ASTM F2300-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Performance of Personal Cooling Systems Using Physiological Testing
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Performance of Personal Cooling Systems Using Physiological Testing
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurement of internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermal exposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate, to assess the effectiveness of Personal Cooling Systems in reducing the effects of thermal stress.
1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, this dynamic test requires the use of human participants who exhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements.
1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clothing ensembles (outer garments) used in conjunction with or worn over top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented to industrial rather than athletic applications.
1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantified with the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, the physiological values obtained apply only to the cooling systems, the particular protective outer garment, and the specific test conditions.
1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, this test method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standard outer garment defined within this test method.
1.2.3 The present standard does not attempt to determine important clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation and evaporative resistance, of the PCS or of the garments worn with the PCS. Test Method F 1291 can be referenced for clothing measurements.
1.3 The values stated in this test method shall be SI units.
1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain the necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their institution for conducting tests using human participants.
This test method does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F 2300 – 04
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Performance of Personal Cooling Systems
Using Physiological Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Individuals in various occupations are exposed to high heat stress resulting from increased
metabolism, or the environment, or both. Environmental heat stress can be especially severe when
individuals are required to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which impairs or prevents
evaporation of sweat from the skin, and thus nullifies the body’s principal means of removing
metabolic heat. Failure to dissipate this heat can dramatically limit work capacity and heat tolerance,
thereby increasing the risk of heat-related illness. To reduce this risk, workers are wearing Personal
Cooling Systems (PCS) to extend their exposure time to thermal stress. These systems are intended
to limit the effects of external environmental heat and the internally generated metabolic heat on the
body. For this purpose, standards that objectively quantify the effectiveness of PCS are essential.
Therefore, tests that measure important physiological variables, such as core temperature, are essential
in evaluating PCS applications and increasing worker’s health and safety.
1. Scope and evaporative resistance, of the PCS or of the garments worn
with the PCS. Test Method F 1291 can be referenced for
1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurement
clothing measurements.
of internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermal
1.3 The values stated in this test method shall be SI units.
exposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, and
1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain the
whole body sweat rate, to assess the effectiveness of Personal
necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their insti-
Cooling Systems in reducing the effects of thermal stress.
tution for conducting tests using human participants.
1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, this
1.5 This test method does not purport to address all of the
dynamic test requires the use of human participants who
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
exhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements.
responsibility of the user of this test method to establish
1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clothing
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
ensembles (outer garments) used in conjunction with or worn
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
over top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented to
industrial rather than athletic applications.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantified
2.1 ASTM Standards:
with the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, the
F 1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation
physiological values obtained apply only to the cooling sys-
of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
tems, the particular protective outer garment, and the specific
F 1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
test conditions.
2.2 Other Standards:
1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, this
ISO 8996 Ergonomics—Determination of Metabolic Heat
test method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standard
Production
outer garment defined within this test method.
ISO 9886 Ergonomics—Evaluation of Thermal Strain by
1.2.3 The present standard does not attempt to determine
important clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60 on the ASTM website.
Human Factors. Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published May 2004. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F2300–04
Physiological Measurements 3.1.9.1 Discussion—Metabolic rate, as with VO ,is
2max
commonly measured by indirect calorimetry, during long-term
The Commission for Thermal Physiology of the Interna-
steady-state work. Metabolic rate is usually expressed in terms
tional Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS Thermal
of unit area of the total body surface (W/m ) or surface mass
Commission) Glossary of Terms for Thermal Physiology
(W/kg).
3.1.10 thermal insulation, n—the resistance to dry heat
3. Terminology
transfer by way of conduction, convection, and radiation.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.11 thermal strain, n—any deviation of body temperature
3.1.1 acclimation, n—physiological adaptations occurring
induced by sustained thermal stress that cannot be fully
within an organism, which reduces the strain or enhances
compensated by temperature regulation.
endurance of strain, caused by artificially or experimentally
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Thermal strain results in the activa-
induced stressful changes in particular environmental condi-
tion of thermoeffector activities that causes sustained changes
tions.
in the state of non-thermal regulatory systems. Thermal strain
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Acclimation describes the adaptive
is measurable by an increased heart rate and whole body sweat
changes that occur within an organism in response to artifi-
rate, as determined by pre and post nude mass loss.
cially induced changes in particular climatic factors such as 3.1.12 thermal stress, n—any thermal change between a
ambient temperature and humidity in a controlled environment.
temperature regulator and its environment, which if uncom-
pensated by temperature regulation, would result in hyperther-
3.1.2 acclimatization, n—physiological adaptations occur-
mia.
ring within an organism, which reduces the strain or enhances
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Thermal stress is often referred to as
endurance of strain, caused by stressful changes in the natural
heat stress.
environment.
3.2 IUPS Thermal Commission document was referenced
3.1.3 clo, n—unit of thermal resistance defined as the
for the modified definitions related to thermal physiology listed
insulation required to keep a resting man (producing heat at the
above, and for terms related to protective clothing used in this
rate of 58 W/m ) comfortable in an environment at 21°C, air
test method, refer to Terminology F 1494.
velocity 0.1 m/s, or roughly the insulation value of typical
indoor clothing.
4. Significance and Use
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Numerically the clo is equal to 0.155
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare
2 2
K·m /W, which is equal to 0.18°C·m ·h/kcal.
the cooling provided by different Personal Cooling Systems
3.1.4 clothing ensemble, n—a group of garments worn
(PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with a specified
together on the body at the same time.
protective outer garment.
