ASTM D6913/D6913M-17

Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gradation of the soil is used for classification in accordance with Practice D2487.  
5.2 The gradation (particle-size distribution) curve is used to calculate the coefficient of uniformity and the coefficient of curvature.  
5.3 Selection and acceptance of fill materials are often based on gradation. For example, highway embankments, backfills, and earthen dams may have gradation requirements.  
5.4 The gradation of the soil often controls the design and quality control of drainage filters, and groundwater drainage.  
5.5 Selection of options for dynamic compaction and grouting is related to gradation of the soil.  
5.6 The gradation of a soil is an indicator of engineering properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility, and shear strength are related to the gradation of the soil. However, engineering behavior is dependent upon many factors (such as effective stress, stress history, mineral type, structure, plasticity, and geologic origins) and cannot be based solely upon gradation.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes. This test method is used to separate particles into size ranges and to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in each range. These data are combined to determine the particle-size distribution (gradation). This test method uses a square opening sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil between the 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-µm) sieves.  
1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeably throughout the standard.  
1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm) sieve is needed, Test Method D5519 may be used.  
1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller than No. 200 (75-µm) sieve is needed, Test Method D7928 may be used.  
1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to or less than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving is applicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size is greater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5 mm (3/8-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or composite sieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size is equal to or greater than 19.0 mm (3/4-in sieve), composite sieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.  
1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size of the specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise Method A shall be performed.  
1.6.1 Method A—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must be used when performing composite sieving. For cases of disputes, Method A is the referee method.  
1.6.2 Method B—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is only applicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximum particle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.  
1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procurement of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtained using appropriate methods and is representative.  
1.8 Sample Processing—Three procedures (moist, air dry, and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain a specimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the ran...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Apr-2017
• ICS: 13.080.20 - Physical properties of soils
• Technical Committee: D18 - Soil and Rock
• Drafting Committee: D18.03 - Texture, Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4753-24 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D3740-23 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3740-19 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM D2216-19 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM D2487-17e1 - Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D2487-17 - Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D2488-17 - Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedures)
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Refers: ASTM D4318-17 - Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM D4318-17e1 - Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2017
• Refers: ASTM D7928-16e1 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-May-2016
• Refers: ASTM D7928-16 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-May-2016
• Refers: ASTM D5519-15 - Standard Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Riprap Materials (Withdrawn 2024)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Refers: ASTM D4753-15 - Standard Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction Materials Testing
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Refers: ASTM D1140-14 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM D5519-14 - Standard Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Riprap Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014

Overview

ASTM D6913/D6913M-17, titled “Standard Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis,” is a globally recognized methodology established by ASTM International for determining the particle-size distribution of soils. This standard provides detailed procedures for separating soil particles into specific size ranges using standardized sieve sets and for accurately quantifying the mass of material in each size range. The outcome is a gradation or particle-size distribution curve, a fundamental tool in geotechnical engineering, soil classification, and construction material assessment. ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 is applicable to various soil types within the particle-size range bounded by the 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and the No. 200 (75-μm) sieve.

Key Topics

• Soil Gradation and Classification: Gradation data from sieve analysis is critical for classifying soils according to systems such as the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), referenced in ASTM D2487.
• Testing Methods: The standard includes two main testing methods:
  • Method A: Results recorded to the nearest 1% (by mass), suitable for both single-set sieving and composite sieving.
  • Method B: Results recorded to the nearest 0.1% (by mass), limited to single-set sieving for soils with particles up to 4.75 mm.
• Sample Processing Procedures: The document describes methods for preparing soil specimens in moist, air-dried, or oven-dried conditions, depending on the composition and intended subsequent analyses.
• Sieve Sets and Sizes: Utilizes a standard sieve set as specified in ASTM E11, covering the appropriate range for soil particles between 3 in. and No. 200 sieve.
• Precision and Bias: Guidance on evaluating precision and consistency, critical for quality control and inter-laboratory comparisons.

Applications

The practical value of ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 lies in its wide usage across geotechnical, civil, and environmental engineering fields, including:

• Soil Classification: Essential data for identifying soil types and engineering properties, forming the basis of design parameters and suitability assessments for construction.
