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ASTM G154-00

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using fluorescent UV light, and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1—Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G53, which describes very specific designs for devices used for fluorescent UV exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G53 is covered by this practice.
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV light sources are described.
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and ISO DIS 11507.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2000
ICS
19.040 - Environmental testing
Technical Committee
G03 - Weathering and Durability
Drafting Committee
G03.03 - Simulated and Controlled Exposure Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM G154-00a - Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
Effective Date
10-Jun-2000
Referred By
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Effective Date
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ASTM C1519-10(2022) - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Durability of Building Construction Sealants by Laboratory Accelerated Weathering Procedures
Effective Date
10-Jun-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5894-21 - Standard Practice for Cyclic Salt Fog/UV Exposure of Painted Metal, (Alternating Exposures in a Fog/Dry Cabinet and a UV/Condensation Cabinet)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2286-16(2023) - Standard Design and Performance Specification for Removable Mesh Fencing for Swimming Pools, Hot Tubs, and Spas
Effective Date
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ASTM E2925-19a - Standard Specification for Manufactured Polymeric Drainage and Ventilation Materials Used to Provide a Rainscreen Function
Effective Date
10-Jun-2000
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ASTM D7281-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Determining Water Migration Resistance Through Roof Membranes
Effective Date
10-Jun-2000
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ASTM F2957-13(2019)e1 - Standard Specification for Ornamental Aluminum Fence Systems
Effective Date
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ASTM D4799/D4799M-17(2023) - Standard Practice for Accelerated Weathering Test Conditions and Procedures for Bituminous Materials (Fluorescent UV, Water Spray, and Condensation Method)
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM F3390-20 - Standard Specification for 3 through 24 in. Lined Flexible Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe for Land Drainage Applications
Effective Date
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ASTM D4811/D4811M-16(2023) - Standard Specification for Nonvulcanized (Uncured) Rubber Sheet Used as Roof Flashing
Effective Date
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ASTM F964-13(2019) - Standard Specification for Rigid Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Exterior Profiles Used for Fencing and Railing
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D2737-22 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Tubing
Effective Date
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ASTM D4434/D4434M-21 - Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Sheet Roofing
Effective Date
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Referred By
ASTM D4674-19 - Standard Practice for Accelerated Testing for Color Stability of Plastics Exposed to Indoor Office Environments
Effective Date
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ASTM G154-00 - Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsASTM G154-00 - Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
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ASTM G154-00 - Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: G 154 – 00
Standard Practice for
Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of
Nonmetallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating 2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures for using fluorescent UV light, and water apparatus D 3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when Related Materials
materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. Determine the Precision of a Test Method
This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, G 53 Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure
measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number Apparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-
of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this sure of Nonmetallic Materials
practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited G 113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial
for the material to be tested. Weathering Tests for Nonmetallic Materials
G 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-
NOTE 1—Practice G 151 describes performance criteria for all exposure
celerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory Light
devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice
Sources
G 53, which describes very specific designs for devices used for fluores-
cent UV exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G 53 is covered 2.2 CIE Standard:
by this practice.
CIE-Publ. No. 85: Recommendations for the Integrated
Irradiance and the Spectral Distribution of Simulated
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light
Solar Radiation for Testing Purposes
under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of
2.3 ISO Standards:
fluorescent UV light sources are described.
ISO 4582, Plastics—Determination of the Changes of Co-
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are
lour and Variations in Properties After Exposure to Day-
covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific
light Under Glass, Natural Weathering or Artificial Light
materials. General guidance is given in Practice G 151 and ISO
ISO 4892-1, Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
4892-1. More specific information about methods for deter-
Light Sources, Part 1, Guidance
mining the change in properties after exposure and reporting
ISO 4892-3, Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
these results is described in ISO 4582.
Light Sources, Part 3, Fluorescent UV lamps
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ISO DIS 11507, Paint and Varnishes—Exposure of Coat-
standard.
ings to Artificial Weathering in Apparatus—Exposure to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Fluorescent Ultraviolet and Condensation Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
G 113 are applicable to this practice.
1.6 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard—As used
ISO DIS 11507.
Discontinued 1998. See 1998 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
1 4
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-3 on Weathering Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.03 on Available from Secretary, U.S. National Committee, CIE, National Institute of
Simulated and Controlled Exposure Tests. Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
published as G 154 – 97. Last previous edition G 154 – 98. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G 154
in this practice, the term sunlight is identical to the terms detailed description of the type(s) of lamp(s) used should be
daylight and solar irradiance, global as they are defined in stated in detail in the test report. The particular testing
Terminology G 113. application determines which lamp should be used. See Ap-
pendix X1 for lamp application guidelines.
