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ASTM D2654-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles

Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Methods D2654, Procedure 1, is used in the trade as a basis for rejecting abnormally wet material, but it is not recommended for routine acceptance testing of commercial shipment. Procedure 2 is used by the trade and is recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments except as stated in Note 1 . Procedure 3 is used to determine the moisture in a material in a given moisture-equilibrium situation and is not used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Procedure 4 is for research and development and is recommended for determining the standard moisture regain of a material although there will usually be a bias between buyer and producer data because the produce is usually able to obtain material without surface material, mostly finishes.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2654 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using student's l-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
5.2 The measurement of moisture is important for several reasons, including the following:  
5.2.1 Large quantities of fibers and manufactured textile products containing some water are bought and sold on the basis of...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover measurement of moisture in textile materials as (1) moisture content or pick-up using ambient air for oven-drying, (2) moisture content or pick-up using standard atmosphere for testing textiles for oven-drying, (3) moisture content or pick-up at moisture equilibrium, and (4) moisture regain. These test methods are applicable to all fibers natural or man-made, and in all forms from fiber or filament to finished fabric, subject to the limitations set forth in 1.1.1 through 1.1.4. Blends of fibers shall also be tested by these methods.  
1.1.1 Procedure 1—This oven-drying technique, using ambient air heated to 105 °C, shall be used in any situation in which a simple and convenient method for routine process control or when in-plant evaluation is needed to determine an approximation of the moisture content or pickup. It is not recommended for jute or grease wool, or for acceptance testing in commercial transactions.  
1.1.2 Procedure 2—Oven-drying technique, using air from the standard atmosphere air for testing textiles that is heated to 105 °C and other refinements in technique, shall be used as a basis for commercial transactions for all materials for which it is known that no significant quantity of non-aqueous volatile matter is present on, or in, the material to be tested.
Note 1: The air supply for Procedure 2 has been changed from desiccated air to the air from the standard atmosphere for testing textiles because the latter is in common use and is prescribed in Test Method D494 for commercial mass of a shipment. By agreement, however, desiccated air may be used.  
1.1.3 Procedure 3—This oven-drying technique uses specimens in moisture-equilibrium under specified conditions and an oven with an air supply of specified temperature and relative humidity heated to 105 °C, and other refinements in technique. The procedure is used to determine the moisture content or pickup of a material i...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2022
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.51 - Conditioning, Chemical and Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D2494-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM D1776/D1776M-20 - Standard Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2020

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ASTM D2654-22 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in TextilesASTM D2654-22 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles
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ASTM D2654-22 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2654 − 22
Standard Test Methods for
1
Moisture in Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2654; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope The procedure is used to determine the moisture content or
pickup of a material in equilibrium conditions, usually the
1.1 These test methods cover measurement of moisture in
standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
textile materials as (1) moisture content or pick-up using
ambient air for oven-drying, (2) moisture content or pick-up
NOTE 2—The previous Procedure 3 for determining moisture using
using standard atmosphere for testing textiles for oven-drying, distillation with toluene has been dropped from this method because it is
essentially the same as Test Method D2462 which is the preferred method
(3) moisture content or pick-up at moisture equilibrium, and
for jute and grease wool in any circumstance. Test Method D2462 is the
(4) moisture regain. These test methods are applicable to all
preferred method for any material in which it is known, or suspected, that
fibers natural or man-made, and in all forms from fiber or
a significant quantity of nonaqueous and non-water miscible volatile
filament to finished fabric, subject to the limitations set forth in
matter is present.
1.1.1 through 1.1.4. Blends of fibers shall also be tested by
1.1.4 Procedure 4—This new technique is for determination
these methods.
of actual moisture regained by a material under specified
1.1.1 Procedure 1—This oven-drying technique, using am-
conditions after the material has been extracted by a suitable
bient air heated to 105 °C, shall be used in any situation in
procedure, if surface materials are present, and dried in vacuum
which a simple and convenient method for routine process
at a low temperature
control or when in-plant evaluation is needed to determine an
1.2 In Procedures 1, 2, and 3, alternative techniques are
approximation of the moisture content or pickup. It is not
described for weighing oven-dried specimens: in the oven
recommended for jute or grease wool, or for acceptance testing
while hot, and outside the oven at room temperature.
in commercial transactions.
1.1.2 Procedure 2—Oven-drying technique, using air from
1.3 The word water refers to the chemical compound H 0.
2
the standard atmosphere air for testing textiles that is heated to
The terms water and moisture are frequently used interchange-
105 °C and other refinements in technique, shall be used as a
ably in the literature and in the trade even when the “moisture”
basis for commercial transactions for all materials for which it
is known to contain other volatile materials. When the loss
is known that no significant quantity of non-aqueous volatile
during oven exposure is not known to be all water, it shall be
matter is present on, or in, the material to be tested.
considered a “volatiles loss” rather than a “moisture loss” for
NOTE 1—The air supply for Procedure 2 has been changed from technical accuracy.
desiccated air to the air from the standard atmosphere for testing textiles
1.4 Moisture calculations commonly involve the mass of a
because the latter is in common use and is prescribed in Test Method D494
specimen that has been dried by heating in an oven. If the air
for commercial mass of a shipment. By agreement, however, desiccated
air may be used.
in the oven contains moisture, the oven-dried specimen will
contain moisture (in equilibrium with that in the oven air) even
1.1.3 Procedure 3—This oven-drying technique uses speci-
when it no longer shows a significant change in mass.
mens in moisture-equilibrium under specified conditions and
Therefore, if a very precise measurement of the moisture
an oven with an air supply of specified temperature and relative
present is required and oven drying is used, the mass must be
humidity heated to 105 °C, and other refinements in technique.
exposed to desiccated air until it shows no further significant
change in mass.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
NOTE 3—Other ASTM Standards related to the determination of
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioning,
moisture of textile materials are Test Methods D1576, D2495, and D2118.
Chemical and Thermal Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2022. Published Ap
...

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
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Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
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Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

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5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
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5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3512/D3512M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available test method, even though the test method is not recommended for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.  
5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and de...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills and other related surface changes on textiles using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.  
Note 1: For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3514/D3514M, and D4970/D4970M.  
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test chamber and cause erroneous results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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