• Selection and Acceptance of Fill Materials: Regulatory agencies and contractors use sieve analysis results to assess compliance with project specifications for embankments, backfills, dams, and other earthworks.
• Filter and Drainage Design: Gradation curves inform the design and quality control of drainage filters and groundwater control systems, ensuring reliable permeability and filter performance.
• Material Behavior Analysis: Particle-size distribution helps predict engineering properties such as hydraulic conductivity, compressibility, and shear strength, although additional tests may be necessary to account for other influencing factors.
• Soil Improvement Techniques: Decision-making for methods such as dynamic compaction or grouting often relies on gradation information to achieve optimal results.

Related Standards

ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 is part of a comprehensive suite of ASTM standards supporting engineering soil analysis and construction quality control:

• ASTM D2487: Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
• ASTM D5519: Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Riprap Materials (for particles larger than 75 mm)
• ASTM D7928: Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis (for particles smaller than 75 μm)
• ASTM D3740: Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
• ASTM E11: Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves

By following ASTM D6913/D6913M-17, laboratories and engineers ensure robust, repeatable, and internationally accepted methodologies for soil gradation analysis, supporting safer and more reliable infrastructure development worldwide.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D6913/D6913M −17
Standard Test Methods for
Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve
Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6913/D6913M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Althoughthistestmethodhasbeenusedformanyyears,therearevasttestingvariationsduetosoil
types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected. Multiple
procedures are being presented along with new terminology.Although these procedures are not new,
they will now be defined and explained. Some examples of these new terms are composite sieving,
designatedseparatingsieveandsubspecimen.Thistestmethodoutlinesthemajorityofconditionsand
proceduresbutdoesnotcovereveryconceivablevariationorcontingency.Thetableofcontentsinthe
Scope section is added to enable the user to easily find a specific topic or requirement. Only
sections/subsectionswithtitlesarepresented.Therefore,numberedsubsectionswillnotbecontinuous
in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.
1. Scope 1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The
methods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size of
1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes.
the specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be
This test method is used to separate particles into size ranges
specifiedbytherequestingauthority;otherwiseMethodAshall
and to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in each
be performed.
range. These data are combined to determine the particle-size
distribution (gradation). This test method uses a square open-
1.6.1 Method A—The percentage (by mass) passing each
ingsievecriterionindeterminingthegradationofsoilbetween
sieve size is recorded to the nearest 1%. This method must be
the 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-µm) sieves.
used when performing composite sieving. For cases of
disputes, Method A is the referee method.
1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeably
throughout the standard.
1.6.2 Method B—The percentage (by mass) passing each
sievesizeisrecordedtothenearest0.1%.Thismethodisonly
1.3 Incaseswherethegradationofparticleslargerthan3in.
applicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximum
(75 mm) sieve is needed, Test Method D5519 may be used.
particle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller than
No. 200 (75-µm) sieve is needed, Test Method D7928 may be
1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procure-
used. ment of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtained
using appropriate methods and is representative.
1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to or
less than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving is
1.8 Sample Processing—Three procedures (moist, air dry,
applicable. Furthermore, if the maximum particle size is
and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain a
greaterthan4.75mm(No.4sieve)andequaltoorlessthan9.5
specimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of
mm ( ⁄8-in sieve), then either single-set sieving or composite
sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range of
sieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size is
particle sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plastic-
equal to or greater than 19.0 mm ( ⁄4-in sieve), composite
ityofthematerial,theefficiency,andtheneedforothertesting
sieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.
on the sample. The procedure may be specified by the
requesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
10 shall be followed.
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.03onTexture,Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days to
Current edition approved April 15, 2017. Published May 2017. Originally
ε1 complete, depending on the type and size of the sample and
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6913–04(2009) .
DOI: 10.1520/D6913_D6913M-17. soil type.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6913/D6913M−17
1.10 This test method is not applicable for the following responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
soils: priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
particle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.
1.17 Table of Contents—All tables and figures appear at the
1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organic
end of this standard.
solvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Such
Section
extraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving proce-
Scope 1
Method A 1.6.1
dures.
