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ASTM E824-94(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers

Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers

SCOPE
1.1 The method described in this standard applies to the transfer of calibration from reference to field radiometers to be used for measuring and monitoring outdoor radiant exposure levels. This standard has been harmonized with ISO 9847.
1.2 This test method is applicable to field radiometers regardless of the radiation receptor employed, but is limited to radiometers having approximately 180° (2π Steradian), field angles.
1.3 The calibration covered by this test method employs the use of natural sunshine as the source.
1.4 Calibrations of field radiometers may be performed at tilt as well as horizontal (at 0° from the horizontal to the earth). The essential requirement is that the reference radiometer shall have been calibrated at essentially the same tilt from horizontal as the tilt employed in the transfer of calibration.
1.5 The primary reference instrument shall not be used as a field instrument and its exposure to sunlight shall be limited to calibration or intercomparisons.
Note 1—At a laboratory where calibrations are performed regularly it is advisable to maintain a group of two or three reference radiometers that are included in every calibration. These serve as controls to detect any instability or irregularity in the standard reference instrument.
1.6 Reference standard instruments shall be stored in a manner as to not degrade their calibration.
1.7 The method of calibration specified for total solar pyranometers shall be traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) through the calibration methods of the reference standard instruments (Method E 913 and Test Method E 941), and the method of calibration specified for narrow- and broad-band ultraviolet radiometers shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or other internationally recognized national standards laboratories.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-May-1994
ICS
27.160 - Solar energy engineering
Technical Committee
G03 - Weathering and Durability
Drafting Committee
G03.09 - Radiometry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E824-94 - Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Replaced By
ASTM E824-05 - Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM E816-15(2023) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM G207-11(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Indoor Transfer of Calibration from Reference to Field Pyranometers
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM G130-12(2020) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a Spectroradiometer
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM E2848-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Reporting Photovoltaic Non-Concentrator System Performance
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM G90-23 - Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM D4364-13(2022)e1 - Standard Practice for Performing Outdoor Accelerated Weathering Tests of Plastics Using Concentrated Sunlight
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM G7/G7M-21 - Standard Practice for Natural Weathering of Materials
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM G167-15(2023) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of a Pyranometer Using a Pyrheliometer
Effective Date
15-May-1994
Referred By
ASTM G24-21 - Standard Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Filtered Through Glass
Effective Date
15-May-1994

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ASTM E824-94(2002) - Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field RadiometersASTM E824-94(2002) - Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers
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ASTM E824-94(2002) - Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E824–94 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field
1
Radiometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Accurateandprecisemeasurementsoftotalsolarandsolarultravioletirradiancearerequiredin:(1)
the determination of the energy incident on surfaces and specimens during exposure outdoors to
various climatic factors that characterize a test site, (2) the determination of solar irradiance and
radiant exposure to ascertain the energy available to solar collection devices such as flat-plate
collectors, and (3) the assessment of the irradiance and radiant exposure in various wavelength bands
for meteorological, climatic and earth energy-budget purposes. The solar components of principal
interest include total solar radiant exposure (all wavelengths) and various ultraviolet components of
natural sunlight that may be of interest, including both total and narrow-band ultraviolet radiant
exposure.
This test method for transferring calibration from reference to field instruments is only applicable
to pyranometers and radiometers whose field angles closely approach 180° . instruments which
therefore may be said to measure hemispherical radiation, or all radiation incident on a flat surface.
Hemisphericalradiationincludesboththedirectandsky(diffuse)geometricalcomponentsofsunlight,
while global solar irradiance refers only to hemispherical irradiance on a horizontal surface such that
the field of view includes all of the hemispherical sky dome.
For the purposes of this test method, the terms pyranometer and radiometer are used interchange-
ably.
1. Scope havebeencalibratedatessentiallythesametiltfromhorizontal
as the tilt employed in the transfer of calibration.
1.1 The method described in this standard applies to the
1.5 The primary reference instrument shall not be used as a
transfer of calibration from reference to field radiometers to be
field instrument and its exposure to sunlight shall be limited to
used for measuring and monitoring outdoor radiant exposure
calibration or intercomparisons.
levels. This standard has been harmonized with ISO 9847.
1.2 This test method is applicable to field radiometers
NOTE 1—At a laboratory where calibrations are performed regularly it
regardless of the radiation receptor employed, but is limited to is advisable to maintain a group of two or three reference radiometers that
are included in every calibration. These serve as controls to detect any
radiometers having approximately 180° (2p Steradian), field
instability or irregularity in the standard reference instrument.
angles.
1.3 The calibration covered by this test method employs the
1.6 Reference standard instruments shall be stored in a
use of natural sunshine as the source.
manner as to not degrade their calibration.
1.4 Calibrations of field radiometers may be performed at
1.7 The method of calibration specified for total solar
tiltaswellashorizontal(at0°fromthehorizontaltotheearth).
pyranometers shall be traceable to the World Radiometric
The essential requirement is that the reference radiometer shall
Reference (WRR) through the calibration methods of the
reference standard instruments (Method E 913 and Test
Method E941), and the method of calibration specified for
narrow- and broad-band ultraviolet radiometers shall be trace-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G3 on
able to the National Institute of Standards and Technology
DurabilityofNonmetallicMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
(NIST), or other internationally recognized national standards
G3.09 on Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation Measurement Standards.
Current edition approved May 15, 1994. Published July 1994. laboratories.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E824–94 (2002)
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the performed over several days duration and that data be taken in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the early morning or late afternoon, as well as near solar noon.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 3—Transfer of calibration to both total and narrow-band ultra-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
violetradiometersmayrequirealargernumberofmeasurementsequences
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in order to account for spectral changes due to
...

