ASTM D7270-07(2021)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Environmental and Performance Verification of Factory-Applied Liquid Coatings
Standard Guide for Environmental and Performance Verification of Factory-Applied Liquid Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The primary objective of this verification guide is to determine the “air pollution-prevention potential” (possible reduction in VOC or HAP emissions) of factory-applied liquid coatings.
3.2 The overall objective of this guide is to verify the above pollution-prevention characteristics and basic performance characteristics of liquid coating technologies. Use of this guide can increase acceptance of more environmentally friendly technologies for product finishing with an accompanying reduction in emissions to the atmosphere. The specific objectives of this guide are to (1) quantify the VOC and HAP content of liquid coatings and (2) verify the basic quality and durability performance of these coatings.
3.3 The primary criteria for verification of liquid coatings will be:
3.3.1 Confirm that use of the coating will significantly reduce VOC and HAP content or emissions (or both) during application or cure, or both.
3.3.2 Confirm that the coating can provide an acceptable finish (appearance, hardness, flexibility, etc.) for the intended end use.
3.4 The test results from this guide can provide to potential users the best data available to determine whether the coating will provide a pollution-prevention benefit while meeting the finish quality requirements for its intended use. This guide intends to supply end users with unbiased technical data to assist them in this decision-making process.
3.5 The quantitative air pollution-prevention potential depends on a multitude of factors; therefore, the liquid coatings are to be applied in accordance with the coating vendor’s instructions and the resulting verification data reflect only the specific conditions of the test. To quantify the environmental benefit (air pollution-prevention potential), a test to quantify the VOC or HAP emissions from the new liquid coatings will be conducted and compared to data for existing coatings typically used in the target industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a generic testing procedure to verify the air pollution-prevention characteristics and basic properties of liquid coatings applied to metal, plastic, wood, or composite substrates in a factory/manufacturing environment. Thus it may be used to evaluate these liquid coatings to verify their volatile organic compound (VOC) and organic hazardous air pollutant (HAP) content as well as basic performance properties.
1.2 This guide is adapted from a procedure used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish third party verification of the physical properties and performance of coatings that have potential to reduce air emissions. The data from the verification testing is available on the internet at the EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program website (http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/center6.html) under the “P2 Innovative Coatings and Coating Equipment Pilot.”
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D7270 −07 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Guide for
Environmental and Performance Verification of Factory-
Applied Liquid Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Thisguideprovidesagenerictestingproceduretoverify
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the air pollution-prevention characteristics and basic properties
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
of liquid coatings applied to metal, plastic, wood, or composite
B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses
substrates in a factory/manufacturing environment. Thus it
by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
may be used to evaluate these liquid coatings to verify their
Magnetic Basis Metals
volatile organic compound (VOC) and organic hazardous air
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
pollutant (HAP) content as well as basic performance proper-
Organic Coatings
ties.
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
1.2 This guide is adapted from a procedure used by the US
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish third
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
partyverificationofthephysicalpropertiesandperformanceof
D1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
coatings that have potential to reduce air emissions. The data
Using Water Fog Apparatus
from the verification testing is available on the internet at the
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
website (http://www.epa.gov/etv/centers/center6.html) under
Coordinates
the “P2 Innovative Coatings and Coating Equipment Pilot.”
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D3792 Test Method forWater Content of Coatings by Direct
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D3960 PracticeforDeterminingVolatileOrganicCompound
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
(VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
by Karl Fischer Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.55 on Factory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7270 – 07 (2013). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7270-07R21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7270−07 (2021)
D4457 Test Method for Determination of Dichloromethane 3.4 The test results from this guide can provide to potential
and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in Paints and Coatings by users the best data available to determine whether the coating
Direct Injection into a Gas Chromatograph (Withdrawn will provide a pollution-prevention benefit while meeting the
2019) finish quality requirements for its intended use. This guide
D5402 Practice for Assessing the Solvent Resistance of intends to supply end users with unbiased technical data to
Organic Coatings Using Solvent Rubs assist them in this decision-making process.
