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ASTM E1588-07

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry

Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) by manual and automated methods. The analysis may be performed "manually," with the operator manipulating the microscope controls and the EDS system software, or in an automated fashion, where some amount of the analysis is controlled by pre-set software functions requiring little or no operator intervention.
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. The software manual for each system should be consulted for proper terminology and operation.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Feb-2007
ICS
11.020 - Medical sciences and health care facilities in general
Technical Committee
E30 - Forensic Sciences
Drafting Committee
E30.01 - Criminalistics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1588-95(2001) - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
Effective Date
15-Feb-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E1588-07e1 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
Effective Date
15-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1732-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Effective Date
15-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E3309-21 - Standard Guide for Reporting of Forensic Primer Gunshot Residue (pGSR) Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS)
Effective Date
15-Feb-2007

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ASTM E1588-07 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray SpectrometryASTM E1588-07 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
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ASTM E1588-07 - Standard Guide for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1588–07
Standard Guide for
Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron
1
Microscopy/ Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1588; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
4.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory
1.1 This guide covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR)
by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by
spectrometry (SEM/EDS) by manual and automated methods. SEM/EDS.
The analysis may be performed “manually,” with the operator 4.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method
,
4 5
manipulating the microscope controls and the EDS system that provides , both morphological information and the
software, or in an automated fashion, where some amount of elemental profiles of individual particles. This contrasts with
the analysis is controlled by pre-set software functions requir- bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectropho-
ing little or no operator intervention. tometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among com- plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled
mercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general plasma mass spectrometry, where the sampled material is
termspossible.Thesoftwaremanualforeachsystemshouldbe dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total
consulted for proper terminology and operation. element concentrations, thereby sacrificing morphological in-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the formation and individual particle identification.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Sample Preparation
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Once the evidence seal is broken, care should be taken
priate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil-
ity of regulatory limitations prior to use. so that no object touches the surface of the adhesive SEM/EDS
sample collection stub and that the stub is not left uncovered
2. Referenced Documents
any longer than is reasonable for transfer, mounting, or
2
2.1 ASTM Standard: labeling.
E 876 Practice for Use of Statistics in the Evaluation of 5.2 Label the sample collection stub in such a manner that it
3
Spectrometric Data is distinguishable from other sample collection stubs without
compromising the sample; that is, label the bottom or side of
3. Summary of Practice
the stub.
3.1 From the total population of particles collected, those 5.3 If a non-conductive adhesive was used in the sample
that are determined by SEM to be within the limits of certain
collectionstub,thesamplewillneedtobecoatedtoincreaseits
parameters (e.g., atomic number, size, or shape) characteristic electrical conductivity, unless an environmental SEM or low
of or elemental composition by SEM/EDS. Typically, particles
pressure/low vacuum - SEM is used for the analysis. Carbon is
composed of high mean atomic number elements are detected a common choice of coating material, since it will not be
by their SEM backscattered electron signals and an EDS
detected with a beryllium window EDS detector and, thus, will
spectrum is obtained from each. The EDS elemental profile is not interfere with X-ray lines of interest. Furthermore, with
evaluated for constituent elements that may identify the par-
EDSsystemscapableofdetectingcarbon,itisstillignoreddue
ticle as being characteristic of or consistent with GSR. tothehighsignalintensityfromthecarbonintheadhesive.For
high vacuum SEM, a carbon film thickness of between 5 and
50 nm is typical, with less conductive samples requiring a
1
thicker coat.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally
approved in 1994. Last previous version approved in 2001 as E 1588 – 95(2001).
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Krishnan, S. S., “Detection of Gunshot Residue: Present Status,” Forensic
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Science Handbook, Volume I, Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Wolten, G. M., Nesbitt, R. S., Calloway, A. R., Loper, G. L., and Jones, P. F.,
the ASTM website. “Final Report on ParticleAnalysis
...

