. A fraction of sampling separator.
the separated steam is condensed, and a fraction of the
5.2 Ports are ideally located on the top and bottom of the
separatedliquidiscooled.Portionsofthecondensedsteamand
pipelineatleasteightdiametersdownstreamandtwodiameters
cooled liquid are collected in appropriate sample containers for
upstream of major flow disturbances such as pipe bends,
subsequent chemical analysis.
reductions, valving, orifice plates, etc. (see Fig. 1).
4. Significance and Use 5.2.1 In cases where the fluid contains substantial quantities
of solid debris that may plug the sample port, the liquid port
4.1 The objective of this practice is to obtain representative
can be located at a 45° angle from the bottom, provided that a
samples of the steam and liquid phases as they exist in the
sufficient liquid phase is present.
pipeline at the sample point, without allowing steam conden-
5.2.2 If the flow regime is known, the number of ports may
sation or additional liquid flashing in the separator. A signifi-
possibly be reduced to a single port located either on the side,
cant feature of the practice is the use of a cyclone-type
top, or bottom of the two-phase pipeline. Sufficient quantities
separator for high-efficiency phase separation which is oper-
of each phase must be available at the single port to allow
ated at flow rates high enough to prevent significant heat loss
collection of representative steam and liquid samples.
while maintaining an internal pressure essentially the same as
the pipeline pressure. 5.2.3 The sample ports must be at least 1-in. diameter and
configured with a full-open port ball or gate valve. This
4.2 Anothersignificantfeatureofthepracticeistolocatethe
requirementisnecessarytoensurethatonlyaminimalpressure
sampling separator at a point on the pipeline where the
dropoccursthroughtheportvalveandassociatedpiping.Scale
two-phase flow is at least partially stratified to aid in the
and debris often reduce the effective inner diameter of the port,
separation process. It is neither necessary nor possible to pass
therefore smaller ports are not recommended. The port size
representative proportions of each phase through the sampling
restrictionalsoprovidesasafetymargingiventheweightofthe
separator to obtain representative samples. The separator is
separator and force needed to install and remove fittings from
usually attached to an appropriately oriented port to collect
the port.
each specific phase – normally on top of the line for steam and
at the bottom for liquid. In some cases, piping configurations
5.3 Sample ports should never be located on side-stream
can generate unusual flow regimes where the reverse is
piping from the main flow line unless only the side-stream
required. If the ratio of one phase to another is not extreme, it
fluids are to be sampled. Any changes to pressure or tempera-
may be possible to obtain representative samples of each phase
ture in the side stream piping will change the steam and liquid
from a horizontal port on the side of the pipeline.
compositions to an unknown degree.
5.3.1 Sample ports should always be located on portions of
4.3 This practice is used whenever liquid or steam samples,
or both, must be collected from a two-phase discharge for the pipeline containing flowing fluids and should never be
located on portions of pipelines containing stagnant fluids.The
chemical analysis. This typically includes initial well-testing
operations when a well is discharged to the atmosphere or physical and chemical composition of the pipeline fluids can
change significantly from heat loss and chemical reactions in
routine well production when a well discharges to a fluid
gathering system and power plant. The combined two-phase the trapped fluids.
flow of several wells producing through a common gathering
5.4 When separate sample ports are used for liquid and
system may also be sampled in accordance with this practice.
vapor, the two ports should be located in the same pressure
4.4 This practice is not typically employed when individual
environment, whenever possible. For example, liquid and
wells produce to dedicated production separators. In these
vapor sample ports should be located on the same side of a
cases, the separated steam and liquid at the outlet of the
pressuredroppointsuchasaflowcontrolvalveororificeplate.
While it is possible to correct for differences in sampling
pressures between liquid and vapor samples, collection of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
liquid and vapor samples at the same pressure eliminates the
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers345E.47thSt.New
York, NY 10017. need for any correction.
E1675 − 20
NOTE 1—Minimum pipe diameters required upstream and downstream of major flow disturbances (piping bends, reductions).
FIG. 1 Two-Phase Flowline Sampling Separator Ports
6. Equipment cally a rupture disc), pressure gauge and RTD or thermocouple
are located at the top of the separator, and steam and liquid
6.1 Sampling Separator—A cyclone-type separator rated to
sample valves are located at the bottom. Steam is drawn from
the pipeline pressure at the sample point, including a pressure
the top of the separator through a pipe extending up from the
gauge, resistance temperature detector (RTD) or thermocouple
bottom of the vessel. Liquid is drawn directly off the bottom.
probe, pressure relief device, and liquid level indicator (op-
Internal baffles prevent liquid films from rising up the inner
tional). The separator should be designed to attach directly to
walls of the vessel with the steam flow to the sample valves.
the sample port to minimize heat loss and pressure drop during
Vortex breakers are placed in the bottom of the vessel to
sampling.
prevent steam entrainment in the liquid flow to the sample
6.1.1 In jurisdictions requiring conformance of pressure
valves.
