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ASTM D619-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation

Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation

ABSTRACT
These test methods details the standard procedures for testing certain properties of vulcanized fibre sheets, tubes, and rods of such grades as can be used for electrical insulation. Arc resistance, ash content, bond strength (ply adhesion), bursting strength, compressive strength, conditioning, density, dielectric strength, dimensional measurements, flammability, flexural strength, silica content, tearing strength, tensile strength, thickness (for sheets), resistance to impact, Rockwell hardness, volatile matter content, water absorption, and zinc chloride content are among the properties that these test methods shall be able to examine.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for testing vulcanized fibre sheets, tubes, and rods of such grades as can be used for electrical insulation.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Section  
Arc resistance  
23  
Ash  
6  
Bond strength (ply adhesion)  
16  
Bursting strength  
14  
Compressive strength  
12, 25, 30  
Conditioning  
4  
Density  
17, 26, 32  
Dielectric strength  
18, 27  
Dimensional measurements  
28, 33  
Flammability  
22  
Flexural strength  
13, 31  
Silica  
7  
Tearing strength  
11  
Tensile strength  
10, 24, 29  
Thickness (sheets)  
20  
Resistance to impact  
15  
Rockwell hardness  
19  
Volatile matter  
8  
Water absorption  
5  
Zinc chloride  
9  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 7.3, 22.1, 22.2.
Note 1: The test methods described herein are similar technically to those described in IEC Publication 60667-2. Not all of the tests in this document are included in IEC 60667-2, and the procedures in the two publications are not completely identical; but it is expected that comparable results will be obtained from most of the procedures. Conduct comparative tests if necessary before directly comparing results of tests using the different procedures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2014
ICS
29.035.10 - Paper and board insulating materials
Technical Committee
D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
Drafting Committee
D09.07 - Electrical Insulating Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D619-14 - Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical InsulationASTM D619-14 - Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation
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ASTM D619-14 - Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D619 − 14 An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
1
Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D619; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
using the different procedures.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for testing
2. Referenced Documents
vulcanized fibre sheets, tubes, and rods of such grades as can
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
be used for electrical insulation.
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
Procedure Section
at Commercial Power Frequencies
Arc resistance 23
D202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated
Ash 6
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
Bond strength (ply adhesion) 16
Bursting strength 14
D229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
Compressive strength 12, 25, 30
Used for Electrical Insulation
Conditioning 4
D256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod Pendulum
Density 17, 26, 32
Dielectric strength 18, 27
Impact Resistance of Plastics
Dimensional measurements 28, 33
D348 Test Methods for Rigid Tubes Used for Electrical
Flammability 22
Insulation
Flexural strength 13, 31
Silica 7
D349 Test Methods for Laminated Round Rods Used for
Tearing strength 11
Electrical Insulation
Tensile strength 10, 24, 29
D374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
Thickness (sheets) 20
Resistance to impact 15
lation (Metric) D0374_D0374M
Rockwell hardness 19
D495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, DryArc
Volatile matter 8
Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
Water absorption 5
Zinc chloride 9
D570 Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded D668 TestMethodsofMeasuringDimensionsofRigidRods
and Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for
information only. D689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper
3
(Withdrawn 2009)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Plastics
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D710 Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
D785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and
statements are given in 7.3, 22.1, 22.2.
Electrical Insulating Materials
NOTE 1—The test methods described herein are similar technically to
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
those described in IEC Publication 60667-2. Not all of the tests in this
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
document are included in IEC 60667-2, and the procedures in the two
D828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and
publications are not completely identical; but it is expected that compa-
PaperboardUsingConstant-Rate-of-ElongationApparatus
rable results will be obtained from most of the procedures. Conduct
comparative tests if necessary before directly comparing results of tests
D952 Test Method for Bond or Cohesive Strength of Sheet
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
2
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D09.07 on Electrical Insulating Materials contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D619 – 99 (2004) the ASTM website.
3
which was withdrawn January 2013 and reinstated in November 2014. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D0619-14. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D619 − 14
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation 4. Conditioning
D6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Mate-
4.1 Vulcanized fibre shall be conditioned for mechanica
...