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Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers

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5.1 The methods described represent the preferable means for calibration of field radiometers employing standard reference radiometers. Other methods involve the employment of an optical bench and essentially a point source of artificial light. While these methods are useful for cosine and azimuth correction analyses, they suffer from foreground view factor and directionality problems. Transfer of calibration indoors using artificial sources is not covered by this test method.  
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FIG. 1 Hot Spot Effect  
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1.2 There are two ways that cells can cause a hot spot problem: either by having a high resistance so that there is a large resistance in the circuit, or by having a low resistance area (shunt) such that there is a high current flow in a localized region. This test method selects cells of both types to be stressed.  
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1.1 This guide describes basic principles of photovoltaic module design, panel assembly, and system installation to reduce the risk of fire originating from the photovoltaic source circuit.  
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1.5 This guide does not cover fire emanating from other sources.  
1.6 This guide does not cover mechanical, structural, electrical, or other considerations key to photovoltaic module and system design and installation.  
1.7 This guide does not cover disposal of modules damaged by a fire, or other material hazards related to such modules.  
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1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Visual Inspections of Photovoltaic Modules

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4.1 Environmental stress tests, such as those listed in 1.2, are normally used to evaluate module designs prior to production or purchase. These test methods rely on performing electrical tests and visual inspections of modules before and after stress testing to determine the effects of the exposures.  
4.2 Effects of environmental stress testing may vary from no effects to significant changes. Some physical changes in the module may be visible when there are no measurable electrical changes. Similarly, electrical changes in the module may occur with no visible changes.  
4.3 It is the intent of this practice to provide a recognized procedure for performing visual inspections and to specify effects that should be reported.  
4.4 Many of these effects are subjective. In order to determine if a module has passed a visual inspection, the user of this practice must specify what changes or conditions are acceptable. The user may have to judge whether changes noted during an inspection will limit the useful life of a module design.
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5.1 This practice can be used to determine an expected capacity for an existing or a proposed photovoltaic system in a particular location during a specified period of time (see data collection period in Test Method E2848).  
5.2 The expected capacity calculated in accordance with this practice can be compared with the capacity measured according to Test Method E2848 when the RC are the same.  
5.3 The comparison of expected capacity and measured capacity can be used as a criterion for plant acceptance.  
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5.5 When this practice is used in conjunction with Test Method E2848, the performance simulation period and the data collection period must agree. If they do not agree, the comparison between expected and measured capacity will not be meaningful.  
5.6 Historical or measured5 plane-of-array irradiance, ambient air temperature, and wind speed data can be used to select reporting conditions and calculate expected capacity. If historical data are used, the data collection period should match the time period of the measured data in terms of season and length.  
5.7 The simulated power output that is used to calculate the expected capacity should be derived from a performance model designed to represent the photovoltaic system which will be reported per Test Method E2848.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures for determining the expected capacity of a specific photovoltaic system in a specific geographical location that is in operation under natural sunlight during a specified period of time. The expected capacity is intended for comparison with the measured capacity determined by Test Method E2848.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use with Test Method E2848 as a procedure to select appropriate reporting conditions (RC), including solar irradiance in the plane of the modules, ambient temperature, and wind speed needed for the photovoltaic system capacity measurement.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1802-12(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Wet Insulation Integrity Testing of Photovoltaic Modules