vessel to ASME code, the separator should be designed and
6.1.2.1 The main vent valve on the side of the sampling
fabricated as a “U” stamped pressure vessel, perASME Boiler
separator (No. 9 in Fig. 2) is used to maintain an excess flow
and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1, and should
of steam and liquid through the separator, beyond the amount
befabricatedbyamanufacturerwithanASMEUCertificateof
needed for sample collection. If sufficient quantities of each
Authorization. Vessel inspection should be performed by the
phase are present, the side vent valve will maintain a liquid
manufacturer in accordance withASME BPVC Section V, and
level about 50 mm (2 in.) above the liquid sample valve (No.
monitored by an Authorized Inspector who holds a valid
10 in Fig. 2). This allows collection of both steam and liquid
commission from the National Board of Boiler and Pressure
samplesfromtheseparatorwithouttheneedtoadjusttheliquid
Vessel Inspectors. Other national codes, such as the Pressure
level.
Equipment Directive (PED) may be applicable in jurisdictions
6.1.2.2 An optional liquid level indicator can be located
where ASME conformance is not required.
along one side of the separator to aid in proper separator
6.1.1.1 The separator must be rated to the maximum allow-
operation and confirm the liquid level. In most applications, a
able working pressure of the pipeline to which it is connected,
liquid level indicator is unnecessary, as the separator will be
oraminimumof3500kPagaugeat260°C(500psigat500°F),
configured to sample only 1 phase, and steps will be taken to
whichever is greater. A typical rating for a general use
eliminate the other phase.
separator is 9225 kPa gauge at 306°C (1338 psig at 583°F).All
valves, fittings, and level indicators connected to the separator 6.1.2.3 The body of the separator is insulated with a
must carry the same or higher pressure and temperature ratings high-temperature insulation jacket, rated to a minimum tem-
as the vessel itself. perature of 300°C (572°F). Insulation fill material should be
6.1.2 A typical sampling separator is shown in Fig. 2. This Pyrogel XT-E or equivalent, and should be wrapped in an
is a cyclone-type separator with a 1-in. pipe inlet attached at a outdoor weatherproof cloth, suitable of exposure to sunlight,
tangent to the separator body. A pressure relief device (typi- steam, and 99 % humidity.The jacket should be fastened to the
E1675 − 20
separator body in such a way that it is secure, but still
removable. Straps and buckles are the most common means of
attachment.
6.2 Sample Hoses—Sample hoses are perfluoroalkoxy al-
kane (PFA) tubing with UNS S30400, S31600, S30403, or
S31603 overbraid rated to 1378 kPag and 243°C (500 psig and
470°F). Joint Industry Council/Army-Navy (JIC/AN) type
fittings attach hoses to the separator and condenser. Hoses are
dedicated to either steam or liquid service to prevent cross-
contamination.
6.2.1 The inner diameter of hose used for liquid sampling
should not exceed 9.5 mm (0.375 in.).
6.2.2 The inner diameter of hose used for vapor sampling
should not exceed 6.4 mm (0.250 in.).
6.2.3 When sampling pressure exceeds 1378 kPag, UNS
S30400, S31600, S30403, or S31603 tubing should be used
(0.25 to 0.375-in. outside diameter), although it is less conve-
nient. Convoluted, flexible stainless steel hose is specifically
excluded due to potential entrapment and contamination prob-
lems caused by the internal convolutions.Alternative materials
such as N06625 may be appropriate when the fluid being
sampled is likely to have high concentrations of halides.
6.3 Condenser—A sample condenser configuration with
separate sets of UNS S30400, S31600, S30403, or S31603
tubing coils is required. One set of coils is dedicated for
condensing steam and the other is dedicated for cooling liquid.
6.3.1 The steam condenser coil has a pressure/vacuum
compound gauge (-30 in. of Hg to 30 psig is typical) located at
the sample outlet and a regulating valve at the inlet. The steam
flow is regulated at the inlet, as opposed to regulating the flow
of condensate and gas at the outlet, which can result in large
pressure surges and holdup of gas or condensate phases in the
coils.Thesteamcondensercoiltubingmustnotexceed6.4mm
(0.25 in.) outside diameter to prevent the segregation of gas
and condensate phases during sampling of steam.
