ASTM D4097-95ae3
(Specification)Standard Specification for Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
Standard Specification for Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to contain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pressure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester, resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels intended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions, except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with liquids heated above their flash points.
1.3 The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only. Note 1Special design consideration should be given to vessels subject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, wind load, or agitation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of 180°F (82°C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms.
Note 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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e3
Designation: D 4097 – 95a
Standard Specification for
Contact-Molded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin
Corrosion-Resistant Tanks
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4097; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Corrections were made to 6.2.1 and Table X2.1 in August 1996.
e NOTE—Corrections were made to Fig. 1 and the second equation in 6.2.1 in February 1999.
e NOTE—Correction was made to Table 1 in September 1999.
1. Scope mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion Resistant
Equipment
1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
contact molding for above-ground vertical installation, to
Insulation Materials for Testing
contain aggressive chemicals at essentially atmospheric pres-
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
sure, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or vinyl ester,
D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
resin. Included are requirements for materials, properties,
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workmanship,
als
and appearance.
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels
D 2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric for
intended for pressure above hydrostatic, vacuum conditions,
Polyester-Glass Laminates
except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with
D 2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid
liquids heated above their flash points.
Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
1.3 The values given in parentheses are provided for infor-
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
mation purposes only.
Resins
NOTE 1—Special design consideration should be given to vessels
D 2996 Specification for Filament-Wound “Fiberglass”
subject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, wind
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
load, or agitation, to vessels subject to service temperature in excess of
D 2997 Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass”
180°F (82°C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms.
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
D 3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
D 4024 Specification for Machine Made Fiberglass
test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This
Flanges
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
D 5421 Specification for Contact Molded Fiberglass
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
Flanges
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
2.2 ANSI Standards:
tions prior to use.
B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class
25, 125, 250, and 800
2. Referenced Documents
B 16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges, Flanged Valves and Fittings
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of
3. Terminology
Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass Fiber Reinforced
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
Structures Intended for Liquid Service
nologies D 883 and F 412, unless otherwise indicated.
C 582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Ther-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Discontinued, see 1986 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
published D 4097 – 82. Last previous edition D 4097 – 95. Available from the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd Street,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4097
TABLE 1 Minimum Acceptable Contact Molded Laminate Physical Properties
Property Thickness, in. (mm)
1 8to3 16 (3.2 to 4.8) 1 4 (6.4) 5 16 (7.9) 3 8 and up (9.5 and up)
/ / / / /
Ultimate tensile strength, min, psi (kPa) 9 000 (620.5) 12 000 (827.4) 13 000 (930.8) 15 000 (1 034)
Flexural strength, min, psi (kPa) 16 000 (1 103) 19 000 (1 310) 20 000 (1 399) 22 000 (1 517)
Flexural modulus for elasticity (tangent), psi (kPa) 700 000 (48 263) 800 000 (55 158) 900 000 (62 053) 1 000 000 (68 948)
3.2.1 contact molding—includes the “hand lay-up” or a not be subject to the limitation of 5.1.1.
combination of the “hand lay-up” and the “spray-up” manu- 5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pigment, dyes, or colorants when
facturing processes. agreed upon between fabricator and purchaser.
NOTE 5—The addition of pigment, dyes, or colorants may interfere with
4. Classification
visual inspection of laminate quality.
4.1 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according
5.1.1.4 Ultraviolet absorbers may be added for improved
to type. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify the
weather resistance if agreed upon between the fabricator and
requirement for Type II tanks, the operating pressure or
the purchaser.
vacuum levels, and the safety factor required for external
5.1.1.5 Antimony compounds or other fire-retardant agents
pressure. Absence of a designation of type required shall imply
may be added to halogenated resins for improved fire resis-
that Type I is adequate.
tance, if agreed upon between the fabricator and the purchaser.