Method B 1.6.2
1.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components,
Sample Processing 1.8
suchascement,flyash,lime,orotherstabilizationadmixtures.
Units 1.14
Referenced Documents 2
1.11 This test method may not produce consistent test
ASTM Standards 2.1
results within and between laboratories for the following soils
Terminology 3
General 3.1
and the precision statement does not apply to them.
Definitions 3.2
1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving processes change
Definitions of Terms Specific to This 3.3
the gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils are Standard
Summary of Test Method 4
some residual soils, most weathered shales and some weakly
Significance and Use 5
cemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.
Apparatus 6
1.11.2 Soilsthatwillnotreadilydispersesuchasglauconitic Sieves 6.1
Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1
clays or some dried plastic clays.
Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-µm) 6.1.2
1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be adapted,
Designated Separating Sieve 6.1.3
Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2
oraltered,andthesealterationsdocumented.Dependingonthe
Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3
design considerations, a specialized gradation-testing program
Balances 6.4
could be performed. The alterations could require the washing
Drying Oven 6.5
and sieving procedures to be standardized such that each Sieving Containers 6.6
Specimen Containers 6.6.1
specimen would be processed in a similar manner.
Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2
Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3
1.12 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up of
Sieve Brushes 6.7
particles may be tested using this method. However, the
Miscellaneous Items 6.8
applicable sections above should be used in applying this
Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9
Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10
standard.
Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle 6.11
1.13 Allobservedandcalculatedvaluesshallconformtothe
(optional)
Low Temperature Drying Oven 6.12
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
(optional)
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13
1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data are Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14
Reagents 7
collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded
Sodium Hexametaphosphate 7.1
as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of
Dry Addition 7.1.1.1
the significant digits that generally should be retained. The Solution 7.1.1.2
Preparation of Apparatus 8
proceduresuseddonotconsidermaterialvariation,purposefor
Verification of Sieves 8.1
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
Verification Interval 8.1.1
Verification of Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
and
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
Standard Shaking Period
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1
Verification Interval 8.2.2
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3
analysis methods for engineering design.
Sampling 9
General 9.1
1.14 Units—ThedimensionalvaluesstatedineitherSIunits
Sample Sources 9.2
or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as
Bulk Samples 9.2.1
200-mmor8-in.diametersieve.Except,thesievedesignations
Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2
Intact Tube Samples 9.2.3
are typically identified using the “alternative” system in
Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4
accordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200,
Specimen 10
instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 µm,
General 10.1
Minimum Mass Requirement 10.2
respectively. Only the SI units are used for mass
Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3
determinations, calculations, and reported results. However,
Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1
the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm)
Composite Sieving 10.3.2
Specimen Procurement 10.4
shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
Moist Procedure 10.4.1
1.15 Asummary of the symbols used in this test method is Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2
Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3
given in Annex A1.
Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4
1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of the Specimen Procurement and Processing 10.5
Requirements
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6913/D6913M−17
Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-Set 10.5.1 Percent Passing, Acceptance 12.5.2.3
Sieving Criterion
Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2 Finer Portion, Percent Passing 12.5.3
Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss 10.5.2.3 (optional)
(CP ) Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.6
L
st
Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3 1 Coarser Portion 12.6.1
st
Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve- 10.5.4 1 Subspecimen 12.6.2
nd
Set Sieving Percent Passing, 2 Coarser 12.6.2.1
Air-Dried Procedure, Composite 10.5.5 Portion
nd
Sieving 2 Coarser Portion, Composite 12.6.2.2
Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6 Sieving
nd
Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve- 10.5.7 Correction Factor (2 CSCF)
nd
Set Sieving 2 Coarser Portion, Acceptable 12.6.2.3
Oven-Dried Procedure, Composite 10.5.8 Loss on
Sieving Sieving and Washing
nd
Procedure (Sieving) 11 2 Coarser Portion, Acceptable 12.6.2.4
General 11.1 Fractional
Mass Measurements 11.2 Percent Retained
Sieve Overloading 11.3 Percent Passing, Acceptance 12.6.2.5
Criterion
Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4
nd
Specimen Mass 11.4.1 2 Subspecimen 12.6.3
nd
Percent Passing, 2 Subspecimen 12.6.3.1
Specimen Dispersion 11.4.2