D5767 Test Method for Instrumental Measurement of
3.5 The quantitative air pollution-prevention potential de-
Distinctness-of-Image (DOI) Gloss of Coated Surfaces
pends on a multitude of factors; therefore, the liquid coatings
D6133 Test Method for Acetone, p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride,
are to be applied in accordance with the coating vendor’s
Methyl Acetate or t-Butyl Acetate Content of Solvent-
instructions and the resulting verification data reflect only the
borne and Waterborne Paints, Coatings, Resins, and Raw
specific conditions of the test. To quantify the environmental
Materials by Direct Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph
benefit (air pollution-prevention potential), a test to quantify
D6438 Test Method for Acetone, Methyl Acetate, and
the VOC or HAP emissions from the new liquid coatings will
Parachlorobenzotrifluoride Content of Paints, and Coat-
be conducted and compared to data for existing coatings
ings by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatogra-
typically used in the target industry.
phy
D6695 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and
4. Testing Site
Related Coatings
4.1 To accelerate the transition of environmentally friendly
D6886 TestMethodforDeterminationoftheWeightPercent
processes to the manufacturing base, the test facility should
Individual Volatile Organic Compounds in Waterborne
offertheabilitytotestprocessesandproductsonrepresentative
Air-Dry Coatings by Gas Chromatography
commercial equipment. The coating application equipment in
2.2 EPA Methods:
the test facility should be available for the pilot-scale testing
EPAMethod 24 Surface Coatings (Determination ofVolatile
performed in this guide (for example, surface pretreatment,
Matter Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids,
powder coating, electrocoating, wet spray, and conventional
and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings)
forced-air and infrared ovens, as applicable). Layouts of an
EPAMethod 311 HAPS in Paints and Coatings (Analysis of
example of an approved test facility are shown in Appendix
Hazardous Air Pollutant Compounds in Paints and Coat-
X1,Figs.X1.1andX1.2,respectively.Examplesofthevarious
ings by Direct Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph)
testing laboratories and their representative equipment hold-
ings that are relevant to the approved test facility verification
3. Significance and Use
projects are listed in Table X1.1.
3.1 The primary objective of this verification guide is to
4.2 A test plan, referred to as a Testing and Quality
determine the “air pollution-prevention potential” (possible
AssuranceProtocol(T/QAP),willbeestablishedtoprovidethe
reduction in VOC or HAPemissions) of factory-applied liquid
testing details that are dependent upon the specific liquid
coatings.
coating being tested. Some general guidelines and procedures
3.2 The overall objective of this guide is to verify the above
can be applied to each T/QAP. These include:
pollution-prevention characteristics and basic performance
4.2.1 A detailed description of each part of the test will be
characteristics of liquid coating technologies. Use of this guide
provided. The selection of tests to be performed, test details,
can increase acceptance of more environmentally friendly
evaluation methods and acceptance criteria are defined by the
technologies for product finishing with an accompanying
end use requirements of the coating. These details should be
reduction in emissions to the atmosphere. The specific objec-
incorporatedintoatestplanthatisuniquetoeachcoating.This
tivesofthisguideareto(1)quantifytheVOCandHAPcontent
will include a detailed design of experiments and a schematic
ofliquidcoatingsand(2)verifythebasicqualityanddurability
diagram of testing to be performed.
performance of these coatings.
4.2.2 Critical and noncritical factors will be listed. Noncriti-
3.3 The primary criteria for verification of liquid coatings
cal factors will remain constant throughout the testing. Critical
will be:
factors will be listed as control (process) factors or response
3.3.1 Confirm that use of the coating will significantly
(coating product quality) factors.
reduce VOC and HAP content or emissions (or both) during
4.2.3 The T/QAP will identify the testing site.
application or cure, or both.
4.2.4 Regardless of where the testing is performed, the
3.3.2 Confirm that the coating can provide an acceptable
approved test facility will ensure that the integrity of third-
finish (appearance, hardness, flexibility, etc.) for the intended
party testing is maintained.
end use.
4.2.5 Regardless of where the testing is performed, the
Quality Assurance (QA) portion of the guide will be strictly
adhered to.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
4.2.6 A statistically significant number of samples will be
www.astm.org.
analyzed for each critical response factor (see Table 1).
US EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), TTN EMC
Variances (or standard deviations) of each critical response
Webmaster (C304-03), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (website, www.epa.gov/
ttn/emc). factor will be reported for all results.
D7270−07 (2021)
TABLE 1 Critical Response Factors (5 Panels per Test)
Total Number of Data
Critical Response Factor Measurement Location Frequency
Points
Environmental
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) See 5.9 5 samples from liquid coating lot to be used 5
Content of liquid coating during test
Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) See 5.9 5 samples from liquid coating lot to be used 5
Content of liquid coating during test
Quality/Durability (Mandatory)
Dry Film Thickness (DFT) From B499 (magnetic) 9 points on 1 standard test panel per run 45
Visual Appearance Entire test panel and entire rack 1 standard test panel per run and 1 per test 6
Quality/Durability (Optional)
Gloss From D523 3 points on 1 standard test panel per run 15
A
Color From D1729 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
A
Color From D2244 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
B
Distinctness of Image (DOI) From D5767 Test Method B 1 randomly selected panel per run, 3 tests 15
per panel
C
Adhesion From D3359 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
C
Pencil Hardness From D3363 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
Salt Spray From B117 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
Impact From D2794 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
Flexibility (Mandrel Bend) From D522 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
MEK Rub From D5402 1 randomly selected panel per run, 1 test 5
per panel
Humidity Resistance From D1735 1 sample per test 5
D
Artificial Weathering Resistance From D6695 3 samples per test 15
Abrasion Resistance From D4060 1 sample per test 5
A
Both color analyses with the same panel.
B
Except that the sliding combed shutter is replaced by a rotating eight-bladed disk.
C
The adhesion and pencil hardness tests will be performed on the same panel as the DFT test.
D
Practice D6695 provides a description of procedures for operating the artificial weathering device. It does not indicate the duration of exposure or the physical property
tests required to determine accelerated weathering resistance. These will be specified in the test plan for each liquid coating.
4.3 The test facility will be selected and must meet the 5.2 Verification Test Objectives—The objectives of the veri-
standards of the individual T/QAP and the test facility’s fication tests performed using this guide are to determine the
Quality Management Plan (QMP). Example QMPs can be VOC and HAP content and to verify the basic quality and
found at the ETV Website (http://epa.gov/etv). Testing person- durability characteristics of selected liquid coatings. In
nelwilldocumentallcriticalandnoncriticalcontrolfactorsand addition, the VOC and HAP emissions generated during the
qualitative noncritical control factors. curing of the coating may be checked using an agreed upon
methodfordeterminingthoseemissions.Thecoatedtestpanels
5. Procedure will be checked for dry film thickness (DFT), visual
appearance, and at least three of the following performance
5.1 Test Approach—The following approach for verification
attributes: gloss, color, distinctness-of-image (DOI), adhesion,
of coating performance will be used in the test protocol:
corrosion resistance, impact resistance, flexibility, hardness,
5.1.1 Determine the performance parameters to be verified.
humidity resistance, weather resistance, wear resistance, and
5.1.2 Choose a standard test panel (and possibly other
resistance to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). The tests may be
items) that will enable thorough testing of coating perfor-
selected based on the end use of the coating.
mance.
5.1.3 Select the test coating and the optimum equipment 5.3 Standard Test Panel—The actual test panels may be
settings for application and curing based on information fabricated from steel, stainless steel, glass, plastic, alloys,
furnished by the coating manufacturer. wood,composite,orothersubstratebasedontheliquidcoating
5.1.4 Complete the verification test. vendor’s recommendations for the target industry. The default
5.1.5 Analyze the results using a statistically valid test standard test panels will be cold-rolled steel, 30.5 cm (12 in.)
program that efficiently accomplishes the required objectives. long and 10.2 cm (4 in.) wide with a 0.6-cm (0.25-in.) hole in
D7270−07 (2021)
one end so that it may be suspended from a hook. Other shapes automatically sprayed using a specified vertical overlap of the
(parts) may be treated and tested as required to complete the spray pattern. The PLC will also trigger the pneumatic spray
verification. gun or a pneumatically actuated cylinder that compresses
...
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