ASTM D4506-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of a Rock Mass Using the Radial Jacking Test
Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of a Rock Mass Using the Radial Jacking Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Data on the response of a rock mass to in situ loading provides essential information for many purposes in the science of rock mechanics, in the construction of dams, tunnels, bridges, high-rise structures, and other facilities that exert pressure on the foundation material or surrounding rock mass.
5.2 This test method is similar to a pressuremeter or dilatometer test in rock boreholes. The most significant difference is it engages a much larger volume of the rock mass. By testing a larger rock volume, the influence of discontinuities and other geologic factors on rock mass response to loading is more accurately determined. (Fig. 3)
FIG. 3 Modulus of Rock Mass
Radial jacking test engages a larger volume of the rock mass than with other test method options, such as laboratory (Elab) and borehole tests other than some geophysical borehole and cross-hole tests.
5.3 This test method should be used when values are required which represent the rock mass properties more accurately than can be obtained through less expensive uniaxial jacking tests, laboratory, or other test methods or procedures. Also, it could be valuable for obtaining such data before or after computer modeling to verify and fine-tune any computer model output.
5.4 Examples of when this test method would be useful is to design pressurized unlined or lined tunnels and shafts.
Note 4: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the in situ modulus of deformation of rock mass by subjecting a test chamber in rock of a circular cross-section to uniformly distributed radial loading; the consequent rock radial displacements are measured at various locations, from which the deformation modulus may be calculated. The radial anisotropic deformability of the rock is taken at enough locations that it can also be determined from the differences between the extensometer readings taken at various locations along and around the test chamber as well with depth from each loading sequence. Information on time-dependent deformation may be obtained as well by holding the loads constant for selected time intervals.
Note 1: Deformations caused by a cylindrical test chamber are not likely uniform even if each steel ring forming the jack is uniformly loaded. Theoretically, the deformations will vary along the cylinder such that it looks like a gaussian probability curve.
1.2 This test method is based upon the procedures developed by the US Bureau of Reclamation, featuring long extensometers that provide a bottom anchor far enough away from the test zone to be used as a zero reference point (Fig. 1)(1).2 An alternative procedure, the New Austrian method, is also available and is based on a reference bar going down the middle to support posts outside the deflection zone due to the testing loads and shown in Fig. 2 (2). Other than a different method of taking deformation readings, the two field tests are the same. Additional information on radial jacking and data analysis is presented in References (3-8).
FIG. 1 General Diagram and Scheme of a Radial Jacking Test Setup used by the US Bureau of Reclamation (1, 9)
FIG. 2 Longitudinal, Cross-section, and Close-up View of the Radial Jacking Test Setup (2)
Circled numbers: 1. Measuring profile. 2. Distance equal to the length of active loading. 3. Control extensometer. 4. Pressure gauge. 5. Reference beam. 6. Hydraulic pump. 7. Flat jack. 8. W...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4506 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of a Rock Mass
1
Using the Radial Jacking Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4506; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
need to be considered in any analyzes or recommendations.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method is used to determine the in situ
1.4 Testing of the in situ rock deformation behavior is
modulus of deformation of rock mass by subjecting a test limited by the maximum stress range of the reaction frame and
chamber in rock of a circular cross-section to uniformly
the flat jacks.
distributed radial loading; the consequent rock radial displace-
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
ments are measured at various locations, from which the
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
deformationmodulusmaybecalculated.Theradialanisotropic
rationalized mathematical conversions to SI units that are
deformability of the rock is taken at enough locations that it
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
can also be determined from the differences between the
Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall
extensometer readings taken at various locations along and
not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
around the test chamber as well with depth from each loading
1.5.1 The SI units presented for apparatus are substitutions
sequence. Information on time-dependent deformation may be
of the inch-pound units, other similar SI units should be
obtainedaswellbyholdingtheloadsconstantforselectedtime
acceptable, providing they meet the technical requirements
intervals.
established by the inch-pound apparatus.
NOTE 1—Deformations caused by a cylindrical test chamber are not
1.5.2 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
likelyuniformevenifeachsteelringformingthejackisuniformlyloaded.