nd
Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1 2 Subspecimen, Acceptable 12.6.3.2
Fractional
Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2
Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3 Percent Retained
Percent Passing, Acceptance 12.6.3.3
Washing Specimen 11.4.3
General Precautions 11.4.3.1 Criterion
st
1 Finer Portion, Percent Passing 12.6.4
Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2
(optional)
Washing 11.4.3.3
nd
2 Finer Portion, Composite 12.6.4.1
Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4
Sieving
Dry Sieving 11.4.4
Correction Factor (optional)
Sieve Set 11.4.4.1
nd
2 Finer Portion, Percent Passing 12.6.4.2
Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4.2
for
Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5
nd
2 Subspecimen (optional)
First Sieve 11.4.5.1
Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2 Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13
Precision and Bias 14
Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5
Precision 14.1
Coarser Portion 11.5.1
Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1
Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1
Calculation of Precision 14.1.2
Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3
Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4
Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2
Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3
Dispersing and Washing 11.5.2.1
TTPD-Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1
Subspecimen
TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2
Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2
Composite Sieving, Double Separation 11.6 TTPD-Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3
st
TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4
Separating 1 Subspecimen 11.6.1
nd
Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4
Dispersing and Washing 2 Coarser 11.6.2
STPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.4.1
Portion
nd
STPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2
Dry Sieving 2 Coarser Portion 11.6.3
nd
Soils Type 14.1.5
2 Subspecimen 11.6.4
nd
Discussion on Precision 14.1.6
Dispersing and Washing 2 11.6.4.1
Subspecimen Bias 14.2
nd
Keywords 15
Dry Sieving 2 Subspecimen 11.6.4.2
Calculations 12 ANNEXES
Symbols Annex A1
General 12.1
Sieve Overloading 12.2 Sample to Specimen Splitting/Reduction Annex A2
Methods
Single Sieve-Set Sieving, Percent 12.3
Passing General A2.1
Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1
Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4
Quartering A2.1.2
Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5
Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3
Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion 12.5.1
Sample Processing Recommendation A2.2
(CP)
CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1 Based
on Soil Type
CP, Composite Sieving Correction 12.5.1.2
Factor (CSCF) Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and Clean A2.2.1
Sand
CP, Acceptable Loss During 12.5.1.3
Washing (SW, SP)
Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM, A2.2.2
and Sieving
Composite Sieving, Subspecimen 12.5.2 GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)
Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP- A2.2.3
(finer
portion) SM,
SM)
Percent Passing, Specimen 12.5.2.1
(combined Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or Clay A2.2.4
Fines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-
coarser and finer portions)
Subspecimen, Acceptable 12.5.2.2 SM)
Fractional
Percent Retained
D6913/D6913M−17
(Hydrometer) Analysis
Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both A2.2.5
(ML,
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
MH)
Sieves
Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, or A2.2.6
Both (OL, OH) E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
APPENDIXES
ASTM Test Methods
Example Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
General X1.1
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2
General X2.1
TABLES and FIGURES
3. Terminology
1.18 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 General:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.1 An overview of terms used in the sieving processes is
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
presented in Fig. 1(a) using a tabular format and in Fig. 1(b)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
using a flowchart format. In addition, Fig. 1(a) includes
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
symbols used in the sieving processes.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2 There are two types of definitions in the following
sections. There are definitions that are general (see 3.2) and
2. Referenced Documents
others that are specific to this standard (see 3.3). To locate a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
definition, it may be necessary to review both sections. The
C136Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
definitions are in alphabetical order.
Aggregates
C702PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting 3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 For definitions of general terms used in this test
Size
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained method, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2.2 composite sieving, v—in sieving, the process of sepa-
Fluids
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- rating a large specimen on a designated separating sieve to
obtain coarser and finer particle-size portions. The coarser
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
kN-m/m )) portion is sieved using the coarser sieve set. The finer portion
is subsampled to obtain a subspecimen of manageable size
D1140Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Mate-
rialFinerthan75-µm(No.200)SieveinSoilsbyWashing (mass) and this subspecimen is sieved using the finer sieve set.