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ASTM D202-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
8.1 In the buyer-seller relationship it is necessary that an understanding exists as to the expected nominal characteristics of the product, and the magnitude of permissible departure from the nominal values. Also, it is necessary that an agreement be reached as to how many units of a lot can fall outside of the specification limits without rejection of the lot. It is this latter subject that is addressed by this test method.
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator or as a constituent of a composite material used for electrical insulating purposes.  
1.1.1 Untreated papers are thin, fibrous sheets normally laid down from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usually cellulosic) with or without various amounts of nonfibrous ingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtain desired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methods are applicable, generally although not invariably, to papers formed by other means, to papers modified (during or after formation) by additions, and to papers given subsequent mechanical treatments such as creping.  
1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material, paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected to a manufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or varnish treatment.  
1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed specifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.) or less. A number of these test methods are also suitable for use on other materials such as pulps or boards. Refer to Test Methods D3376 or D3394 to determine which tests are applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In the paper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75 mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are included within the scope of these methods.  
1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other than water. Thicknesses of these mats approach 2 mm, and the fibers contained are possibly natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Sections  
ASTM or TAPPI Reference
(Modified)  
Absorption (Rise of Water)  
78 to 83  
. . .  
Acidity-Alkalinity-pH  
45 to 54  
E70  
Air Resistance  
98 to 101  
D726  
Aqueous Extract Conductivity  
55 to 64  
. . .  
Ash Content  
40 to 44  
D586  
Bursting Strength  
102 to 107  
D774/D774M  
Chlorides (Water-Extractable)  
165 to 183  
. . .  
Conditioning  
15  
D6054  
Conducting Paths  
138 to 151  
. . .  
Density, Apparent  
29 to 33  
. . .  
Dielectric Strength  
152 to 157  
D149  
Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores  
16 to 24  
D374  
Dissipation Factor and Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Edge-Tearing Resistance  
126 to 130  
D827  
Fiber Analysis  
74 to 77  
D1030  
Folding Endurance  
108 to 110  
T 423 and D2176  
Grammage  
25 to 28  
D646  
Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Heat Stability in Air  
131 to 137  
D827  
Impregnation Time  
84 to 91  
. . .  
Internal-Tearing Resistance  
121 to 125  
D689 or T 414  
Moisture Content  
34 to 39  
D644 and D3277  
Particulate Copper  
193 to 202  
. . .  
Particulate Iron  
184 to 192  
. . .  
Reagents  
4  
D1193  
Reports  
14  
E29  
Sampling  
6 to 13  
D3636  
Silver Tarnishing by Paper and Paperboard  
203 to 206  
T 444  
Solvent-Soluble Matter  
65 to 73  
. . .  
Surface Friction  
92 to 97  
D528 and T 455  
Tensile Properties  
111 to 120  
D76, E4  
Thickness (see Dimensions)  
16 to 24  
D374  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Average Viscometric Degree of Polymerization of New and Aged Electrical Papers and Boards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method applies to all papers made from unmodified cellulose, as used in transformer, cable, or capacitor manufacture. It applies to new or aged papers. For information, Appendix X1 shows an example of statistical distribution of  values for new papers intended for the insulation of transformers, together with information relative to cable and capacitor papers. Nevertheless, where evaluating the decomposition stage of aged papers, take care to use, as a reference, the  value of the new paper of the very same origin;  of new papers being a function, among other factors, of their specific gravity and of their manufacturing process.  
5.2 This test method can also be used for the determination of the intrinsic viscosity of solutions of chemically modified papers, provided that these dissolve completely in the selection solvent. Use this test method with caution when it is applied to papers with mineral fillers.
SCOPE
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ASTM D2413-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with a Liquid Dielectric

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity—Knowledge of these properties is important in the design of electrical equipment such as cables, transformers, insulators, and so forth. The numerical product of these two properties of a dielectric system is proportional to the energy loss converted to heat, and is called its loss index (see Terminology D1711). The energy loss reduces the efficiency of electrical equipment. The heat produced tends to chemically degrade the dielectric material and may even lead to thermal runaway. Test results of impregnated specimens can disclose significant differences between combinations of papers and oils that appear similar when the papers and the oils are tested separately. Dissipation factor, particularly at elevated temperatures, is often changed significantly by the presence of a small quantity of impurities in either the liquid or the paper. This practice is useful in the comparison of materials and in evaluating the effects of different papers on a given liquid. Judicious analysis of results with respect to time, temperature, and field strength are useful in predicting the performance and capabilities of systems using the paper and the liquid. For additional information on the significance of dissipation factor and relative permittivity, see Test Methods D150.  
5.2 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies:  
5.2.1 A comprehensive discussion of the significance of the dielectric strength test as applied to solid, semi-solid, and liquid materials is given in Appendix X1 of Test Method D149. Other factors peculiar to high-quality composite insulations, such as oil-impregnated papers, are considered in the following:  
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This specification covers electrically insulating, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard used as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and other similar apparatus. The materials may also be used as turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. This specification does not include tissue for manufacture of capacitors. Other commonly used terms for the materials include soft coil wrap, dense coil wrap, kraft coil insulation, dry-finished kraft, and water-finished kraft. The materials covered in this specification are classified into four types according to density range and nominal thickness and should conform to the required values of ash content, alcohol-soluble material content, aqueous extract conductivity, water-soluble chloride content, fiber composition, moisture content, hydrogen ion concentration, pH, tensile strength, dielectric breakdown voltage, and conducting paths.
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ASTM D619-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation

ABSTRACT
These test methods details the standard procedures for testing certain properties of vulcanized fibre sheets, tubes, and rods of such grades as can be used for electrical insulation. Arc resistance, ash content, bond strength (ply adhesion), bursting strength, compressive strength, conditioning, density, dielectric strength, dimensional measurements, flammability, flexural strength, silica content, tearing strength, tensile strength, thickness (for sheets), resistance to impact, Rockwell hardness, volatile matter content, water absorption, and zinc chloride content are among the properties that these test methods shall be able to examine.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for testing vulcanized fibre sheets, rolls, tubes, and rods of such grades as can be used for electrical insulation.  
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Procedure  
Section  
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23  
Ash  
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Bond Strength (Ply Adhesion)  
16  
Bursting Strength  
14  
Compressive Strength  
12, 25, 30  
Conditioning  
4  
Density  
17, 26, 32  
Dielectric Strength  
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Dimensional Measurements  
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22  
Flexural Strength  
13, 31  
Silica  
7  
Tearing Strength  
11  
Tensile Strength  
10, 24, 29  
Thickness (Sheets)  
20  
Resistance to Impact  
15  
Rockwell Hardness  
19  
Volatile Matter  
8  
Water Absorption  
5  
Zinc Chloride  
9  
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ASTM D202-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
8.1 In the buyer-seller relationship it is necessary that an understanding exists as to the expected nominal characteristics of the product, and the magnitude of permissible departure from the nominal values. Also, it is necessary that an agreement be reached as to how many units of a lot can fall outside of the specification limits without rejection of the lot. It is this latter subject that is addressed by this test method.
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1.1.4 These test methods are applicable to flexible fibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber in fluids other than water. Thicknesses of these mats approach 2 mm, and the fibers contained are possibly natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, synthetic, organic, or inorganic; and flexible polymeric binder materials.  
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:    
Procedure  
Sections  
ASTM or TAPPI Reference
(Modified)  
Absorption (Rise of Water)  
78 to 83  
. . .  
Acidity-Alkalinity-pH  
45 to 54  
E70  
Air Resistance  
98 to 101  
D726  
Aqueous Extract Conductivity  
55 to 64  
. . .  
Ash Content  
40 to 44  
D586  
Bursting Strength  
102 to 107  
D774/D774M  
Chlorides (Water-Extractable)  
165 to 183  
. . .  
Conditioning  
15  
D6054  
Conducting Paths  
138 to 151  
. . .  
Density, Apparent  
29 to 33  
. . .  
Dielectric Strength  
152 to 157  
D149  
Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls and Cores  
16 to 24  
D374  
Dissipation Factor and Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Edge-Tearing Resistance  
126 to 130  
D827  
Fiber Analysis  
74 to 77  
D1030  
Folding Endurance  
108 to 110  
T 423 and D2176  
Grammage  
25 to 28  
D646  
Permittivity  
158 to 164  
D150  
Heat Stability in Air  
131 to 137  
D827  
Impregnation Time  
84 to 91  
. . .  
Internal-Tearing Resistance  
121 to 125  
D689 or T 414  
Moisture Content  
34 to 39  
D644 and D3277  
Particulate Copper  
193 to 202  
. . .  
Particulate Iron  
184 to 192  
. . .  
Reagents  
4  
D1193  
Reports  
14  
E29  
Sampling  
6 to 13  
D3636  
Silver Tarnishing by Paper and Paperboard  
203 to 206  
T 444  
Solvent-Soluble Matter  
65 to 73  
. . .  
Surface Friction  
92 to 97  
D528 and T 455  
Tensile Properties  
111 to 120  
D76, E4  
Thickness (see Dimensions)  
16 to 24  
D374  
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ASTM D4243-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Average Viscometric Degree of Polymerization of New and Aged Electrical Papers and Boards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method applies to all papers made from unmodified cellulose, as used in transformer, cable, or capacitor manufacture. It applies to new or aged papers. For information, Appendix X1 shows an example of statistical distribution of  values for new papers intended for the insulation of transformers, together with information relative to cable and capacitor papers. Nevertheless, where evaluating the decomposition stage of aged papers, take care to use, as a reference, the  value of the new paper of the very same origin;  of new papers being a function, among other factors, of their specific gravity and of their manufacturing process.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a standard procedure for determining the average viscometric degree of polymerization (abbreviated ) of new or aged electrical papers. The determination is made by measuring the intrinsic viscosity of a solution of the paper in an appropriate solvent.  
1.2 The degree of polymerization (or the degree of condensation) of a particular cellulose molecule is the number of anhydro-β-glucose monomers, C6H10O5, in the cellulose molecule. Within a sample of paper, not all the cellulose molecules have the same degree of polymerization so that the mean value measured by viscometric methods is not necessarily the same as that which are obtained by other methods.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides minimum requirements for the application of Class PI EIFS. The requirements for materials, mixtures, and details shall be contained in the project plans and specifications. See Guide E1825 for guidance.
SCOPE
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1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI (metric) values given in parentheses are approximate and are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1305-16(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electrical Insulating Paper and Paperboard—Sulfate (Kraft) Layer Type