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
Theoretically, the deformations will vary along the cylinder such that it
looks like a gaussian probability curve.
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma)
1.2 This test method is based upon the procedures devel-
calculations are involved.
oped by the US Bureau of Reclamation, featuring long exten-
someters that provide a bottom anchor far enough away from
1.5.3 The slug unit of mass is typically not used in com-
2
the test zone to be used as a zero reference point (Fig. 1)(1). mercial practice; that is, density, balances, and so on.
An alternative procedure, the New Austrian method, is also
Therefore, the standard unit for mass in this standard is either
available and is based on a reference bar going down the
kilogram (kg) or gram (g) or both. Also, the equivalent
middle to support posts outside the deflection zone due to the
inch-pound unit (slug) is not given/presented in parenthesis.
testing loads and shown in Fig. 2(2). Other than a different
1.5.4 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
method of taking deformation readings, the two field tests are
profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit
the same. Additional information on radial jacking and data
of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly
analysis is presented in References (3-8).
combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the
gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to com-
1.3 Applicationofthetestresultsisbeyondthescopeofthis
bine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a
test method, but may be an integral part of some testing
single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravita-
programs. (See Note 2.)
tional system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the
NOTE 2—For example, in situ stresses around the test tunnel will affect
slug unit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales
the test results, depending on how the test results will be used and may
3
recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft
shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.5.5 Calculations are done using only one set of units;
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
either SI or gravitational inch-pound. Other units are
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current editio
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4506 − 13 D4506 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of a Rock Mass
1
Using the Radial Jacking Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4506; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in February 2014.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method is used to determine the in situ modulus of deformation of rock mass by subjecting a test chamber in rock
of a circular cross section cross-section to uniformly distributed radial loading; the consequent rock radial displacements are
measured, measured at various locations, from which elastic or the deformation modulimodulus may be calculated. The radial
anisotropic deformability of the rock is taken at enough locations that it can also be measured and information determined from
the differences between the extensometer readings taken at various locations along and around the test chamber as well with depth
from each loading sequence. Information on time-dependent deformation may be obtained.obtained as well by holding the loads
constant for selected time intervals.
NOTE 1—Deformations caused by a cylindrical test chamber are not likely uniform even if each steel ring forming the jack is uniformly loaded.
Theoretically, the deformations will vary along the cylinder such that it looks like a gaussian probability curve.
1.2 This test method is based upon the procedures developed by the U.S.US Bureau of Reclamation, featuring long extensometers
2
that provide a bottom anchor far enough away from the test zone to be used as a zero reference point (Fig. 1)(1). An alternative
procedure procedure, the New Austrian method, is also available and is based on a reference bar going down the middle to support
posts outside the deflection zone due to the testing loads and shown in Fig. 2(2). More Other than a different method of taking
deformation readings, the two field tests are the same. Additional information on radial jacking and itsdata analysis is presented
in References (3-8).
1.3 Application of the test results is beyond the scope of this test method, but may be an integral part of some testing programs.
(See Note 2.)
NOTE 2—For example, in situ stresses around the test tunnel will affect the test results, depending on how the test results will be used and may need to
be considered in any analyzes or recommendations.
1.4 Testing of the in situ rock deformation behavior is limited by the maximum stress range of the reaction frame and the flat jacks.
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are rationalized
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test
results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013Sept. 1, 2021. Published December 2013October 2021. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20082013
ɛ1
as D4506 – 08.D4506 – 13 . DOI: 10.1520/D4506-13E01.10.1520/D4506-21.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4506 − 21
FIG. 1 General Diagram and Scheme of a Radial Jacking Test Setup used by the US Bureau of Reclamation (1, 9)
1.5.1 The SI units presented for apparatus are substitutions of the inch-pound units, other similar SI units should be acceptable,
providing they meet the technical requirements established by the inch-pound apparatus.
1.5.2 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given unless dynamic (F=ma) calculations
are involved.
1.5.3 The slug unit of mass is typically not used in commerci
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