ASTM F1045-99
(Specification)Standard Performance Specification for Ice Hockey Helmets
Standard Performance Specification for Ice Hockey Helmets
SCOPE
1.1 This performance specification sets performance requirements for ice hockey helmets.
1.2 The intent of this performance specification is to reduce the risk of injury to the head without compromising the form and appeal of the game.
1.3 This performance specification covers (1) performance tests for shock absorption properties of the complete helmet and strength and elongation of the chin strap and its attachment; and (2) requirements for dimension of the ear aperture.
1.4 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 12, of this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation: F 1045 – 99
Standard Performance Specification for
Ice Hockey Helmets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Ice hockey is a contact sport with intrinsic hazards. The use of protective equipment will not
eliminate all injuries but should substantially reduce the severity and frequency of injury. Participation
in the sport of ice hockey by a player implies acceptance of some risk of injury. The goal is to
minimize this risk.
This performance specification for head protective equipment has been prepared after consideration
of head protection relative to the following principle risks: high-mass, low-velocity impact (various
playing situations), and fit. This performance specification may be modified as other risks are
identified.
Performance requirements were determined after consideration of state-of-the-art of helmet design
and manufacture and the demands of the sport.
1. Scope Equipment for Hockey Players
1.1 This performance specification sets performance re-
3. Terminology
quirements for ice hockey helmets.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 The intent of this performance specification is to reduce
3.1.1 retention system:
the risk of injury to the head without compromising the form
3.1.1.1 chin strap—the chin strap, including a cup that
and appeal of the game.
covers the chin, (see Fig. 1) is affixed to both sides of the
1.3 This performance specification covers ( 1) performance
helmet and secures the helmet to the head when a Type II full
tests for shock absorption properties of the complete helmet
face protector is not worn with the helmet.
and strength and elongation of the chin strap and its attach-
3.1.1.2 neck strap—the neck strap that secures the helmet to
ment; and (2) requirements for dimension of the ear aperture.
the head is affixed on both sides of the helmet and passes under
1.4 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be
the lower jaw in close proximity to the jaw and the neck.
regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given
Where the helmet is worn with a Type II full face protector, the
for information only.
neck strap serves as the attachment of the helmet to the head.
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
test methods portion, Section 12, of this performance specifi-
NOTE 1—For a description of the Type II face protector, see the Types
cation: This standard does not purport to address all of the of Protectors Section in Safety Specification F 513.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 crown—a point in the median plane that is equal chord
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
lengths from the anterior and posterior intersections of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
median and reference planes.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.3 drop height—the vertical distance between the lowest
point (impact point) of the elevated helmet and the apex of the
2. Referenced Documents
impact surface.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 g—the dimensionless ratio of the acceleration of the
F 513 Safety Specification for Eye and Face Protective
headform during impact to the acceleration due to gravity.
3.1.4.1 g —the maximum value of g encountered during
max
impact.
This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
3.1.5 helmet—the complete product, including the shell,
F-8 on Sports Equipment, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
liner, and chin strap, including the cup and associated attach-
Subcommittee F08.15 on Ice Hockey.
ment hardware, assembled with components supplied by the
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originally
published as F 1045 – 88. Last previous edition F 1045 – 97.
This performance specification is subject to revision as indicated by subsequent
injury statistics and subject to review at least every five years. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.07.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1045
FIG. 1 Chin Strap (Includes a Chin Cup)
manufacturer. The helmet is intended to protect the wearer’s
head while participating in ice hockey.
3.1.6 liner—the material inside the shell for the purpose of
shock absorption or comfortable fit, or both.
3.1.7 reference index—the manufacturer’s recommended
dimension from the lowest point of the helmet face opening to
the basic plane of a reference headform, with both points
located on the median plane of the helmet.
3.1.8 reference planes:
3.1.8.1 basic plane—a plane that is located at the level of
the external openings of the ears and the inferior margin of the
orbit (see Figs. 2 and 3).
3.1.8.2 coronal plane—a vertical plane that is perpendicular
to the median and the reference planes and passes through the
crown of the headform (lateral plane).
3.1.8.3 median plane—a vertical plane that passes through
the headform from front to back and divides it into right and
left halves (mid-saggital plane).
3.1.8.4 reference plane—a plane that is located 2.36 in. (60
mm) above and parallel to the basic plane (Size C headform).
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).
3.1.9 shell—the rigid outer material that gives the helmet its
FIG. 3 Contour Dimensions of Size C Test Headform
form.