6.3.1.1 The condenser coil is arranged as a downward spiral
with the inlet at the top. This maintains the thermal gradient in
thecoolingcontainer,allowingthecoolantatthesurfacetoboil
and radiate as much heat as possible, while preserving the
cooler fluids at the bottom of the vessel. The condensed steam
exits through a straight tube rising to the top of the cooler, or
in some cases, straight from the bottom of the container (see
1. Digital pressure gauge (0-6.9 MPag, 0-1000 psig) 6.3.3).
2. Loop seal
6.3.2 The liquid cooling coil has a regulating valve at the
3. Pressure gauge isolation valve
outlet. Regulating the flow at the condenser outlet maintains
4. Pressure tee
5. Pressure relief muffler
pressure on the liquid as it cools, and prevents flashing of
6. Rupture disk holder
liquid inside the condenser which could result in gas break-out
7. RTD or thermocouple probe
or chemical deposition, or both. The outside diameter of the
8. 1 in. Lug union
9. ⁄2 in. Main vent valve
liquid cooling coil is typically 6.4 mm (0.250 in.). In cases
10. ⁄8 in. Liquid sample valve
where the liquid contains substantial quantities of particulate
11. ⁄4 in. Steam monitoring vent valve
matter, 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) outside diameter tubing coils may
12. ⁄4 in. Steam sample valve
13. Insulation jacket
be used to minimize cooling coil plugging problems. Outside
14. ASME U-Stamp
diameters larger than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) should not be used, as
15. 4 in. Separator body
16. ⁄2 in. Steam outlet pipe larger tubing sizes increase the risk of contamination and
chemical deposition during liquid sampling due to low fluid
Material specification:All metal components made from UNS S30400, S31600,
velocities and longer residence times within the tubing (see
S30403, or S31603. Alternative materials, such as N06625 may be appropriate
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
when sampling conditions are likely to cause stress corrosion cracking.
FIG. 2 Sampling Separator
E1675 − 20
6.3.2.1 The brine cooling coil is arranged as a downward
spiral with the inlet at the top. This maintains the thermal
gradient in the cooling container, allowing the coolant at the
surface to boil and radiate as much heat as possible, while
preserving the cooler fluids at the bottom of the vessel. The
brineexitsthroughastraighttuberisingtothetopofthecooler.
6.3.3 In cases where the noncondensable gas concentration
in steam exceeds approximately 5 % by weight, the outlet of
the steam condenser coil should be at an elevation below the
inlet with a continuous down-slope in the tubing from inlet to
outlet. This allows the small volume of condensate to drain
freely out of the condenser and prevents hold-up within the
coils. Smaller diameter coils may be necessary if noncondens-
able gas concentrations exceed 5 % by weight. In these cases,
tubing with an outer diameter of 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) will
maintain flow velocities without excessive restriction of fluid
flow.
1. JIC Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × S.A.E. 37°) Sample Inlet
2. Regulating Valve ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
6.3.4 Condenser cooling can be achieved by an ice/water
3. Pipe Nipple ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
bath surrounding the coils or by a continuous overflow of
4. Pipe Elbow ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1
cooling water running into the vessel holding the coils (con-
5. Bulkhead Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. Swagelok)
6. 20 ft. × ⁄4 in. O.D. Tubing (0.035 in. wall)
figuration shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).Alternate configurations
7. 30 in. Hg × 30 psi Vacuum/Pressure Gauge
may include a water-tight jacket around the coils through
8. Gauge Tee ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1
9. Hose Adapter ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. Hosebarb) which a constant source of cooling water flows. A source of
3 3
10. Plastic Tubing ( ⁄8 in. O.D., ⁄16 in. I.D.) Sample Outlet
coolant may be a glycol/water mixture circulated through the
11. 8- to 20-Gallon Drum with Lid
condenser jacket and an external fan-cooled heat exchanger.
Material specification:All metal components made from UNS S30400, S31600,
6.4 Pressure Gauge—For the measurement of separator
S30403, or S31603. Alternative materials, such as N06625 may be appropriate
pressure. A digital pressure transducer should be used. A
when sampling conditions are likely to cause stress corrosion cracking.
pressure-snubbing device is recommended to minimize the
FIG. 3 Steam Sample Condenser
pressure spikes and surges common in two-phase flow lines.
Minimum accuracy of the gauge should be 61 % of full-scale.
The gauge should be calibrated at monthly intervals when in
routine use and every six months for intermittent use. All
gauges require permanent identification numbers so that field
data and calibration data can be traced to each specific
instrument.
6.5 Temperature Meter and Resistance Temperature Detec-
tor or Thermocouple Probes—For the measurement of separa-
tor temperature. Temperature meters are the digital readout
style with plug-in Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
probes or Type-K thermocouples. 4-wire RTD probes are
preferred due to the large linear range and stable signal.
Minimum accuracy of the meter should be at least 60.6°C
(61°F). Meters and temperature probes should be calibrated at
the same intervals as the pressure gauges to ensure consistency
between the measurements of pressure and temperature. All
meters and probes require permanent identification numbers so
thatfielddataandcalibrationdatacanbetracedtoeachspecific
1. JIC Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × S.A.E. 37°) Sample Inlet instrument.
2. Pipe Elbow ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
6.6 Fittings—Sample ports on the separator often need to be
1 1 3
3. Bulkhead Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. or ⁄8 in. Swagelok)
1 3
4. 20 ft. × ⁄4 in. or ⁄8 in. O.D. Tubing (0.035 in. wall)
replumbed, and fittings may need to be replaced.Aselection of
5. Pipe Nipple (3 in. × ⁄4 in. NPT)
pipe fittings including reducer bushings, pipe nipples, cou-
6. Sample Valve (Ball Valve, ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1 plings and elbows, plus those needed for sample equipment
7. Hose Adapt
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1675 − 04 (Reapproved 2012) E1675 − 20
Standard Practice for
Sampling Two-Phase Geothermal Fluid for Purposes of
Chemical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to obtain representative samples of liquid and steam as they exist in a pipeline transporting
two-phase geothermal fluids.