4.1.1 Type I—Atmospheric pressure tanks vented directly to
the atmosphere, designed for pressure no greater or lower than
NOTE 6—Because the addition of fire-retardant agents may interfere
atmospheric.
with visual inspection of laminate quality, they should not be used in the
4.1.2 Type II—Atmospheric pressure tanks vented directly inner surface (7.1.1) or interior layer (7.1.2), unless their functional
advantages would outweigh the loss of visual inspection.
into a fume conservation system, and designed to withstand,
the specified positive and negative pressure not to exceed 14 in.
5.2 Reinforcement:
of water (355.6 mm) when all tie-down lugs are properly
5.2.1 Chopped-Strand Mat—Chopped-strand mat shall be
secured, in accordance with the fabricator’s recommendations
constructed from chopped commercial-grade E-type glass
for flat-bottom tanks.
strands bonded together using a binder. The strands should be
4.2 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according
treated with a sizing that is chemically compatible with the
to type as follows:
resin system used.
4.2.1 Grade 1—Tanks manufactured with a single generic
NOTE 7—The selection of the particular chopped-strand mat is depen-
type of thermoset resin throughout.
dent upon the performance characteristics required of the finished product
4.2.2 Grade 2—Tanks manufactured with different generic
and upon the processing techniques to be used.
types of thermoset resin in the barrier and the structural
portion. 5.2.2 Nonwoven Biaxial or Unidirectal Fabric—These
products shall be a commercial grade of E-type glass fiber with
NOTE 3—The external corrosive environment due to spillage or corro-
a sizing that is chemically compatible with the resin system
sive vapors should be considered when specifying Grade 2 tanks (see
used.
7.1.3.3).
5.2.3 Woven Roving—Woven roving shall be in accordance
5. Materials and Manufacture
with Specification D 2150.
5.2.4 Surface Mat—The reinforcement used for the inner
5.1 Resin—The resin used shall be a commercial grade,
surface (7.1.1) shall be either a commercial-grade chemical
corrosion-resistant thermoset that has either been evaluated in
resistant glass surface mat or an organic-fiber surface mat. In
a laminate by test in accordance with 11.3, or that has been
environments that attack glass, the use of an organic-fiber
determined by previous documented service to be acceptable
surface mat is required.
for the service conditions. Where service conditions have not
been evaluated, a suitable resin may also be selected by
6. Design Requirements
agreement between fabricator and purchaser.
5.1.1 The resin shall contain no pigment, dyes, colorants, or
6.1 Straight Shell—The minimum required wall thickness
filler, except as follows:
of the cylindrical straight shell at any fluid level shall be
5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that does not interfere with
determined by the following equation, but shall not be less than
visual inspection of laminate quality, or with the required
⁄16 in.:
corrosion resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscos-
t 5 PD/2S 5 0.036 g HD/2S or ~0.2489 g HD/2S !
H H H
ity control.
where:
NOTE 4—The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistance
t = wall thickness, in. (mm),
of many resin systems to certain corrosive chemical environments. It is the
S = allowable hoop tensile stress (not to exceed ⁄10 of the
responsibility of the fabricator, using a thixotropic agent in the resin H
ultimate hoop strength), psi (kPa) (see 11.8),
required for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with the
corrosive environment when this has been reported by the purchaser. P = pressure, psi (kPa),
H = fluid head, in. (mm),
5.1.1.2 Resin pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shall
D 4097
g = specific gravity of fluid, and D = shell outside diameter, in. (mm),
o
D = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm). E = hoop tensile modulus, psi (kPa),
h
F = design factor = 5,
NOTE 8—The use of an accepted analytical technique, such as lami- 4 4
I = moment of inertia, in. (mm ), of stiffener for the
s
nated plate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vessels
effective length of shell, L ,
s
may predict stresses, strains, and strength on a ply-by-ply basis, given
L = one-half of the distance from the centerline of the
s
some basic lamina properties.
stiffening ring to the next line of support on one side,
NOTE 9—The calculation is suitable for the shell design of elevated
dished-bottom tanks that are mounted or supported below the tangent of plus one-half of the centerline distance to the next line
the dished-bottom head. Special consideration must be given to the
of support on the other side of the stiffening ring, both
loading on the straight shell at the support when tank has mounting
measured parallel to the axis of the cylinder, in. A line
supports located above the tangent line.