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The design of a photovoltaic module or system intended to provide safe conversion of the sun's radiant energy into useful electricity must take into consideration the possibility of hazard should the user come into contact with the electrical potential of the module or system. In addition, the insulation system provides a barrier to electrochemical corrosion, and insulation flaws can result in increased corrosion and reliability problems. These test methods describe procedures for verifying that the design and construction of the module provides adequate electrical isolation through normal installation and use. At no location on the module should the PV-generated electrical potential be accessible, with the obvious exception of the output leads. This isolation is necessary to provide for safe and reliable installation, use, and service of the photovoltaic system.  
4.2 This test method describes a procedure for determining the ability of the module to provide protection from electrical hazards. Its primary use is to find insulation flaws that could be dangerous to persons who may come into contact with the module, especially when modules are wet. For example, these flaws could be small holes in the encapsulation that allow hazardous voltages to be accessible on the outside surface of a module after a period of high humidity.  
4.3 Insulation flaws in a module may only become detectable after the module has been wet for a certain period of time. For this reason, these procedures specify a minimum time a module must be immersed prior to the insulation integrity measurements.  
4.4 Electrical junction boxes attached to modules are often designed to allow liquid water, accumulated from condensed water vapor, to drain. Such drain paths are usually designed to permit water to exit, but not to allow impinging water from rain or water sprinklers to enter. It is important that all surfaces of junction boxes be thoroughly wetted by spraying during the tests to enable t...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide procedures to determine the insulation resistance of a photovoltaic (PV) module, i.e. the electrical resistance between the module's internal electrical components and its exposed, electrically conductive, non-current carrying parts and surfaces.  
1.2 The insulation integrity procedures are a combination of wet insulation resistance and wet dielectric voltage withstand test procedures.  
1.3 These procedures are similar to and reference the insulation integrity test procedures described in Test Methods E1462, with the difference being that the photovoltaic module under test is immersed in a wetting solution during the procedures.  
1.4 These test methods do not establish pass or fail levels. The determination of acceptable or unacceptable results is beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E781-86(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Absorptive Solar Receiver Materials When Exposed to Conditions Simulating Stagnation in Solar Collectors with Cover Plates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although this practice is intended for evaluating solar absorber materials and coatings used in flat-plate collectors, no single procedure can duplicate the wide range of temperatures and environmental conditions to which these materials may be exposed during in-service conditions.  
4.2 This practice is intended as a screening test for absorber materials and coatings. All conditions are chosen to be representative of those encountered in solar collectors with single cover plates and with no added means of limiting the temperature during stagnation conditions.  
4.3 This practice uses exposure in a simulated collector with a single cover plate. Although collectors with additional cover plates will produce higher temperatures at stagnation, this procedure is considered to provide adequate thermal testing for most applications.
Note 1: Mathematical modeling has shown that a selective absorber, single glazed flat-plate solar collector can attain absorber plate stagnation temperatures as high as 226 °C (437 °F) with an ambient temperature of 37.8 °C (100 °F) and zero wind velocity, and a double glazed one as high as 245 °C (482 °F) under these conditions. The same configuration solar collector with a nonselective absorber can attain absorber stagnation temperatures as high as 146 °C (284 °F) if single glazed, and 185 °C (360 °F) if double glazed, with the same environmental conditions (see “Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in Commercial Buildings,” NBS Technical Note 1187).4  
4.4 This practice evaluates the thermal stability of absorber materials. It does not evaluate the moisture stability of absorber materials used in actual solar collectors exposed outdoors. Moisture intrusion into solar collectors is a frequent occurrence in addition to condensation caused by diurnal breathing.  
4.5 This practice differentiates between the testing of spectrally selective absorbers and nonselective absorbers.  
4.5.1 Testing Spectrally Selective...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test procedure for evaluating absorptive solar receiver materials and coatings when exposed to sunlight under cover plate(s) for long durations. This practice is intended to evaluate the exposure resistance of absorber materials and coatings used in flat-plate collectors where maximum non-operational stagnation temperatures will be approximately 200 °C (392 °F).  
1.2 This practice shall not apply to receiver materials used in solar collectors without covers (unglazed) or in evacuated collectors, that is, those that use a vacuum to suppress convective and conductive thermal losses.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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