ABSTRACT
This specification covers electrically insulating, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard used as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and other similar apparatus. The materials may also be used as turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. This specification does not include tissue for manufacture of capacitors. Other commonly used terms for the materials include soft coil wrap, dense coil wrap, kraft coil insulation, dry-finished kraft, and water-finished kraft. The materials covered in this specification are classified into four types according to density range and nominal thickness and should conform to the required values of ash content, alcohol-soluble material content, aqueous extract conductivity, water-soluble chloride content, fiber composition, moisture content, hydrogen ion concentration, pH, tensile strength, dielectric breakdown voltage, and conducting paths.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electrical grade unsized, unbleached sulfate paper and paperboard for use as layer insulation in coils, transformers, and similar apparatus. Other applications include, but are not limited to, turn insulation, slot liners, wedges, phase insulation, and separator papers in stranded wire/cable constructions. Tissue for the manufacture of capacitors is not included in this specification. Other commonly used designations include:  
1.1.1 Soft Coil Wrap,  
1.1.2 Dense Coil Wrap,  
1.1.3 Kraft Coil Insulation,  
1.1.4 Dry-Finished Kraft,  and  
1.1.5 Water-Finished Kraft.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2413-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with a Liquid Dielectric

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity—Knowledge of these properties is important in the design of electrical equipment such as cables, transformers, insulators, and so forth. The numerical product of these two properties of a dielectric system is proportional to the energy loss converted to heat, and is called its loss index (see Terminology D1711). The energy loss reduces the efficiency of electrical equipment. The heat produced tends to chemically degrade the dielectric material and may even lead to thermal runaway. Test results of impregnated specimens can disclose significant differences between combinations of papers and oils that appear similar when the papers and the oils are tested separately. Dissipation factor, particularly at elevated temperatures, is often changed significantly by the presence of a small quantity of impurities in either the liquid or the paper. This practice is useful in the comparison of materials and in evaluating the effects of different papers on a given liquid. Judicious analysis of results with respect to time, temperature, and field strength are useful in predicting the performance and capabilities of systems using the paper and the liquid. For additional information on the significance of dissipation factor and relative permittivity, see Test Methods D150.  
5.2 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies:  
5.2.1 A comprehensive discussion of the significance of the dielectric strength test as applied to solid, semi-solid, and liquid materials is given in Appendix X1 of Test Method D149. Other factors peculiar to high-quality composite insulations, such as oil-impregnated papers, are considered in the following:  
5.2.2 In tests involving high electrical stresses, immersion of critical parts of a test circuit in oil is a widely used technique for inhibiting corona. However, it has limitations that must be recognized w...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of insulating paper and board impregnated with a liquid dielectric. Where this practice states only “paper,” the same procedure shall apply to board.  
1.2 This practice has been found practicable for papers having nominal thickness of 0.05 mm (2 mil) and above. It has been used successfully for insulating board as thick as 6 mm (1/4 in.) when care is taken to ensure the specimen geometry necessary for valid measurement of dielectric properties. Suitable geometry depends on the electrode system used. Rigid solid opposing electrodes require flat specimens that have essentially parallel surfaces.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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