The results of both sieve sets (coarser and finer) are combined
D1557Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft mathematically to determine the gradation of the large speci-
men.
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater 3.2.2.1 Discussion—In some cases the subspecimen may
nd
require another separation; that is, using a 2 designated
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
nd nd
D2487Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering separating sieve and resulting in a 2 coarser portion and 2
nd
subspecimen obtained from the 2 finer portion.
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
3.2.3 cumulative material retained (cumulative retained
(Visual-Manual Procedures)
material or cumulative mass retained), n—in sieving, the mass
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
of material retained on an individual sieve plus the masses of
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
material retained on all the coarser sieves in a given stack/set
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
of sieves.
D4220/D4220MPractices for Preserving and Transporting
3.2.4 cumulative percent retained, n—in sieving,theratioof
Soil Samples
cumulativematerialretainedonagivensievetothemassofthe
D4318Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
specimen, expressed in percent.
Plasticity Index of Soils
3.2.5 designated separating sieve, n—in composite sieving,
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
the sieve selected to separate the specimen into coarser and
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
finer portions for composite sieving.
Construction Materials Testing
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The designated separating sieve size is
D5519Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural
a standard sieve size typically ranging from the ⁄4-in. (19.0-
and Man-Made Riprap Materials
mm) sieve to the No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve. There can be two
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
designated separating sieves used in composite sieving, that is
Data
st nd
the 1 subspecimen can be separated on a 2 designated
D7928Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
nd nd
separating sieve to obtain a 2 coarser portion and a 2 sub-
tion) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation
nd
specimen obtained from the 2 finer portion.
3.2.6 fractional cumulative material retained, n—in com-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
posite sieving, when sieving a subspecimen, the mass of
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
material retained on an individual sieve plus the masses of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. material retained on all the coarser sieves in a given sieve set.
D6913/D6913M−17
FIG. 1(a) Typical Terminology and Symbols Used in Sieving Processes
D6913/D6913M−17
FIG. 1(b) Terminology Flowchart for Sieving Processes (continued)
3.2.7 fractional cumulative percent retained, n—in compos- 3.2.12 maximum particle size, n—in sieving, the smallest
ite sieving, the ratio of fractional cumulative material retained sieve size from the standard sieve set on which less than one
on a given sieve to the mass of the subspecimen, expressed in percent of the sample would be retained.
percent. 3.2.12.1 Discussion—For practical purposes, estimate the
maximum particle size as equal to the smallest sieve size from
3.2.8 fractional material retained, n—in composite sieving,
the standard sieve set in which it appears that all the material
when sieving a subspecimen, the mass of material retained on
being tested would pass through that sieve. The maximum
an individual sieve.
particle size is needed to determine the required mass of the
3.2.9 fractional percent passing, n—in composite sieving,
specimen and subspecimen.
the portion of material by mass in the subspecimen(s) passing
3.2.13 maximum sieve size, n—in sieving, the smallest sieve
a given sieve expressed in percent.
size that is larger than any particle in the specimen or
3.2.9.1 Discussion—When two subspecimens are used,
st nd
subspecimen.
there will be a 1 and 2 fractional percent passing.
3.2.14 minimum sieve size, n—in sieving, the smallest sieve
3.2.10 fractional percent retained, n—in composite sieving,
sizeinasievesetusedinsievingthespecimenorsubspecimen.
the ratio of fractional material retained on a given sieve to the
3.2.14.1 Discussion—This size is either the size of the
mass of the subspecimen, expressed in percent.
st nd
designated separating sieve (1 or 2 ) or the No. 200 (75-µm)
3.2.11 gradation, n—in soil, the proportion by mass of
sieve.
various particle sizes.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—This proportion is usually presented 3.2.15 percent passing, n—in sieving, the portion of mate-
rialbymassinthespecimenpassingagivensieveexpressedin
in tabular format (sieve size and percent passing) or graphical
format (percent passing versus logarithm of the sieve size in percent.
mm). The graphical format is referred to as particle-size 3.2.15.1 Discussion—This value is equal to the cumulative
distribution or gradation curve. materialretainedinagivensievesetdividedbythemassofthe
D6913/D6913M−17
specimen,subtractingthatratiofromone,andthenmultiplying tion of soils between and including the 3-in. (75-mm) and No.
by 100. For composite sieving, it would be the fractional 200 (75-µm) sieves, as listed in Table 1.
percent passing multiplied by the composite sieving correction
3.2.24.1 Discussion—Most of these sieve sizes are different
factor (CSCF).
than those used in aggregate testing for concrete (Test Method
C136), especially for sieves finer than the No. 4 (4.75 mm).