4. Summary of Practice
NOTE 3—Do not mix different types of lamps. Mixing different types of
4.1 Specimens are exposed to repetitive cycles of light and
lamps in a fluorescent UV light apparatus may produce major inconsis-
moisture under controlled environmental conditions.
tencies in the light falling on the samples, unless the apparatus has been
specifically designed to ensure a uniform spectral distribution.
4.1.1 Moisture is usually produced by condensation of
NOTE 4—Many fluorescent lamps age significantly with extended use.
water vapor onto the test specimen or by spraying the speci-
Follow the apparatus manufacturer’s instructions on the procedure neces-
mens with demineralized/deionized water.
sary to maintain desired irradiance (1,2).
4.2 The exposure condition may be varied by selection of:
6.1.1 Actual irradiance levels at the test specimen surface
4.2.1 The fluorescent lamp,
may vary due to the type or manufacturer of the lamp used, or
4.2.2 The lamp’s irradiance level,
both, the age of the lamps, the distance to the lamp array, and
4.2.3 The type of moisture exposure,
the air temperature within the chamber and the ambient
4.2.4 The timing of the light and moisture exposure,
laboratory temperature. Consequently, the use of a radiometer
4.2.5 The temperature of light exposure, and
to monitor and control the radiant energy is recommended.
4.2.6 The temperature of moisture exposure, and
6.1.2 Several factors can affect the spectral power distribu-
4.2.7 The timing of a light/dark cycle.
tion of fluorescent UV lamps:
4.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed
6.1.2.1 Aging of the glass used in some types of lamps can
in same model of apparatus should not be made unless
result in changes in transmission. Aging of glass can result in
reproducibility has been established among devices for the
a significant reduction in the short wavelength UV emission of
material to be tested.
some lamp types,
4.4 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed
6.1.2.2 Accumulation of dirt or other residue on lamps can
in different models of apparatus should not be made unless
affect irradiance,
correlation has been established among devices for the material
6.1.2.3 Thickness of glass used for lamp tube can have large
to be tested.
effects on the amount of short wavelength UV radiation
5. Significance and Use transmitted, and
6.1.2.4 Uniformity and durability of phosphor coating.
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property
6.1.3 Spectral Irradiance:
changes associated with the end use conditions, including the
effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These
NOTE 5—Fluorescent UVA lamps are available with a choice of spectral
exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the power distributions that vary significantly. The more common may be
identified as UVA-340 and UVA-351. These numbers represent the
test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the
characteristic nominal wavelength (in nm) of peak emission for each of
deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as
these lamp types. The actual peak emissions are at 343 and 350 nm,
atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater expo-
respectively.
sure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of
6.1.3.1 Spectral Irradiance of UVA-340 Lamps for Daylight
sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures
UV—The spectral power distribution of UVA-340 fluorescent
would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity.
lamps shall comply with the requirements specified in Table 1.
NOTE 2—Caution: Refer to Practice G 151 for full cautionary guidance
NOTE 6—The main application for UVA-340 lamps is for simulation of
applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.
the short and middle UV wavelength region of daylight.
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating
6.1.3.2 Spectral Irradiance of UVA-351 Lamps for Daylight
conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice.
UV Behind Window Glass—The spectral power UV behind
Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of
window glass of UVA-351 fluorescent lamps shall comply with
this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the
the requirements specified in Table 2.
specific operating conditions in conformance with the Section
10.
NOTE 7—The main application for UVA-351 lamps is for simulation of
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known the short and middle UV wavelength region of daylight which has been
filtered through window glass (3).
performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the
test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes.
6.1.3.3 Spectral Irradiance of UVB-313 Lamps—The spec-
It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material tral power distribution of UVB-313 fluorescent lamps shall
evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical
comply with the requirements specified in Table 2.
evaluation of results.