1.1.1 The liquid and steam samples are collected and properly preserved for subsequent chemical analysis in the field or an off-site
analytical laboratory.
1.1.2 The chemical composition data generated from the analysis of liquid and steam samples may be used for many applications
important to geothermal energy exploration, development, and the long-term managed exploitation of geothermal resources. These
applications include, but are not limited to, resource evaluations such as determining reservoir temperature and the origin of
reservoir fluids, tracer-based measurements of production flow and enthalpy (TFT), compatibility of produced fluids with
production, power generation and reinjection hardware exposed to the fluids (corrosivity and scale deposition potential), long-term
reservoir monitoring during field exploitation, and environmental impact evaluations including emissions testing.
1.1.2.1 To fully utilize the chemical composition data in the applications stated in 1.1.2, specific physical data related to the
two-phase discharge, wellbore, and geothermal reservoir may be required. Mathematical reconstruction of the fluid chemistry
(liquid and steam) to reservoir conditions is a primary requirement in many applications. At a minimum, this requires precise
knowledge of the total fluid enthalpy and pressure or temperature at the sample point. Fluid reconstruction and computations to
conditions different from the sample collection point are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.2 This practice is limited to the collection of samples from two-phase flow streams at pressures greater than 70 kPa gauge (10
psig) and having a volumetric vapor fraction of at least 20 %. This practice is not applicable to single-phase flow streams such as
pumped liquid discharges at pressures above the flash point or superheated steam flows. Refer to Specification E947 for sampling
single-phase geothermal fluids.
1.3 The sampling of geothermal fluid two-phase flow streams (liquid and steam) requires specialized sampling equipment and
proper orientation of sample ports with respect to the two-phase flow line. This practice is applicable to wells not equipped with
individual production separators.
1.4 In many cases, these techniques are the only possible The two-phase equipment and techniques described here are often the
only way to obtain representative steam and liquid samples from individual producing geothermal wells. The sampling problems
that exist include the following:They have been developed to address common two-phase conditions such as:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E44.15 on Geothermal Field Development, Utilization and Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012Sept. 1, 2020. Published December 2012September 2020. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20042012
ε1
as E1675 – 04 (2012). . DOI: 10.1520/E1675-04R12.10.1520/E1675-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1675 − 20
1.4.1 Unstable production flow rates that have a large degree of surging,
1.4.2 Unknown percentage of total flow that is flashed to steam or is continuously flashing through the production system,
1.4.3 Mineral deposition during and after flashing of the produced fluid in wellbores, production piping, and sampling trains,
1.4.4 Stratification of flow inside the pipeline and unusual flow regimes at the sampling ports, and
1.4.5 Insufficient flash fraction to obtain a steam sample.
1.5 This practice covers the sample locations, specialized sampling equipment, and procedures needed to obtain representative
liquid and steam samples for chemical analysis.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E947 Specification for Sampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam for Purposes of Chemical Analysis
2.2 Other Document:
ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1(1986),1(2019), Pressure Vessel Design, Fabrication and Certification
3. Summary of Practice
3.1 Samples are collected from a pipeline carrying two-phase geothermal fluids by using a sampling separator thatwhich separates
liquid and steam phases through centrifugal force. Separators are operated at or near pipeline pressure, to minimize phase changes
arising from pressure drop. A fraction of the separated steam is condensed, and a fraction of the separated liquid is cooled. Portions
of the condensed steam and cooled liquid are collected in appropriate sample containers for subsequent chemical analysis.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The objective of this practice is to obtain representative samples of the steam and liquid phases as they exist in the pipeline
at the sample point, without allowing steam condensation or additional liquid flashing in the separator. A significant feature of the
practice is the use of a cyclone-type separator for high-efficiency phase separation which is operated at flow rates high enough to
prevent significant heat loss while maintaining an internal pressure essentially the same as the pipeline pressure.
4.2 Another significant feature of the practice is to locate the sampling separator at a point on the pipeline where the two-phase
flow is at least partially stratified to aid in the separation process. It is neither necessary nor possible to pass representative
proportions of each phase through the sampling separator to obtain representative samples. The separator is usually attached to an
appropriately oriented port to collect each specific phase—normally phase – normally on top of the line for steam and at the bottom
for liquid. In some cases, piping configurations can generate unusual flow regimes where the reverse is required. If the ratio of one
phase to another is not extreme, it may be possible to obtain representative samples of each phase can often be obtained from a
horizontal port on the side of the pipeline.