3.2.16 particle size distribution, n—see gradation.
3.2.25 subspecimen, n—in composite sieving, a representa-
3.2.17 percent retained, n—in sieving, the ratio of the
tive portion of the material passing the designated separating
material retained on a given sieve to the mass of the specimen,
sieve; that is, the finer portion.
expressed in percent.
3.2.25.1 Discussion—When composite sieving requires
3.2.18 saturated surface-dry condition, n—in coarse-
multiple designated separating sieves, there will be more than
grained soils, a state in which the soil particles are basically
st
one subspecimen. The 1 subspecimen (that is, the subspeci-
saturated with water, but there are not visible films of water.
nd
men from the finer portion) would be separated into a 2
3.2.19 sieve set, n—in sieving,asetofstandardsizedsieves.
nd
coarser portion and a 2 finer portion that would be sub-
For single sieve-set sieving, the sieve set will range from the
nd
sampled to obtain the 2 subspecimen.
maximum sieve size to the No. 200 (75-µm) sieve. For
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
composite sieving, there will be a coarser sieve set and a finer
3.3.1 coarser portion, n—in composite sieving, the portion
sieve set. Together, these sets will range from the maximum
of the specimen retained on the designated separating sieve.
sieve size to the No. 200 (75-µm) sieve. The designated
separating sieve will be used as the minimum size in the 3.3.1.1 Discussion—Whentwodesignatedseparatingsieves
st nd
coarser set and the maximum size in the finer set. are used, there will be a 1 and 2 coarser portion.
3.2.20 sieve size, n—in sieving,thesizeoftheopeninginthe
3.3.2 coarser sieve set, n—in composite sieving, the sieve
wire cloth of a given sieve in mm or µm.
set that ranges from the maximum sieve size to the designated
separating sieve size.
3.2.21 single sieve-set sieving, v—in sieving, the process in
3.3.2.1 Discussion—Whentwodesignatedseparatingsieves
which only one set of sieves is needed to determine the
st
are used, the 1 coarser sieve set ranges from the maximum
gradation of the specimen from the maximum particle size to
st nd
sieve size to the 1 designated separating sieve size. The 2
the No. 200 (75-µm) sieve.
st
coarser sieve set would range from the 1 designated separat-
3.2.21.1 Discussion—Typically, this applies to specimens
nd
ing sieve size to the 2 designated separating sieve size.
havingamaximumparticlesizeof9.5mm( ⁄8in.)orlesswhen
using Method A or a maximum particle size of 4.75 mm (No.
3.3.3 composite sieving correction factor (CSCF), n—in
4 sieve) or less when using Method B and the distribution of
composite sieving, a factor used to convert the fractional
particles less than the No. 200 (75-µm) sieve is not needed.
percent passing determined from sieving the subspecimen to
thepercentpassingforthespecimen.The CSCFisequaltothe
3.2.22 splitting, v—in sampling or subsampling,theprocess
of stockpile sampling, quartering material, or passing material percent passing the designated separating sieve size in the
throughasplitterorriffleboxtoobtainarepresentativeportion coarser portion sieve set (that is, the last sieve in the coarser
of that material for testing; that is, a specimen or subspecimen. portion set). This value shall be calculated to one more digit
3.2.22.1 Discussion—A description of stockpile sampling, than required (0.1%) to reduce rounding errors.
and quartering and splitting material is given in Annex A2,
3.3.3.1 Discussion—Whentwodesignatedseparatingsieves
st nd
A2.1.1 through A2.1.3.
are used, there will be a 1 and 2 CSCF.