NOTE 8—Fluorescent UVB lamps have the spectral distribution of
radiation peaking near the 313-nm mercury line. They emit significant
6. Apparatus
amounts of radiation below 300 nm, the nominal cut on wavelength of
6.1 Laboratory Light Source—The light source shall be global solar radiation, that may result in aging processes not occurring
outdoors. Use of this lamp is not recommended for sunlight simulation.
fluorescent UV lamps. A variety of fluorescent UV lamps can
See Table 3.
be used for this procedure. Differences in lamp intensity or
spectrum may cause significant differences in test results. A 6.2 Test Chamber—The design of the test chamber may
G 154
TABLE 1 Relative Spectral Power Distribution Specification for TABLE 2 Relative Spectral Power Distribution Specification for
UVA-340 Lamps for Daylight UV UVA-351 Lamps for Daylight UV Behind Window Glass
A B
Bandpass, nm Fluorescent UVA-340 Lamp Sunlight Estimated Window Glass
A
Bandpass, nm Fluorescent UVA-351 Lamp
B
Filtered Sunlight
Ultraviolet Wavelength Region
Irradiance as a percentage of total irradiance from 260 to 400 nm Ultraviolet Wavelength Region
Irradiance as a percentage of total irradiance from 260 to 400 nm
260–270 0.0 % 0
271–280 0.0 % 0 260–270 0.0 % 0 %
281–290 0.0 % 0 271–280 0.0 % 0 %
291–300 < 0.2 % 0 281–290 0.0 % 0 %
301–320 6.2–8.6 % 5.6 % 290–300 < 0.1 % 0 %
321–340 27.1–30.7 % 18.5 % 301–320 0.9–3.3 % 0.1–1.5 %
321–340 18.3–22.7 % 9.4–14.8 %
341–360 34.2–35.4 % 21.7 %
361–380 19.5–23.7 % 26.6 % 341–360 42.7–44.5 % 23.2–23.5 %
381–400 6.6–7.8 % 27.6 % 361–380 24.8–28.2 % 29.6–32.5 %
381–400 5.8–7.6 % 30.9 –34.5 %
Ultraviolet and Visible Wavelength Region
C
Irradiance as a percentage of total irradiance from 300 to 800 nm Ultraviolet and Visible Wavelength Region
C
Irradiance as a percentage of total irradiance from 300 to 800 nm
D E
300–400 87.3 % 11 %
D E D E
401–700 12.7 % 72 % 300–400 90.1 % 9.0–11.1 %
D E
401–700 9.9 % 71.3–73.1 %
A
UVA-340 data—The ranges given are based on spectral power distribution
A
measurements made for lamps of different ages and operating at different levels of UVA-351 data—The ranges given are based on spectral power distribution
controlled irradiance. The ranges given are based on three sigma limits from the measurements made for lamps of different ages and operating at different levels of
averages of this data. controlled irradiance. The ranges given are based on three sigma limits from the
B
Sunlight data—The sunlight data is for global irradiance on a horizontal surface averages of this data.
B
with a air mass of 1.2, column ozone 0.294 atm cm, 30 % relative humidity, altitude Sunlight data—The sunlight data is for global irradiance on a horizontal surface
2100 m (atmopsheric pressure of 787.8 mb), and an aerosol represented by an with an air mass of 1.2, column ozone 0.294 atm cm, 30 % relative humidity,
optical thickness of 0.81 at 300 nm and 0.62 at 400 nm. altitude 2100 m (atmospheric pressure of 787.8 mb), and an aerosol represented
C
Data from 701 to 800 nm is not shown. by an optical thickness of 0.081 at 300 nm and 0.62 at 400 nm. The range is
D
UVA-340 data—Because the primary emission of fluorescent UV lamps is determined by multiplying solar irradiance by the upper and lower limits for
concentrated in the 300- to 400-nm bandpass, there are limited data available for transmission of single strength window glass samples used for studies conducted
visible light emissions of fluorescent UV lamps. Therefore, the data in this table are by ASTM Subcommittee G03.02.
C
based on very few measurements and are representative only. Data from 701 to 800 nm is not shown.
E D
Sunlight data—The sunlight data is from Table 4 of CIE Publication Number 85, UVA-351 data—Because the primary emission of fluorescent UV lamps is
global solar irradiance on a horizontal surface with an air mass of 1.0, column concentrated in the 300- to 400-nm bandpass, there are limited data available for
ozone of 0.34 atm cm, 1.42-cm precipitable water vapor, and an aerosol visible light emissions of fluorescent UV lamps. Therefore, the data in this table are
represented by an optical thickness of 0.1 at 500 nm. based on very few measurements and are representative only.