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ASTM E1732-22(Terminology)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These terms have particular application to forensic practice. Entries for Section A of E1732 are chosen variously from Webster’s Online Dictionary, international standards, textbooks, and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee develops definitions when conventional sources fail to yield suitable candidates. Reference citations include:  
3.1.1 For ASTM standards, the standard designation is followed by a dash and a two-digit year designation, e.g., E2161-19. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken, not necessarily the current year of publication of the standard.  
3.1.2 Citations from other than ASTM standards may include an abbreviation and the standard number followed by a four-digit year designation, e.g., ISO 9000:2015. The year citation references the year of publication of the standard from which the entry is taken. Such standards may also be referenced by a name followed by a year designation, e.g., IUPAC Gold Book 2020. Abbreviations are explicated under “2. Referenced Documents.”  
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3.1.5 For entries from textbooks a reference following the entry will have the name or title of the text, author(s), edition (if applicable) and the year of publication or copyright.  
3.1.6 For entries of unknown origin currently in E1732 Section A, a statement declaring that a ...
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1.1 This terminology standard includes definitions of terms used in the forensic sciences.  
1.2 Legal and scientific and terms in common use that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included, except when dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for forensic science use.  
1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple areas of forensic science, whereas, the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific forensic science areas, as follows:    
Section A: General (Common) Forensic Science Terms  
The terms defined in Section A are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92, Terminology.  
Section B: Criminalistics  
The terms defined in Section B are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01, Criminalistics.  
Section B1: Terms for Seized Drug Analysis  
Section B2: Terms for Gunshot Residue (GSR) Analysis and Smokeless Powder Analysis  
Section B3: Terms for Paint Analysis  
Section B4: Terms for Textile, Fiber, Cord, and Tape Examination  
Section B5: Terms for Glass Examination  
Section B6: Terms for Fire Debris  
Section C: Digital and Multimedia Evidence    
The terms defined in Section C are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12, Digital and Multimedia Evidence.  
Section C1: Terms for Computer Forensics  
Section C2: Terms for Digital Image Processing and Multimedia Evidence Examination  
Section C3: Terms for Magnetic Card Reader Examination  
Section C4: Terms for Facial Image Examination  
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The terms defined in Section D are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.11, Interdisciplinary Forensic Science Standards.  
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ASTM E1588-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS (5).  
5.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides (6, 7) both morphological information and the constituent elements detected in individual particles.  
5.3 Particle analysis contrasts with bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (8), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (9), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), where the sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing size, shape, and individual particle identification.
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1.1 This practice covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The analysis is performed using automated software control of both the SEM and EDS systems, to screen the sample for candidate particles that could be associated with GSR. Manual control of the instrument is then used to perform confirmatory analysis and classification of the candidate particles. This practice refers solely to the analysis of electron microscopy stubs (1).2  
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult the SEM/EDS system manuals for each instrument.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience (Practice E2917), and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This design and evaluation guide describes multiple categories for evaluating flexible medical packages and packaging materials. These include safety, barrier, material and package performance attributes and characteristics, package integrity, visibility and appearance, processing, printed ink, distribution simulation, and conditioning.  
4.2 The intent of this design and evaluation guide is to evaluate all cited categories and select those that are applicable. Once the product has been characterized and the sterilization methodology has been defined, there are numerous sets of requirements for any specific package. This design and evaluation guide provides an avenue for assessing these requirements and choosing test methods for both evaluating the package design and monitoring package compliance.
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4.3 Product characterization shall include mass or weight, geometry (length and width, height, and shape) and product composition.  
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1.1 This guide provides directions for the design and evaluation of primary flexible packages for medical products. The package materials must be selected appropriately for manufacturing process, end use, and the product being packaged.  
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1.3 This guide does not address acceptability criteria, which need to be determined jointly by the package producer and the medical products manufacturer.  
1.4 This guide does not assess the product to be packaged or the sterilization method to be used.  
1.5 The units cited in the referenced standard should be used.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.1 Harmful biological or particulate contaminants may enter the package through imperfections such as pinholes or cracks in trays.  
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Standard Practice for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This document will be of use to forensic laboratory personnel who are involved in the analysis of GSR samples by SEM/EDS (5).  
5.2 SEM/EDS analysis of GSR is a non-destructive method that provides (6, 7) both morphological information and the constituent elements detected in individual particles.  
5.3 Particle analysis contrasts with bulk sample methods, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (8), neutron activation analysis (NAA) (9), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), where the sampled material is dissolved or extracted prior to the determination of total element concentrations, thereby sacrificing size, shape, and individual particle identification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). The analysis is performed using automated software control of both the SEM and EDS systems, to screen the sample for candidate particles that could be associated with GSR. Manual control of the instrument is then used to perform confirmatory analysis and classification of the candidate particles. This practice refers solely to the analysis of electron microscopy stubs (1).2  
1.2 Since software and hardware formats vary among commercial systems, guidelines will be offered in the most general terms possible. For proper terminology and operation, consult the SEM/EDS system manuals for each instrument.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience (Practice E2917), and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 Scaffolds potentially may be metallic, ceramic, polymeric, natural, or composite materials. Scaffolds are usually porous to some degree, but may be solid. Scaffolds can range from mechanically rigid to gelatinous and can be either absorbable/degradable or non-absorbable/non-degradable. The scaffold may or may not have a surface treatment. Because of this large breadth of possible starting materials and scaffold constructions, this guide cannot be considered as exhaustive in its listing of potentially applicable tests. A voluntary guidance for the development of tissue-engineered products can be found in Omstead, et al (1).15 Guide F2027 contains a listing of potentially applicable test methods specific to various starting materials. Guidance regarding the evaluation of absorbable polymeric materials and constructs can be found in Guide F2902. Guidance regarding the evaluation of collagen-based materials can be found in Guide F2212. Guidance regarding the evaluation of scaffolds composed of ceramic or mineral-based material is available in Guide F2883. Similarly, guidance for the assessment of unique aspects of scaffolds based on hydrogels (for example, gel kinetics, mechanical stability, and mass transport properties) may be found in Guide F2900.  
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1.1 This guide is a resource of currently available test methods for the characterization of the compositional and structural aspects of biomaterial scaffolds used in the development and manufacture of regenerative medicine and tissue-engineered medical products (TEMPs).  
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1.4 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with appropriate characterization(s) and evaluation(s) of any raw or starting material(s) used in the fabrication of the scaffold, such as described in Guide F2027.  
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1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.  
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1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.  
1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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