of support is the following: ( a) a stiffening ring that
NOTE 10—Table X2.1, Appendix X2, illustrates minimum straight-shell
meets the requirements of this paragraph; (b)a
wall thicknesses.
circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth
6.2 Design for External Pressure:
of the head from the head tangent line; ( c)a
6.2.1 Cylindrical Shells—For cylindrical shells, compute
cone-to-cylinder junction,
0.5
the value 1.73 (D /t) . If the result is less than L/D of the
P = actual external pressure, psi (kPa).
o o
cylinder, compute P as follows:
a Typical half-round stiffener sizes and dimensions for differ-
2.5
ent values of I are shown in Fig. 4. Other stiffener profiles
P 5 2.6 E/F! D /L! t/D ! s
~ ~ ~
a o o
meeting the required moment of inertia may be used.
If the result is greater than L/D of the cylinder, compute P
o a
6.3 Top Head—The top head, regardless of shape, shall be
as follows:
able to support a 250-lb (113.4 kg) load ona4by 4-in. (100 by
2.5
2.6~E/F!~D /L!~t/D !
100 mm) area without damage and with a maximum deflection
o o
P 5
a 0.5
of ⁄2 % of the tank diameter.
~L/D ! 2 0.45~t/D !
o o
6.3.1 The minimum thickness of the top head shall be ⁄16 in.
where:
(4.8 mm).
D = outside diameter, in.,
o
E = hoop tensile modulus of the filament wound structural NOTE 11—Support of auxiliary equipment, snow load, or operating
t
personnel, may require additional reinforcement or the use of stiffening
laminate, psi (kPa),
ribs, or both, sandwich construction, or other stiffening systems.
F = design factor = 5,
L = design length, in. (mm), of a vessel section, taken as
6.4 Bottom Head:
the largest of the following: (a) the distance between
6.4.1 The minimum thickness for a fully supported flat-
head tangent lines plus one-third the depth of each
bottom head shall be as follows:
formed head, if there are no stiffening rings (exclud- 3
⁄16 in. (4.8 mm) for 2 to 6-ft (0.6 to 1.8-m) diameter,
ing conical heads and sections); (b) the distance
⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) for over 6 to 12-ft (1.8 to 3.7-m) diameter, and
between cone-to-cylinder junctions for vessels with a 3
⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) for over 12-ft (3.7-m) diameter.
cone or conical heads if there are no stiffening rings;
6.4.2 Bottom heads may be molded integrally with the
(c) the greatest center-to-center distance between any
straight-shell, or may be molded separately with a straight
two adjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from the
flange length for subsequent joining to shell.
center of the first stiffening ring to the formed head
6.4.3 The radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom tank
tangent line plus one-third the depth of the formed
shall be not less than 1 in. (25 mm) on tanks 4 ft or smaller in
head (excluding conical heads and sections), all
diameter and 1.5 in. (38 mm) on tanks larger than 4 ft in
measured parallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) the
diameter. The minimum thickness of the radiused section shall
distance from the first stiffening ring in the cylinder to
be equal to the combined thickness of the shell wall and the
the cone-to-cylinder junction,
bottom. The reinforcement of the knuckle-radius area shall
P = allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), and
a
taper so that it is tangent to the flat bottom, and shall not extend
t = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).
beyond the tangent line onto the tank bottom, unless methods
6.2.2 Torispherical Heads—For torispherical heads, com-
of manufacture are used that maintain flat-bottom configura-
pute the allowable external pressure, P , as follows:
a
tion, and shall extend up the vertical tank wall a minimum of
P 5 0.36~E/F!~t/R !
length “L” of 8 in. (203 mm) on tanks up to 4 ft (1219 mm) in
a o
diameter, and 12 in. (304 mm) on tanks over 4 ft (1219 mm) in
where:
diameter. T
...
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