E
Sunlight data—The sunlight data is from Table 4 of CIE Publication Number 85,
global solar irradiance on a horizontal surface with an air mass of 1.0, column
vary, but it should be constructed from corrosion resistant ozone of 0.34 atm cm, 1.42-cm precipitable water vapor, and an aerosol
represented by an optical thickness of 0.1 at 500 nm. The range is determined by
material and, in addition to the radiant source, may provide for
multiplying solar irradiance by the upper and lower limits for transmission of single
means of controlling temperatu
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5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)  
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5.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different apparatus (even if the apparatus is the same model) using the identical setpoints and operational controls should not be made unless reproducibility has been established between apparatus for the material to be tested.  
5.4 Refer to Practice G151 for cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering apparatus.  
5.5 It is recommended that users follow good laboratory practices in order to reduce variability in exposures (1).8
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles and procedures for operating a xenon arc lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as humidity, rain, or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.
Note 1: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 2: Practice G151 describes general procedures and performance requirements to be used when exposing materials in an apparatus that uses laboratory light sources.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to light from an optically-filtered xenon arc lamp under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of optical filters in combination with xenon arc light sources are described.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151.
Note 3: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practice D5870.  
1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This practice is technically similar to the following ISO documents: ISO 4892-2, ISO 16474-2, ISO 105-B02, ISO 105-B04, ISO 105-B05, ISO 105-B06, and ISO 105-B10.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the la...

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ASTM
ASTM G7/G7M-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Natural Weathering of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The relative durability of materials in natural exposures can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, relative humidity, time of wetness, temperature, wet-dry cycling, freeze-thaw cycling, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates which represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended.  
4.2 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several exposures, repeated over several years are needed to get a representative test result for a given location.  
4.3 Solar UV radiation varies considerably as a function of time of year. This can cause large differences in the apparent rate of degradation in many materials. Comparing results for materials exposed for short periods (less than one year) is not recommended unless materials are exposed at the same time in the same location.  
4.4 The duration of natural weathering tests is often based on time (24 months for example). The variability between different exposures can be reduced by using a duration based on total solar or solar UV radiant exposure. Solar UV measurements are typically made using instruments which record broadband UV (for example, 295 to 385 nm), as described in 7.2.4. An inherent limitation in timing a weathering test based solely on solar-radiation measurements is that temperature and moisture may also influence the rate or type of degradation.  
4.5 The design of the exposure rack, the location of the specimen on the exposure rack, and the type, color, and emissivity of adjacent specimens can affect specimen temperature and time of wetness. In order to minimize variability caused by t...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures to be followed for direct exposure of materials to the environment. Typically, this testing is performed on exposure racks tilted at a commonly-used tilt angle from the horizontal (such as 5 or 45 degrees) and facing the equator. Other exposure orientations can be used.  
1.2 This practice is not intended for the corrosion testing of bare metals, or for testing behind glass.  
1.2.1 For corrosion testing, refer to Practice G50  
1.2.2 For exposures behind glass, refer to Practice G24  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This practice is technically equivalent to the parts of ISO 877-1 and -2 that describe direct exposures of specimens to the environment.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G169-01(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to Weathering Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The correct use of statistics as part of a weathering program can greatly increase the usefulness of results. A basic understanding of statistics is required for the study of weathering performance data. Proper experimental design and statistical analysis strongly enhances decision-making ability. In weathering, there are many uncertainties brought about by exposure variability, method precision and bias, measurement error, and material variability. Statistical analysis is used to help decide which products are better, which test methods are most appropriate to gauge end use performance, and how reliable the results are.  
4.2 Results from weathering exposures can show differences between products or between repeated testing. These results may show differences which are not statistically significant. The correct use of statistics on weathering data can increase the probability that valid conclusions are derived.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers elementary statistical methods for the analysis of data common to weathering experiments. The methods are for decision making, in which the experiments are designed to test a hypothesis on a single response variable. The methods work for either natural or laboratory weathering.  
1.2 Only basic statistical methods are presented. There are many additional methods which may or may not be applicable to weathering tests that are not covered in this guide.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to be a manual on statistics, and therefore some general knowledge of basic and intermediate statistics is necessary. The text books referenced at the end of this guide are useful for basic training.  
1.4 This guide does not provide a rigorous treatment of the material. It is intended to be a reference tool for the application of practical statistical methods to real-world problems that arise in the field of durability and weathering. The focus is on the interpretation of results. Many books have been written on introductory statistical concepts and statistical formulas and tables. The reader is referred to these for more detailed information. Examples of the various methods are included. The examples show typical weathering data for illustrative purposes, and are not intended to be representative of specific materials or exposures.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G153-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of humidity.
Note 2: Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use control materials known to have relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using enclosed carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to enclosed carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions.  