4.3 This practice is used whenever liquid or steam samples, or both, must be collected from a two-phase discharge for chemical
analysis. This typically includes initial well-testing operations when a well is discharged to the atmosphere or routine well
production when a well discharges to a fluid gathering system and power plant. The combined two-phase flow of several wells
producing through a common gathering system may also be sampled in accordance with this practice.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers 345 E. 47th St. New York, NY 10017.
E1675 − 20
4.4 This practice is not typically employed when individual wells produce to dedicated production separators. In these cases, the
separated steam and liquid at the outlet of the production separator is sampled in accordance with single-phase sampling methods
(Specification E947). It may, however, be used downstream of production separators when separator efficiency is expected to be
very poor. In these cases, the method is used to remove the contaminating phase from the samples being collected.
5. Sample Location
5.1 Sample locations vary and are dependent upon the gross quantities of each phase at the sample point. If sample ports are
properly oriented on the two-phase pipeline, a certain degree of phase stratification will have occurred prior to sampling,
facilitating further separation of the target phase through the sampling separator.
5.2 Ports are ideally located on the top and bottom of the pipeline at least eight diameters downstream and two diameters upstream
of major flow disturbances such as pipe bends, reductions, valving, orifice plates, etc. (see Fig. 1).
5.2.1 In cases where the fluid contains substantial quantities of solid debris that may plug the sample port, the liquid port can be
located at a 45° angle from the bottom, provided that a sufficient liquid phase is present.
5.2.2 If the flow regime is known, the number of ports may possibly be reduced to a single port located either on the side, top,
or bottom of the two-phase pipeline. Sufficient quantities of each phase must be available at the single port to allow collection of
representative steam and liquid samples.
5.2.3 The sample ports must be at least 1-in. diameter and configured with a full-open port ball or gate valve. This requirement
is necessary to ensure that only a minimal pressure drop occurs through the port valve and associated piping. Scale and debris often
reduce the effective inner diameter of the port, therefore smaller ports are not recommended. The port size restriction also provides
a safety margin given the weight of the separator and force needed to install and remove fittings from the port.
5.3 Sample ports should never be located on side-stream piping from the main flow line unless only the side-stream fluids are to
NOTE 1—Minimum pipe diameters required upstream and downstream of major flow disturbances (piping bends, reductions).
FIG. 1 Two-Phase Flowline Sampling Separator Ports
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be characterized. The proportions of each phase are not likely to remain the same in a flow stream split off from the main flow
line. Any pressure reduction sampled. Any changes to pressure or temperature in the side stream piping will change the steam and
liquid compositions to an unknown degree.
5.3.1 Sample ports should always be located on portions of the pipeline containing flowing fluids and should never be located on
portions of pipelines containing stagnant fluids. The physical and chemical composition of the pipeline fluids can change
significantly from heat loss and chemical reactions in the trapped fluids.
5.4 When separate sample ports are used for liquid and vapor, the two ports should be located in the same pressure environment,
whenever possible. For example, liquid and vapor sample ports should be located on the same side of a pressure drop point such
as a flow control valve or orifice plate. While it is possible to correct for differences in sampling pressures between liquid and vapor
samples, collection of liquid and vapor samples at the same pressure eliminates the need for any correction.
6. Equipment
6.1 Sampling Separator—A cyclone-type separator rated to the pipeline pressure at the sample point, including a pressure gage,
temperature probe, and sight glass gauge, resistance temperature detector (RTD) or thermocouple probe, pressure relief device, and
liquid level indicator (optional). The separator should be designed to attach directly to the sample port to minimize heat loss and
pressure drop.drop during sampling.
6.1.1 In jurisdictions requiring conformance of pressure vessel to ASME code, the separator should be designed and fabricated
as a “U” stamped pressure vessel, per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1, and should be fabricated
by a manufacturer with an ASME U Certificate of Authorization. Vessel inspection should be performed by the manufacturer in
accordance with ASME BPVC Section V, and monitored by an Authorized Inspector who holds a valid commission from the
National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors. Other national codes, such as the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
may be applicable in jurisdictions where ASME conformance is not required.
6.1.1.1 The separator must be rated to the maximum allowable working pressure of the pipeline to which it is connected, or a
minimum of 3500 kPa gauge at 260°C (500 psig at 500°F), whichever is greater. A typical rating for a general use separator is 9225
kPa gauge at 306°C (1338 psig at 583°F). All valves, fittings, and level indicators connected to the separator must carry the same
or higher pressure and temperature ratings as the vessel itself.