3.2.23 standard shaking period, n—in sieving,atimeperiod
3.3.4 finer portion, n—in composite sieving, the portion of
ranging from 10 to 20 minutes that a mechanical sieve shaker
the specimen passing the designated separating sieve.
operatesduringthesievingprocessandwhichhasbeenverified
3.3.4.1 Discussion—Whentwodesignatedseparatingsieves
st st
to satisfy the requirements for sieving thoroughness.
are used, the 1 subspecimen obtained from the 1 finer
nd nd
3.2.24 standard sieve set, n—in sieving soils, the group of portionwillbeseparatedintoa2 coarserportionand2 finer
nd
fourteen specific sieve sizes required to determine the grada- portion, from which the 2 subspecimen is obtained.
A
TABLE 1 Standard Sieve Set
Sieve Designation in Accordance with E11
Alternative Standard Alternative Standard
Lid No. 10 2.00 mm
3 in. 75 mm No. 20 850 µm
2 in. 50 mm No. 40 425 µm
1- ⁄2 in. 37.5 mm No. 60 250 µm
1 in. 25.0 mm No. 100 150 µm
⁄4 in. 19.0 mm No. 140 106 µm
⁄8 in. 9.5 mm No. 200 75 µm
No. 4 4.75 mm Pan
A
Alidistypicallynotusedorneededwhenusingrectangularcoarsersieveshaving
dimensions greater than 200 mm or 8 in.
D6913/D6913M−17
3.3.5 finer sieve set, n—in composite sieving, the sieve set 5.3 Selectionandacceptanceoffillmaterialsareoftenbased
thatrangesfromthelastdesignatedseparatingsievesizetothe on gradation. For example, highway embankments, backfills,
No. 200 (75-µm) sieve. and earthen dams may have gradation requirements.
nd
3.3.5.1 Discussion—When composite sieving requires a 2
5.4 The gradation of the soil often controls the design and
nd
subspecimen,thefinersievesetsrangesfromthe2 separating
quality control of drainage filters, and groundwater drainage.
sieve size to the No. 200 (75-µm) sieve.
5.5 Selection of options for dynamic compaction and grout-
3.3.6 insignificant sieve, n—in precision of test results, any
ing is related to gradation of the soil.
sieve which has 1% or less cumulative material retained
5.6 The gradation of a soil is an indicator of engineering
during the sieve analysis.
properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility, and shear
3.3.7 separating, v—in composite sieving, the process of
strength are related to the gradation of the soil. However,
dividing a specimen or subspecimen into two portions, the
engineering behavior is dependent upon many factors (such as
coarser (retained) and finer (passing) portions, using a desig-
effective stress, stress history, mineral type, structure,
nated separating sieve.
plasticity, and geologic origins) and cannot be based solely
3.3.7.1 Discussion—When composite sieving requires two
upon gradation.
st nd
designated sieves, there will be a 1 and 2 coarser portion,
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is
finer portion and subspecimen. dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
3.3.8 significant sieve, n—in precision of test results, any
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
sievewhichhasmorethan1%ofcumulativematerialretained and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods
are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself
during the sieve analysis.
assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice
D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
4. Summary of Test Method
6. Apparatus
4.1 This test method is used to determine the particle-size
distribution (gradation) of a soil sample. A representative
6.1 Sieves—Eachsieveshallconformtotherequirementsof
specimen must be obtained from the sample by one of three
Specification E11. Generally, these sieve frames are circular
procedures (moist, air-dried or oven-dried). For specimens
and 200 mm or 8 in. in diameter, and either full (50 mm or 2
containing relatively small particles, the specimen is sieved in
in.) or half height (25 mm or 1 in.).The sieve height generally
its entirety, using single sieve-set sieving. However, the speci-
depends upon the number of sieves typically required in the
menmaycontainawiderangeofparticlesizesandmayrequire
sieve set, the particle sizes being sieved, and the size and type
separating the soil into two, or three size ranges for more
of the sieve shaker. Particles having dimensions exceeding or
efficient sieving, using one or two designated separating
relatively close to the sieve heights cannot be sieved in the
sieve(s).Thisprocessistermedcompositesieving.Forasingle
sievestack,butindividually.Therefore,inastackofsieves,the
separation (two portions), the coarser portion is sieved in its
ratio of sieve height or spacing between rectangular sieves to
entirety, while the finer portion is split into a smaller subspe-
sieveclothopeningshallexceed2.Largerframesthatconform
cimen for sieving.These results are mathematically combined.