3.1.5 thermal core, n—the deep tissues of the brain, neck 4.1.1 This test method will assess the performance of PCS
and torso whose temperatures are not changed in their rela-
based on the physiological measurement of core temperature,
tionship to each other by circulatory adjustments mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygen
consumption, and whole body sweat rate.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—These deep tissues comprise the most
4.2 Evaluating the effectiveness of PCS is an extremely
thermally protected tissues of the body and are most critical to
complicated endeavor that involves many factors related to
temperature regulation. The thermal core is distinct from
thermal exchange between the PCS, the environment, and the
changes in heat transfer to the environment that affects the
participant. It would not be practical in a test method of this
appendages and other tissues of the body.
scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies.
3.1.6 core temperature, n—the mean temperature of the
Therefore, a valid physiological method of measuring core
thermal core.
temperature, along with other variables of thermal strain,
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Core temperature is commonly repre-
provides an acceptable means of classifying the performance of
sented by rectal temperature, or by the more rapidly responding
PCS. This test method will also measure the amount of time the
esophageal temperature. Core temperature is also measured by
PCS maintains core temperature within safe limits during a
ingested telemetric thermometers in the form of a capsule.
specified condition of thermal stress.
3.1.7 garment, n—a single item of clothing (for example,
4.3 Departures from the instructions in this test method may
shirt).
lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge
3.1.8 maximum oxygen consumption (VO ), n—the high-
2max concerning thermoregulatory responses, the theory of heat
est rate at which an organism can take up oxygen during
transfer, physiological and environmental temperature mea-
aerobic metabolism.
surement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Determination of VO requires very
departures from the instructions given in this test method are
2max
high motivation of the individual and is expressed in mL per
significant. All departures must be reported with the results.
min or as a term relative to body mass in mL per kg per min.
5. Materials
Maximum oxygen consumption is often referred to as maximal
5.1 Controlled Environmental Chamber—Testing will take
aerobic power (MAP).
place within a chamber that is large enough to accommodate a
3.1.9 metabolic rate, n—the rate of transformation of
chemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic and
anaerobic activities within an organism. The Japanese Journal of Physiology, Vol 51, No. 2, 2001.
F2300–04
treadmill, the test participant, and at least two people at the couples, resistance temperature devices (RTD), or thermistors.
same time. Also, the chamber must provide uniform condi- The transducers shall provide an accuracy of 60.1°C between
tions, both spatially and temporally. the range of 30 to 42°C for core temperature and 25 to 40°C for
skin temperature. The transducers shall be of low thermal
5.1.1 Spatial Variations—Spatial variations shall not exceed
capacity. Their response time to 90 % of the value must be the
the following: air temperature 61.0°C, relative humidity
lowest possible and less than 30 s. Skin temperature measure-
65 %, and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition
ments can be taken at 4, 8, or 14 different locations. Refer to
the mean radiant temperature shall not be more than 1.0°C
ISO 9886 for the location of the various measurement sites,
different from the mean air temperature. The spatial uniformity
and the weighting coefficients to determine overall skin tem-
shall be verified at least annually or after any significant
perature.
modifications are made to the chamber. Spatial uniformity shall
be verified by recording values for the conditions stated above 5.3.2 Core Temperature Transducer Cleaning—Special re-
at heights of 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8 m above the floor at the quirements are to be made concerning the hygiene of the core
location occupied by the participant. temperature transducer. Laboratories must follow specific bio-
hazard control procedures as stipulated by their institution.
5.1.2 Temporal Variations—Temporal variations shall not
Generally, this includes thoroughly cleaning and removing all
exceed the following: air temperature 60.5°C, mean radiant
organic matter prior to disinfection with an agent such as
temperature 60.5°C, relative humidity 65 %, air velocity
hydrogen peroxide, isopropanol, or ethanol. Following clean-
620 % of the mean value for data averaged over 5 min.
ing, the transducer must be rinsed thoroughly with water to
5.1.3 Relative Humidity Measurement—Any humidity-
remove all traces of the disinfectant which might provoke
sensing device must have an accuracy of 65 % relative
irritation or allergy in the next user. Refer to ISO 9886 for more
humidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (for
information.
example, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only one
location needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that the 5.3.2.1 Disposable Transducers—Disposable transducers
are also recommended for core temperature measurements.
temporal uniformity requirements are met.
These transducers can be cleaned and disinfected between
5.1.4 Air Temperature Sensors—Shielded air temperature
trials for the same participant and then discarded once the
sensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of
participant has completed all test conditions, thus eliminating
60.15°C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,
the risk of contamination from inter-participant use.
thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-
ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 to 1.0 m in front of the 5.4 Measuring Heart Rate—Heart rate can be measured
with either a portable heart rate monitor or by using an
subject. If a single sensor is used it shall be 1.0 m above the
floor. If multiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal electrocardiogram (ECG).
height intervals and their readings averaged. 5.5 Measuring Urine Specific Gravity—Urine specific grav-
5.1.5 Air Velocity Indicator—An omni-directional anemom- ity (USG) is used to determine the hydration level of the
participants prior to starting the required test conditions. USG
eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurements
shall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it is is a simple measurement of the density or solute concentration
of urine as compared to pure water. A level of 1.028 g/mL or
demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by more
than 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocity lower must be obtained prior to participation.
during the test. The value of the mean air velocity must be 5.5.1 USG Refractometer—A refractometer is used to de-
reported, however. If air velocity is monitored, then measure-
termine the specific gravity of urine. It must be calibrated prior
ment location requirements are the same as for air temperature. to each use and can be either digital or analogue. The r
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