6.1.2 A typical sampling separator is shown in Fig. 2. This is a cyclone-type separator with a 1-in. pipe inlet attached at a tangent
to the separator body. The separator is rated to 3 500 kPa gauge at 260°C (500 psig at 500°F). A pressure gage and A pressure relief
device (typically a rupture disc), pressure gauge and RTD or thermocouple are located at the top of the separator, and steam and
liquid sample valves are located at the bottom. Steam is drawn from the top of the separator through an axial a pipe extending up
from the bottom of the vessel. Liquid is drawn directly off the bottom. Internal baffles prevent liquid films from rising up the inner
walls of the vessel with the steam flow to the sample valves. Vortex breakers are placed in the bottom of the vessel to prevent steam
entrainment in the liquid flow to the sample valves.
6.1.2.1 The main vent valve on the side of the sampling separator (No. 29 in Fig. 2) can be is used to maintain an excess flow
of steam and liquid through the separator, beyond the amount needed for sample collection. If sufficient quantities of each phase
are present, the side vent valve will maintain a liquid level about 50 mm (2 in.) above the liquid sample valve (No. 510 in Fig.
2). This allows collection of both steam and liquid samples from the separator without the need to adjust the liquid level.
6.1.2.2 An optional sight-glass (PFA-fluorocarbon) for liquid level is indicator can be located along one side of the separator to
aid in proper separator operation and confirm the position of the liquid level. The sight glass is only rated to 1 700 kPa gauge (250
psig) and must be removed for higher pressure operation.liquid level. In most applications, a liquid level indicator is unnecessary,
as the separator will be configured to sample only 1 phase, and steps will be taken to eliminate the other phase.
6.1.2.3 The body of the separator is insulated with a high-temperature insulation jacket, rated to a minimum temperature of 300°C
(572°F). Insulation fill material should be Pyrogel XT-E or equivalent, and should be wrapped in an outdoor weatherproof cloth,
suitable of exposure to sunlight, steam, and 99 % humidity. The jacket should be fastened to the separator body in such a way that
it is secure, but still removable. Straps and buckles are the most common means of attachment.
6.2 Sample Hoses—Sample hoses are PFA-lined stainless steel braided hoses rated to 500 psig and 450°F. JIC type fittings or
quick-disconnectperfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA) tubing with UNS S30400, S31600, S30403, or S31603 overbraid rated to 1378
kPag and 243°C (500 psig and 470°F). Joint Industry Council/Army-Navy (JIC/AN) type fittings attach hoses to the separator and
E1675 − 20
1. Digital pressure gauge (0-6.9 MPag, 0-1000 psig)
2. Loop seal
3. Pressure gauge isolation valve
4. Pressure tee
5. Pressure relief muffler
6. Rupture disk holder
7. RTD or thermocouple probe
8. 1 in. Lug union
9. ⁄2 in. Main vent valve
10. ⁄8 in. Liquid sample valve
11. ⁄4 in. Steam monitoring vent valve
12. ⁄4 in. Steam sample valve
13. Insulation jacket
14. ASME U-Stamp
15. 4 in. Separator body
16. ⁄2 in. Steam outlet pipe
Material
1) 1 in. Two-Phase Inlet (Hammer Union) specification: All metal components made from
E1675 − 20
2) ⁄2 in. Vent Valve (Regulating Valve or Ball Valve)UNS S30400, S31600, S30403, or S31603. Alternative materials, such
3) ⁄4 in. Steam Sample Valve (Regulating Valve)as N06625 may be appropriate when sampling
4) ⁄2 in. Steam Bleed Valve (Regulating Valve)conditions are likely to cause stress corrosion
1 3
5) ⁄4 in. or cracking. ⁄8 in. Liquid Sample Valve (Ball Valve)
3 1
6) ⁄8 in. Teflon Sight Glass (250 psi limit: ⁄16 in. wall, Teflon PFA)
7) ⁄4 in. × 12 in. Type K Thermocouple
8) Pressure Gage with Surge Protector Valve
9) ⁄2 in. × Steam Outlet Pipe
10) Baffle Ring
11) Vortex Breaker Plates
12) Separator Body, 4 in. I.D. × 12 in.
Material specification: All metal components 304 or 316 stainless steel
FIG. 2 Sampling Separator
condenser. Hoses are dedicated to either steam or liquid service to prevent cross-contamination. The inner diameter of the hose
should not exceed 0.375 in. Stainless steel tubing may also be used (0.25 to 0.375-in. outside diameter), although it is less
convenient. Convoluted, flexible stainless steel hose is specifically excluded due to potential entrapment and contamination
problems caused by the internal convolutions.
6.2.1 The inner diameter of hose used for liquid sampling should not exceed 9.5 mm (0.375 in.).
6.2.2 The inner diameter of hose used for vapor sampling should not exceed 6.4 mm (0.250 in.).
6.2.3 When sampling pressure exceeds 1378 kPag, UNS S30400, S31600, S30403, or S31603 tubing should be used (0.25 to
0.375-in. outside diameter), although it is less convenient. Convoluted, flexible stainless steel hose is specifically excluded due to
potential entrapment and contamination problems caused by the internal convolutions. Alternative materials such as N06625 may
be appropriate when the fluid being sampled is likely to have high concentrations of halides.
