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ASTM D3557-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Cadmium in Water

Standard Test Methods for Cadmium in Water

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable cadmium in water and wastewater by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Four test methods are included as follows: Concentration Range SectionsTest Method A—Atomic Absorption, Direct0.05 to 2.0 mg/L7 to 15Test Method B—Atomic Absorption, Chelation-Extraction5 to 200 μg/L16 to 24Test Method C—Differential PulseAnodic Stripping Voltammetry1 to 100 μg/L25 to 34Test Method D—Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace2 to 10 μg/L35 to 43
1.2 Test Method B can be used to determine cadmium in brines. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2002
ICS
13.060.50 - Examination of water for chemical substances
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.05 - Inorganic Constituents in Water
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D3557-02 - Standard Test Methods for Cadmium in Water
Effective Date
10-Mar-2002

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ASTM D3557-95 - Standard Test Methods for Cadmium in Water
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 3557 – 95
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Methods for
1
Cadmium in Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope D 1691 Test Methods for Zinc in Water
3
D 1886 Test Methods for Nickel in Water
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-
and total recoverable cadmium in water and wastewater by
3
duits
atomic-absorption spectrophotometry and differential pulse
3
2 D 3558 Test Methods for Cobalt in Water
anodic stripping voltammetry. Four test methods are included
3
D 3559 Test Methods for Lead in Water
as follows:
D 3919 Practice for Measuring Trace Elements in Water by
Concentration
3
Sections
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Range
Test Method A—Atomic Absorption, 0.05 to 2.0 7to15
D 4841 Practice for Estimation of Holding Time for Water
Direct mg/L
3
Samples Containing Organic and Inorganic Constituents
Test Method B—Atomic Absorption, 5 to 200 μg/L 16 to 24
E 60 Practice for Photometric and Spectrophotometric
Chelation-Extraction
4
Test Method C—Differential Pulse 1 to 100 μg/L 25 to 34
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
E 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
Test Method D—Atomic Absorption, 2 to 10 μg/L 35 to 43
of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near Infrared Spectrophotom-
Graphite Furnace
5
eters
1.2 Test Method B can be used to determine cadmium in
brines. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of
3. Terminology
these test methods for waters of untested matrices.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
methods, refer to Terminology D 1129.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 spiking solution—the standard solution added to the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
polarographic cell that is used to quantitate the sample.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2 stripping peak potential—the applied potential versus
SCE at which the stripping peak current is a maximum.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.3 SCE—saturated calomel electrode.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.4 stripping peak signal—the current measured at the
3
D 858 Test Methods for Manganese in Water
stripping peak maximum for a metal.
3
D 1066 Practice for Sampling Steam
3 4. Significance and Use
D 1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
3
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water 4.1 The test for cadmium is necessary because it is a
toxicant and because there is a limit specified for cadmium in
D 1192 Specification for Equipment for Sampling Water
3
and Steam in Closed Conduits potable water in the National Interim Primary Drinking Water
3
Regulations. This test serves to determine whether the cad-
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3
D 1687 Test Methods for Chromium in Water mium content of potable water is above or below the accept-
3
able limit.
D 1688 Test Methods for Copper in Water
5. Purity of Reagents
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-19 on
5.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.
Water and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic
Constituents in Water.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Originally
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.
published as D 3557 – 77. Last previous edition D 3557 – 90.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
2
Platte, J. A., and Marcy, V. M., “A New Tool for the Water Chemist,” Industrial
Water Engineering, May 1965.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 3557
Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall 9. Interferences
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical
9.1 Calcium concentrations above 1000 mg/L suppress the
6
Reagents of the American Chemical Society. Other grades
cadmium absorption. At 2000 mg/L of calcium the suppression
may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is
is 19 %.
of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening
9.2 Sodium, potassium, sulfate, and chloride (9000 mg/L
the accuracy of the determination.
each), magnesium
...