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in various methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G152-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of humidity.
Note 2: Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.  
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. No reference, therefore, shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use control materials known to have relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using open flame carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.  
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to filtered open flame carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions. Different filters are described.  
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in Practice D5870.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.  
1.6 This practice is technically similar to ISO 4892-4.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G160-12(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These results may be used to compare the susceptibility of materials when exposed to this test procedure.  
3.2 Microbiological susceptibility may be reflected by a number of changes including staining, weight loss, or reduction in tensile or flexural strength.  
3.3 This practice may be considered an inoculation with a mixed culture of fungi and bacteria.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the method of conducting an evaluation of a nonmetallic material's microbiological susceptibility when in contact with the natural environment of the soil under use conditions. This practice is intended for use on solid material test specimens that are no larger than approximately 2 cm (0.79 in.) thick and 100 cm 2  (15.5 in.2) or on film forming materials such as coatings which may be tested in the form of films at least 50 by 50 mm (2 by 2 in.) in size. This practice may be applied to articles that do not spend the majority of their service life in soil.  
1.2 A wide variety of properties may be affected by microbial attack depending on material or item characteristics. Standard methods (where available) should be used for each different property to be evaluated. This practice does not attempt to enumerate all of the possible properties of interest nor specify the most appropriate test for those properties. Test methods must, however, be appropriate to the material being tested.  
1.3 Materials intended for use in soil burial applications are often subjected to periods of exposure to solar radiation and other elements of weather for some time before they are buried. Because these exposures may alter the ability of a material to resist the effects of soil-borne microorganisms, it is recommended that this practice be combined with appropriate environmental exposures (for example, solar simulating weathering devices, the hydrolytic effects of extended aqueous contact, or extraneous nutrients) or fabrication into articles (for example, adhesive bonding of seams) which may promote microbiological susceptibility during the service life of the material.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G151-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance:  
4.1.1 When conducting exposures in devices that use laboratory light sources, it is important to consider how well the accelerated test conditions will reproduce property changes and failure modes associated with end-use environments for the materials being tested. In addition, it is essential to consider the effects of variability in both the accelerated test and outdoor exposures when setting up exposure experiments and when interpreting the results from accelerated exposure tests.  
4.1.2 No laboratory exposure test can be specified as a total simulation of actual use conditions in outdoor environments. Results obtained from these laboratory accelerated exposures can be considered as representative of actual use exposures only when the degree of rank correlation has been established for the specific materials being tested and when the type of degradation is the same. The relative durability of materials in actual use conditions can be very different in different locations because of differences in UV radiation, time of wetness, relative humidity, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, even if results from a specific exposure test conducted according to this practice are found to be useful for comparing the relative durability of materials exposed in a particular exterior environment, it cannot be assumed that they will be useful for determining relative durability of the same materials for a different environment.  
4.1.3 Even though it is very tempting, calculation of an acceleration factor relating  x h or megajoules of radiant exposure in a laboratory accelerated test to y months or years of exterior exposure is not recommended. These acceleration factors are not valid for several reasons.  
4.1.3.1 Acceleration factors are material dependent and can be significantly different for each material and for different formulations of the same material.
4.1.3.2 Variability in the rate of degradation in both actual use and la...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources. Detailed information regarding procedures to be used for specific devices are found in standards describing the particular device being used. For example, detailed information covering exposures in devices that use open flame carbon arc, enclosed carbon arc, xenon arc, and fluorescent UV light source are found in Practices G152, G153, G154, and G155 respectively.
Note 1: Carbon-arc, xenon arc, and fluorescent UV exposures were also described in Practices G23, G26, and G53 which referred to very specific equipment designs. Practices G152, G153, and G154, and G155 are performance based standards that replace Practices G23, G26, and G53.  
1.2 This practice also describes general performance requirements for devices used for exposing nonmetallic materials to laboratory light sources. This information is intended primarily for producers of laboratory accelerated exposure devices.  
1.3 This practice provides information on the use and interpretation of data from accelerated exposure tests. Specific information about methods for determining the property of a nonmetallic material before and after exposure are found in standards describing the method used to measure each property. Information regarding the reporting of results from exposure testing of plastic materials is described in Practice D5870.
Note 2: Guide G141 provides information for addressing variability in exposure testing of nonmetallic materials. Guide G169 provides information for application of statistics to exposure test results.
Note 3: This standard is technically equivalent to ISO 4892, Part 1.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, an...

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