4. General Requirements
other physical change as a result of contact with perspiration,
4.1 Materials: oil, or grease from the wearer’s hair.
4.1.1 All materials used in the fabrication of helmets shall 4.1.3 Any material used in the construction of helmets shall
be known to be suitable for the intended application. For not be adversely affected by ordinary household soap and
example, shell materials shall remain strong, semirigid, and water, mild household detergent, or cleaners recommended by
firm, and shall not permanently distort during an exposure of at the manufacturer.
least4htoany temperature in the range from 0 6 3.6 to 122 4.2 Helmet Assembly:
6 3.6°F (−18 6 2to50 6 2°C), nor shall the material be 4.2.1 Any optional devices fitted to the helmet shall be so
significantly affected by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, designed that they are unlikely to cause any injury to the
water, dirt, or vibration. All materials shall be rot-resistant. In wearer or other participants during contact.
addition, paints, glues, and finishes used in manufacture shall 4.2.2 All edges shall be smooth and rounded and there shall
be compatible with the helmet shell and shock absorption be no rigid projections on the inside of the helmet that could
system materials. come in contact with the wearer’s head.
4.1.2 Materials coming into contact with the wearer’s head 4.2.3 All external projections shall be smooth and ad-
shall not be the type known to cause skin irritation or disease, equately faired to other surfaces. Split or bifurcated rivets shall
and shall not undergo significant loss of strength, flexibility, or not be used.
FIG. 2 Basic, Reference, and Median Planes
F 1045
4.3 Extent and Form of Protective Material—All parts of 4.6 Size of Helmets—Helmets shall be sized in accordance
the wearer’s head covered by the area of the shell shall be with Table 1.
protected at least to the minimum impact requirements of 13.1 4.7 Chin Strap or Neck Strap:
and 13.2. The extent of protection shall include at least all of 4.7.1 The chin strap, including the cup, or the neck strap,
the hatched area shown in Fig. 4. The hatched area selected shall be attached to the helmet so that the helmet remains in its
shall correspond with the headform size with which the helmet normal position on the player’s head during play and impact
is to be tested. conditions.
4.4 Except for ear apertures, the area around the ear shall be 4.7.2 The chin strap or the neck strap used in combination
completely covered by the helmet shell. No ear aperture shall with the face protector shall satisfy the requirements in 3.1.1.
have any dimension exceeding 1.5 in. (38 mm). The ear 4.7.3 The minimum width of the chin strap exclusive of the
aperture shall be entirely surrounded by the helmet. This part of cup shall be 0.5 in. (13 mm).
the helmet shall also have protective padding. The distance
5. Performance Requirements
from the edge of the ear aperture to any edge of the helmet
shall not be less than 0.8 in. (20 mm). 5.1 General—Helmets shall be capable of meeting the
4.5 Attachments—The components of the fasteners for se- requirements in this performance specification throughout their
curing attachments to the shell shall be so attached that the full range of adjustment. They shall be capable of meeting the
degree of protection afforded the wearer by the protective requirements in Sections 11 and 12 at any temperature between
padding or cushioning material of the helmet is not thereby 0 and 122°F (−18 and 50°C).
reduced. 5.2 Shock Absorption—The helmet is mounted on a head-
4.5.1 When a face protector is to be attached to the helmet, form that is oriented in different positions and dropped at a
the manufacturer of the face protector shall supply a template specific velocity onto an impact surface. A linear accelerometer
designating the position on the helmet where holes should be mounted at the center of gravity of the headform monitors the
bored for the attachment screws or bolts. acceleration and the time history of impact that are recorded
Metric Units
(millimetres)
Size AB C
6 ⁄4 81 132 123
6 ⁄8 89 140 132
7 ⁄8 97 147 141
7 ⁄4 104 155 150
Inch-Pound Units
(inches)
Size A B C
6 ⁄4 3.20 5.20 4.84
6 ⁄8 3.50 5.50 5.20
7 ⁄8 3.80 5.80 5.56
7 ⁄4 4.10 6.10 5.92
NOTE 1—The distance e is optional to the manufacturer. However, it shall be not less than 0.8 in. (20 mm).
NOTE 2—Not design restrictive.
FIG. 4 Minimum Areas of Head Requiring Protection (Cross-Hatched)
F 1045
TABLE 1 Hat Sizes and Head Fittings
of the strap shall not exceed 1 in. (25 mm) at a load of 24 lbf
(109 N). The requirements of 12.7 shall be met at 73°F (23°C).
NOTE 1—These are U.S. and Canadian hat sizes.
