ASTM D93-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. One should consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications. Note 3—The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)4 and U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash point under 37.8°C (100°F) (see Note 1) are flammable, as determined by these test methods, for those liquids which have a kinematic viscosity of 5.8 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 37.8°C or 9.5 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 25°C (77°F), or that contain suspended solids, or have a tendency to form a surface film while under test. Other classification flash points have been established by these departments for liquids using these test methods.
5.3 These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of these test methods may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
5.4 These test methods provide the only closed cup flash point test procedures for temperatures up to 370°C (698°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to 370°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature range of 60 to 190°C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed cup apparatus.Note 1—Flash point determinations above 250°C can be performed, however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature. For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points above 100°C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below 40°C, however, the precision has not been determined below this temperature.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and in-use lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure C.
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kinematic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
1.4 Procedure C is applicable to biodiesel (B100). Since a flash point of residual alcohol in biodiesel is difficult to observe by manual flash point techniques, automated apparatus with electronic flash point detection have been found suitable.
1.5 These test methods are applicable for the detection of contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable materials with volatile or flammable materials.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.Note 2—It has been common practice in flash point standards for many decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments, they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer ...
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Designation: D93 − 13
Designation:34/99
Standard Test Methods for
1
Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD93;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials. There
are flash point test methods with slower heating rates available, such as Test Method D3941 (for
paints, resins, and related products, and high viscosity products in the range of 0 to110°C), where the
test conditions are closer to equilibrium.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1. Scope* 1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback
residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash
with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film
point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40
under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kine-
to 370°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or
matic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the
an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the
stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature
1.4 Procedure C is applicable to biodiesel (B100). Since a
range of 60 to 190°C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed
flashpointofresidualalcoholinbiodieselisdifficulttoobserve
cup apparatus.
by manual flash point techniques, automated apparatus with
NOTE 1—Flash point determinations above 250°C can be performed,
electronic flash point detection have been found suitable.
however, the precision has not been determined above this temperature.
For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points
1.5 These test methods are applicable for the detection of
above 100°C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been
contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable ma-
determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below
terials with volatile or flammable materials.
40°C, however, the precision has not been determined below this
temperature.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel,
only.
biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and
in-use lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum
NOTE2—Ithasbeencommonpracticeinflashpointstandardsformany
liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for
temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments,
C.
they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this
procedure is graduated in 5° increments, it is not possible to read it to the
2°C equivalent increment of 3.6°F. Therefore, for the purposes of
application of the procedure of the test method for the separate tempera-
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejointjurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD02on
ture scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility
method, the following protocol has been adopted: When a temperature is
of Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the
intended to be a converted equivalent, it will appear in parentheses
jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
following the SI unit, for example 370°C (698°F). When a temperature is
Current edition approved July 15, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D93 – 12. DOI: intendedtobearationalizedunitforthealternatescale,itwillappearafter
10.1520/D0093-13. “or,” for example, 2°C or 5°F.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D93 − 12 D93 − 13
Designation: 34/99
Standard Test Methods for
1
Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D93; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials. There
are flash point test methods with slower heating rates available, such as Test Method D3941 (for
paints, resins, and related products, and high viscosity products in the range of 0 to110°C), where the
test conditions are closer to equilibrium.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to
360°C370°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus, and the
determination of the flash point of biodiesel in the temperature range of 60 to 190°C by an automated Pensky-Martens closed cup
apparatus.
NOTE 1—Flash point determination as determinations above 250°C can be performed, however, the precision has not been determined above this
temperature. For residual fuels, precision has not been determined for flash points above 100°C. The precision of in-use lubricating oils has not been
determined. Some specifications state a D93 minimum flash point below 40°C, however, the precision has not been determined below this temperature.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, biodiesel blends, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new and in-use
lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B or Procedure C.
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids with
solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kinematic viscosity
that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
1.4 Procedure C is applicable to biodiesel (B100). Since a flash point of residual alcohol in biodiesel is difficult to observe by
manual flash point techniques, automated apparatus with electronic flash point detection have been found suitable.
1.5 These test methods are applicable for the detection of contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable materials
with volatile or flammable materials.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
NOTE 2—It has been common practice in flash point standards for many decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for temperature
measurement. Although the scales are close in increments, they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this procedure is graduated
in 5° increments, it is not possible to read it to the 2°C equivalent increment of 3.6°F. Therefore, for the purposes of application of the procedure of the
test method for the separate temperature scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test method, the following protocol has been
1
These test methods are under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012July 15, 2013. Published November 2012August 2013. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 20112012
as D93D93 – 12.–11. DOI: 10.1520/D0093-12.10.1520/D0093-13.
*A Su
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