6.3 Condenser—A sample condenser configuration with twoseparate sets of stainless steel UNS S30400, S31600, S30403, or
S31603 tubing coils is recommended.required. One set of coils is dedicated for condensing steam and the other is dedicated for
cooling liquid. The steam condenser coil has a pressure/vacuum gage located at the sample outlet and a regulating valve at the inlet.
The steam flow can be precisely regulated at the inlet as opposed to regulating the flow of condensate and gas at the outlet that
can result in large pressure surges and the hold-up of gas or condensate phases in the coils. The liquid cooling coil has a regulating
valve at the outlet and an optional pressure gage. Regulating the outlet flow prevents flashing of liquid at the inlet to the condenser
where chemical deposition could occur. Dedicated condensers with single sets of tubing coils for sampling either steam or liquid
also can be used (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
6.3.1 The steam condenser coil has a pressure/vacuum compound gauge (-30 in. of Hg to 30 psig is typical) located at the sample
outlet and a regulating valve at the inlet. The steam flow is regulated at the inlet, as opposed to regulating the flow of condensate
and gas at the outlet, which can result in large pressure surges and holdup of gas or condensate phases in the coils. The steam
condenser coil tubing must not exceed 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) outside diameter to prevent the segregation of gas and condensate phases
during sampling of steam.
6.3.1.1 The condenser coil is arranged as a downward spiral with the inlet at the top. This maintains the thermal gradient in the
cooling container, allowing the coolant at the surface to boil and radiate as much heat as possible, while preserving the cooler fluids
at the bottom of the vessel. The condensed steam exits through a straight tube rising to the top of the cooler, or in some cases,
straight from the bottom of the container (see 6.3.3).
6.3.2 The condenser coil tubing must not exceed 0.25-in. outside diameter to prevent the segregation of gas and condensate phases
during sampling of steam. Larger tubing sizes also liquid cooling coil has a regulating valve at the outlet. Regulating the flow at
the condenser outlet maintains pressure on the liquid as it cools, and prevents flashing of liquid inside the condenser which could
result in gas break-out or chemical deposition, or both. The outside diameter of the liquid cooling coil is typically 6.4 mm (0.250
in.). In cases where the liquid contains substantial quantities of particulate matter, 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) outside diameter tubing coils
may be used to minimize cooling coil plugging problems. Outside diameters larger than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) should not be used,
as larger tubing sizes increase the risk of contamination and chemical deposition during liquid sampling due to low fluid velocities
and longer residence times within the tubing. In cases where the liquid contains substantial quantities of particulate matter,
0.375-in. outside diameter tubing coils maytubing (see Fig. 3 beand Fig. 4used to minimize cooling coil plugging problems.).
6.3.2.1 The brine cooling coil is arranged as a downward spiral with the inlet at the top. This maintains the thermal gradient in
the cooling container, allowing the coolant at the surface to boil and radiate as much heat as possible, while preserving the cooler
fluids at the bottom of the vessel. The brine exits through a straight tube rising to the top of the cooler.
E1675 − 20
1. JIC Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × S.A.E. 37°) Sample Inlet
2. Regulating Valve ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
3. Pipe Nipple ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
4. Pipe Elbow ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1
5. Bulkhead Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. Swagelok)
6. 20 ft. × ⁄4 in. O.D. Tubing (0.035 in. wall)
7. 30 in. Hg × 30 psi Vacuum/Pressure Gauge
8. Gauge Tee ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1
9. Hose Adapter ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. Hosebarb)
3 3
10. Plastic Tubing ( ⁄8 in. O.D., ⁄16 in. I.D.) Sample Outlet
11. 8- to 20-Gallon Drum with Lid
Material
1) JIC Fitting ( specification: All metal ⁄4 in. NPT × S.A.E. 37°)components made from
2) Regulating Valve ( UNS S30400, S31600, ⁄4 in. NPT)S30403, or
3) Pipe Nipple ( S31603. Alternative materials, ⁄4 in. NPT)such as
4) Pipe Elbow ( N06625 may be ⁄4 in. NPT)appropriate when
1 1
5) Bulkhead Fitting ( sampling conditions are ⁄4 in. NPT × likely to ⁄4 in. Swagelok)cause stress
6) 20 ft. × corrosion cracking. ⁄4 in. O.D. Stainless Steel Tubing (0.035 in. wall)
7) 30 in. Hg × 30 psi Vacuum/Pressure Gage
8) Gage Tee ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1
9) Hose Adapter ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. Hosebarb)
3 3
10) Plastic Tubing ( ⁄8 in. O.D., ⁄16 in. I.D.)