Circumference of Head
Hat Size
6. Apparatus
in. mm
6.1 Shock Absorption Test: The apparatus for the shock
6 19 483
1 3
6 ⁄8 19 ⁄8 492 absorption test shall consist of the following:
1 3
6 ⁄4 19 ⁄4 502
6.1.1 Guide Assembly—The headform shall be attached to
3 1
6 ⁄8 20 ⁄8 511
1 1
the free fall drop assembly carriage by an adjustable mounting
6 ⁄2 20 ⁄2 521
5 7
6 ⁄8 20 ⁄8 530
that will allow impacts to be delivered to any prescribed point
3 1
6 ⁄4 21 ⁄4 540
on the helmet (see Fig. 5). The carriage shall be free to slide on
7 5
6 ⁄8 21 ⁄8 550
vertical guides. If wires are used they must be placed under at
7 22 559
1 3
7 ⁄8 22 ⁄8 568
least 190 lbf (845 N) tension (see 12.4 for guide assembly
1 3
7 ⁄4 22 ⁄4 578
specifications and allowable weight of drop assembly).
3 1
7 ⁄8 23 ⁄8 587
1 1
7 ⁄2 23 ⁄2 597 6.1.2 Recording Equipment—The recording equipment
5 7
7 ⁄8 23 ⁄8 606
shall meet the following criteria:
3 1
7 ⁄4 24 ⁄4 616
7 5
6.1.2.1 Acceleration Transducer—The linear accelerometer
7 ⁄8 24 ⁄8 625
8 25 635
is mounted at the center of gravity of the combined test
headform and carriage assembly with the sensitive axis aligned
to within 5° of the vertical when the helmet and headform are
in the impact position. This transducer shall be capable of
with appropriate instrumentation. Maximum acceleration and
withstanding a shock of 1000 g without damage and shall have
time duration data obtained by the specified procedures are
a frequency response (variation 61.5 %) over the range from 5
intended to determine the shock absorption characteristics of
to 900 Hz.
the helmet.
5.3 Chin Strap—When tested in accordance with 12.7, the 6.1.2.2 System Accuracy—The impact recording system
force to separate the strap shall be not less than 11 lbf (50 N) shall be capable of measuring shocks of up to 500 g peak
nor more than 124 lbf (500 N) and the maximum displacement acceleration with an accuracy of 65%.
NOTE 1—Rail-guided drop assemblies are also permissible.
FIG. 5 Schematic of Typical Drop Assembly
F 1045
6.1.2.3 Impact Recording—The impact shall be recorded on 10.3 If the maximum g or acceleration time history, or both,
single- or dual-trace storage oscilloscope with 0.1-mV to 20-V are not within the tolerance limits prior to test, adjust or repair
deflection factor, 1 to 5-ms sweep speed-division, and 500-kHz the system as necessary.
bandwidth. 10.4 If the means of the three peak acceleration values
6.1.2.4 Headform—Standard metal headforms as described following the test series differ by more than 40 g from the mean
in Table 2 shall be used in all tests. of the initial calibration series, discard the entire test series.
6.1.2.5 Impact Surface—The impact surface shall be a flat
5 11. Conditioning
modular elastomer programmer (MEP) 6 in. (152 mm) in
11.1 Prior to testing, condition each helmet in one of the
diameter and 1 in. (25 mm) in thickness which is firmly fixed
following ways:
to the top surface of a flat anvil. The MEP required is a 60 6
11.1.1 Ambient Temperature—Condition one helmet for a
5 Durometer Shore A Hardness impact surface. The base shall
period of not less than4hat laboratory conditions that shall be
consist of a rigid slab weighing at least 300 lb (136 kg). The top
at a temperature of 70 6 9°F (21 6 5°C) and a relative
surface of this base may be used as the flat metal anvil if it is
humidity of 50 6 15 %. Record the temperature to the nearest
faced with a steel plate with minimum thickness of 1 in. (25
2 2
degree and the relative humidity to the nearest percent at the
mm) and minimum top surface area of 1 ft (0.09 m ). If a
detachable flat metal anvil is used it must have a top surface time of testing on the report form for each test series.
2 2
11.1.2 Low Temperature—Condition the second helmet by
area of at least 45 in. (290 cm ). The MEP is mounted on an
aluminum plate with a minimum thickness of 0.220 in. (6 mm) exposing it to a temperature of 0 6 3.6°F (−18 6 2°C) for not
less than 4 nor more than 24 h in a mechanically cooled
after grinding.
apparatus.
7. Sampling 11.1.3 High Temperature—Condition the third helmet by
exposing it to a temperature of 122 6 3.6°F (50 6 2°C) for not
7.1 Submit at
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