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ASTM D1291-17(2023)(Practice)
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5.1 Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used to remove salts and other impurities from drinking water at the point of use. They are usually operated at tap water line pressure, with water containing up to several hundred milligrams per litre of total dissolved solids. This practice permits measurement of the performance of home reverse osmosis devices using a standard set of conditions and is intended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This practice can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used for system design. This practice does not necessarily determine the device’s performance when solutes other than sodium chloride are present. Use Practice D4516 and Test Methods D4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set of conditions.  
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ASTM D4012-23a(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A rapid and routine procedure for determining biomass of the living microorganisms in cultures, waters, wastewaters, and in plankton and periphyton samples taken from surface waters is frequently of vital importance. However, classical techniques such as direct microscope counts, turbidity, organic chemical analyses, cell tagging, and plate counts are expensive, time-consuming, or tend to underestimate total numbers. In addition, some of these methods do not distinguish between living and nonliving cells.  
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5.3 The ATP (luciferin-luciferase) method is a rapid, sensitive determination of viable microbial biomass. ATP is the primary energy donor for life processes, does not exist in association with nonliving detrital material, and the amount of ATP per unit of biomass (expressed in weight) is relatively constant. (ATP per cell varies with species and physiological state of the organism.)  
5.4 This test method can be used to:  
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5.4.2 Estimate the amount of total viable biomass in plankton and periphyton samples.  
5.4.3 Estimate the number of viable cells in a unispecies culture if the cATP content (or if the average amount of cATP) per cell is known.  
5.4.4 Estimate and differentiate between zooplanktonic, phytoplanktonic, bacterial, and fungal cATP through size fractionation of water samples.  
5.4.5 Measure the mortality rate of microorganisms in toxicity tests in entrainment studies, and in other situations where populations or assemblages of microorganisms are placed under stress.  
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1.1 This test method covers a protocol for capturing, extracting and quantifying the cellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP) content associated with microorganisms normally found in laboratory cultures and waters in plankton and periphyton samples from waters.  
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5.1 This test method is useful for the analysis of total uranium in water following wet-ashing, as required, due to impurities or suspended materials in the water.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of total uranium, by mass concentration, in water within the calibrated range of the instrument, 0.1 μg/L or greater. Samples with uranium mass concentrations above the laser phosphorimeter dynamic range are diluted to bring the concentration to a measurable level.  
1.2 This test method was used successfully with reagent water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.  
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5.2 Hardness is caused by any polyvalent cations, but those other than Ca+2 and Mg+2 are seldom present in more than trace amounts. The term hardness was originally applied to water in which it was hard to wash; it referred to the soap-wasting properties of water. With most normal alkaline water, these soap-wasting properties are directly related to the calcium and magnesium content.
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ASTM D7645-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Aldicarb, Aldicarb Sulfone, Aldicarb Sulfoxide, Carbofuran, Methomyl, Oxamyl, and Thiofanox in Water by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has been developed by U.S. EPA Region 5 Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 The N-methyl carbamate (NMC) pesticides: aldicarb, carbofuran, methomyl, oxamyl, and thiofanox have been identified by EPA as working through a common mechanism. These affect the nervous system by reducing the ability of enzymes. Enzyme inhibition was the primary toxicological effect of regulatory concern to EPA in assessing the NMC’s food, drinking water, and residential risks. In most of the country, NMC residues in drinking water sources are at levels that are not likely to contribute substantially to the multi-pathway cumulative exposure. Shallow private wells extending through highly permeable soils into shallow, acidic ground water represent what the EPA believes to be the most vulnerable drinking water. Aldicarb sulfone and aldicarb sulfoxide are breakdown products of aldicarb and should also be monitored due to their toxicological effects.4  
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1.2 The Detection Verification Level (DVL) and Reporting Range for the carbamates are listed in Table 1.    
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ASTM D7574-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Bisphenol A in Environmental Waters by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The first reported synthesis of BPA was by the reaction of phenol with acetone by Zincke.4 BPA has become an important high volume industrial chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastic and resins are used in numerous products including electrical and electronic equipment, automobiles, sports and safety equipment, reusable food and drink containers, electrical laminates for printed circuit boards, composites, paints, adhesives, dental sealants, protective coatings and many other products.5  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) extracted from water utilizing solid phase extraction (SPE), separated using liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). BPA is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This test method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pesticides may be used in various agricultural and household products. These products may enter waterways at low levels through run-off or misuse near water resources. Hence, there is a need for quick, easy and robust method to determine pesticide concentration in water matrices for understanding the sources and concentration levels in affected areas.  
5.2 This method has been single-laboratory validated in reagent water and surface waters (Tables 12-14).
SCOPE
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1.2 A full collaborative study to meet the requirements of Practice D2777 has not been completed. This standard contains single-operator precision and bias based on single-operator data. Publication of standards that have not been fully validated is done to make the current technology accessible to users of standards, and to solicit additional input from the user community.  
1.3 A reporting limit check sample (RLCS) is analyzed during every batch to ensure that if an analyte was present in a sample at or near the reporting limit it would be positively identified and accurately quantitated within set quality control limits. A method detection limit (MDL) study was not done for this method, the method detection limits would be much lower than the reporting limits in this method and would be irrelevant. A RLCS was determined to be more applicable for this standard. If this method is adapted to report much lower or near the MDL then a MDL study would be warranted.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 The Reporting Range for the target analytes are listed in Table 1.  
1.5.1 The reporting limit in this test method is the minimum value below which data are documented as non-detects. The reporting limit is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 6 after taking into account an 8 mL water sample volume and a final diluted sample volume of 10 mL (80 % water/20 % methanol).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7485-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Nonylphenol, p-tert-Octylphenol, Nonylphenol Monoethoxylate and Nonylphenol Diethoxylate in Environmental Waters by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 NP and OP have been shown to have toxic effects in aquatic organisms. The source of NP and OP is prominently from the use of common commercial surfactants. The most widely used surfactant is nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) which has an average ethoxylate chain length of nine. The ethoxylate chain is readily biodegraded to form NP1EO, NP2EO, nonylphenol carboxylate (NPEC) and, under anaerobic conditions, NP. NP will also biodegrade, but may be released into environmental waters directly at trace levels. This method has been investigated and is applicable for environmental waters, including seawater.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), and octylphenol (OP), extracted from water utilizing solid phase extraction (SPE), separated using liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These compounds are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This method adheres to single reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry.  
1.2 The method detection limit (MDL) and reporting limit (RL) for NP, NP1EO, NP2EO, and OP are listed in Table 1.    
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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