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ASTM D4120-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests

Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests

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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of fiber cohesion as the dynamic cohesive force required to maintain drafting in rovings, slivers or tops when they are subjected to stress induced by passing between pairs of drafting rolls of different surface speeds. The cohesive force is converted to cohesive tenacity based on the linear density of the material.
Note 1—For static tests refer to Test Method D 2612.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2001
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4120-95 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D4120-07 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2612-99(2018) - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Sliver and Top (Static Tests)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001

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ASTM D4120-01 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic TestsASTM D4120-01 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
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ASTM D4120-01 - Standard Test Method for Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 4120 – 01
Standard Test Method for
1
Fiber Cohesion in Roving, Sliver, and Top in Dynamic Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4120; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of fiber 3.1 Definitions:
cohesion as the dynamic cohesive force required to maintain 3.1.1 cohesive force, n—in a textile strand, the force re-
drafting in rovings, slivers or tops when they are subjected to quired to overcome fiber cohesion as the strand is being
stress induced by passing between pairs of drafting rolls of reduced in linear density.
different surface speeds. The cohesive force is converted to 3.1.1.1 Discussion—In dynamic tests, cohesive force is the
cohesive tenacity based on the linear density of the material. force required to maintain drafting in a roving, sliver, or top. In
static tests, cohesive force is measured while a test specimen is
NOTE 1—For static tests refer to Test Method D 2612.
held in fixed position between two slowly separating clamps.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 fiber cohesion, n—in textiles, the resistance to sepa-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ration of fibers in contact with one another.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—This resistance is due to the combined
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
effects of the surface characteristic, length, crimp, finish, and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
linear density of the fibers. Cohesion should not be confused
with adhesion or sticking together as in a glutinous substance.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 roving, n—a loose assemblage of fibers drawn or
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
rubbed into a single strand, with very little twist. In spun yarn
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
systems, the product of the stage, or stages, just prior to
D 519 Test Method for Length of Fiber in Wool Top
spinning.
D 1440 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
3.1.4 sliver, n—a continuous strand of loosely assembled
Cotton Fibers (Array Method)
fibers that is approximately uniform in cross-sectional area and
D 1447 Test Method for Length and Length Uniformity of
without twist.
Cotton Fibers by Fibrograph Measurement
3.1.5 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
D 1575 Test Method for Fiber Length of Wool in Scoured
specimenbasedonthelineardensityoftheunstrainedmaterial.
Wool and in Card Sliver
3.1.6 top, n—(1) worsted process —a sliver in which the
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
fibers have been parallelized, and usually combed; (2) manu-
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
factured fibers or tow to top process—a sliver obtained by
D 2612 TestMethodforFiberCohesioninSliverandTopin
drafting, along with breaking or cutting a multifilament tow.
Static Tests
3.1.7 For definitions of terms related to force and deforma-
D 3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
tion in textiles refer to Terminology D 4848. For definitions of
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
other textile terms used in this test method refer to Terminol-
D 4848 Terminology of Force, Deformation and Related
ogy D 123.
Properties
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method provides an indication of the ability of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
fibers to hold together by measuring the force required to slide
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn and Fiber Test
Methods. fibers in a direction parallel to their length. Specific lengths of
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2001. Published December 2001. Originally
roving, sliver, or top are drafted between two pairs of rollers,
published as D 4120 – 82. Last previous edition D 4120 – 95.
with each pair moving at a different peripheral speed.The draft
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
forces are recorded. Test specimens are then weighed and the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on linear density calculated. Drafting tenacity, calculated as the
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4120–01
3
draft resisting force per unit linear density, is considered to be 6.2 Tensio
...

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5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
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5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
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ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
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1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

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5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
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SCOPE
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1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM
ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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