11) 8- to 20-Gallon Drum with Lid
Material specification: All metal components 304 or 316 stainless steel
FIG. 3 Steam Sample Condenser
6.3.3 In cases where the noncondensiblenoncondensable gas concentration in steam exceeds approximately 5 % by weight, the
outlet of the steam condenser coil should be at an elevation below the inlet with a continuous down-slope in the tubing from inlet
to outlet. This allows the small volume of condensate to freely drain freely out of the condenser and prevents hold-up within the
coils. Smaller diameter coils may be necessary if noncondensable gas concentrations exceed 5 % by weight. In these cases, tubing
with an outer diameter of 3.18 mm (0.125 in.) will maintain flow velocities without excessive restriction of fluid flow.
6.3.4 Condenser cooling can be achieved by an ice/water bath surrounding the coils or by a continuous overflow of cooling water
running into the vessel holding the coils (configuration shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Alternate configurations may include a
water-tight jacket around the coils through which a constant source of cooling water flows. A source of coolant may be a
glycol/water mixture circulated through the condenser jacket and an external fan-cooled heat exchanger.
6.4 Condenser cooling can be achieved by an ice/water bath surrounding the coils or by a continuous overflow of cooling water
running into the vessel holding the coils (configuration shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Alternate configurations may include a
water-tight jacket around the coils through which a constant source of cooling water flows. A source of coolant may be a
glycol/water mixture circulated through the condenser jacket and an external fan-cooled heat exchanger.
6.4 Pressure Gage—Gauge—For the measurement of separator pressure. Bourdon-tube type gages or pressure transducers mayA
digital pressure transducer should be used. A pressure-snubbing device is recommended to minimize the pressure spikes and surges
common in two-phase flow lines. The full-scale pressure range Minimum accuracy of the gage should not exceed two times the
measurement reading. The gagegauge should be 61 % of full-scale. The gauge should be calibrated at monthly intervals when in
E1675 − 20
1. JIC Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × S.A.E. 37°) Sample Inlet
2. Pipe Elbow ( ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1 3
3. Bulkhead Fitting ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. or ⁄8 in. Swagelok)
1 3
4. 20 ft. × ⁄4 in. or ⁄8 in. O.D. Tubing (0.035 in. wall)
5. Pipe Nipple (3 in. × ⁄4 in. NPT)
6. Sample Valve (Ball Valve, ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1
7. Hose Adapter ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. Hosebarb)
5 3 3
8. Plastic Tubing ( ⁄8 in. O.D., ⁄16 in. I.D.) Sample Outlet
9. 8- to 20-Gallon Drum with Lid
Material
1) JIC Fitting ( specification: All metal ⁄4 in. NPT × S.A.E. 37°)components made from
2) Pipe Elbow ( UNS S30400, S31600, ⁄4 in. NPT)S30403, or
1 1 3
3) Bulkhead Fitting ( S31603. Alternative materials, ⁄4 in. NPT × such as ⁄4 in. orN06625 may ⁄8 in. Swagelok)be appropriate when
1 3
4) 20 ft. × sampling conditions ⁄4 in. orare likely ⁄8 in. O.D. Stainless Steel Tubing (0.035 in. wall)to cause stress corrosion cracking.
5) Pipe Nipple (3 in. × ⁄4 in. NPT)
6) Sample Valve (Ball Valve, ⁄4 in. NPT)
1 1
7) Hose Adapter ( ⁄4 in. NPT × ⁄4 in. Hosebarb)
3 3
8) Plastic Tubing ( ⁄8 in. O.D., ⁄16 in. I.D.)
9) 8- to 20-Gallon Drum with Lid
Material specification: All metal components 304 or 316 stainless steel
FIG. 4 Liquid Sample Cooler
routine use and every six months for intermittent use. The measurement accuracy of the gage should be at least 61 % of full-scale.
All gagesAll gauges require permanent identification numbers so that field data and calibration data can be traced to each specific
instrument.
6.5 Temperature Meter and Resistance Temperature Detector or Thermocouple Probes—For the measurement of separator
temperature. Temperature meters are the digital readout style with plug-in thermocouple probes. Type K thermocouples Resistance
Temperature Detector (RTD) probes or Type-K thermocouples. 4-wire RTD probes are preferred due to the corrosion resistance
of the exposed electrical connectors. The meter accuracy large linear range and stable signal. Minimum accuracy of the meter
should be at least 60.6°C (61°F). Meters and thermocoupletemperature probes should be calibrated at the same intervals as the
pressure gagesgauges to ensure consistency between the measurements of pressure and temperature. All meters and probes require
permanent identification numbers so that field data and calibration data can be traced to each specific instrument.
6.6 Fittings—Sample ports on the separator often need to be replumbed, and fittings may need to be replaced. A selection of pipe
fittings including reducer bushings, pipe nipples, couplings and elbows, plus those needed for sample equipment maintenance, are
required on site.
6.7 Plastic —Sample Tubing Locatedtubing located at the exit of the condenser for gas and liquid sample collection (4.8 ⁄16-in.
...