to Specification E11 are acceptable but require special consid-
For specimens containing very large particles, the specimen
erations for reinforcement.
st nd
may require two separations; that is, three portions (1 and 2
6.1.1 Standard Sieve Set—This set consists of all the sieve
nd
coarser portions and 2 finer portion), see Fig. 1(a) and Fig.
sizes listed in Table 1.Additional sieves sizes may be added if
1(b). Prior to sieving, as applicable, the material will be
requested or needed to reduce sieve overloading. In addition,
washedtoremovefineparticlesandovendried.Thematerialto
some larger sieve sizes may be omitted during the sieve
besievedwillbeplacedonthecoarsestsievesizeofeachsieve
analysis depending on the maximum particle size; however, at
setandmechanicallyshaken.Themassofparticlesretainedon
least one sieve in the sieving process shall have 100 percent
each sieve will be determined. The results will produce a
passing.
tabulation of sieve sizes versus percent passing that can be
6.1.2 Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-µm)—ANo. 200 (75-µm)
graphicallypresentedasagradationcurve(aplotofthepercent
sieve with a minimum height above the screen of 50 mm or 2
passing versus the log of the particle size in mm.).
in.topreventlossofretainedmaterialwhilewashing.Stainless
4.2 Flowcharts outlining the requirements of the various
steel sieve cloth is preferred because it is more durable, and
sieving processes covered above are presented below in four
lesspronetodamageorwear.Thesievemaybereinforcedwith
figures, Fig. 2 through Fig. 4(b).
a larger mesh underneath the 75-µm cloth. The reinforcement
wire cloth (backing) should not have a mesh coarser than the
5. Significance and Use No. 20 (850-µm) wire cloth. The reinforcement wire cloth
should be bonded to the sieve frame along with the No. 200
5.1 The gradation of the soil is used for classification in
(75-µm)wirecloth,notbondedtothesieveframebelowwhere
accordance with Practice D2487.
the No. 200 (75-µm) wire cloth was attached. In addition, it is
5.2 The gradation (particle-size distribution) curve is used good practice to use a flattened backing cloth (rolled or
to calculate the coefficient of uniformity and the coefficient of calendered backing cloth), so it is less abrasive to the No. 200
curvature. (75-µm) wire cloth.
D6913/D6913M−17
FIG. 2Decision Flowchart for Sieving Processes
nd
6.1.3 Designated Separating Sieve—A sieve used to sepa- large, while the 2 designated separating sieve is either
rate the specimen into two portions (coarser and finer portion)
200-mm or 8-in. in diameter.
in composite sieving. The designated separating sieve shall
6.2 Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle—Asink having a spray
conform to Specification E11. It may be necessary to have
nozzle attached to a flexible line to facilitate the washing and
various sizes of sieves to use as designated separating sieves.
material transferring processes without spillage. In addition,
Normally, these are not the same sieves that are used in the
thespraynozzleshallbesuchthattherateofwaterflowcanbe
stack of sieves (sieve set) placed in the sieve shaker.Typically,
st
easily controlled. The temperature of the water shall be
the 1 designated separating sieve is rectangular and quite
D6913/D6913M−17
FIG. 3Flowchart for Single Sieve-Set Sieving
relatively close to room temperature to prevent changing the 6.5 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven, ca-
dimensions of the sieve cloth and health and safety concerns. pable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C
throughout the drying chamber. These requirements typically
6.3 Mechanical Sieve Shaker—A device that holds a stack
require the use of a forced-draft oven.
of sieves while imparting sufficient motion to the sieves to
meet the sieving thoroughness requirements covered in 8.2.
6.6 Sieving Containers—The containers used to: (a) contain
The“StandardShakingPeriod”mustbefrom10to20minutes.
the sieving specimen or material which will be sieved, such as
The shaker shall have a timing device or a timing device shall
coarser portion; (b) remove the retained material from the
be used in conjunction with the shaker.
sieve(s); (c) collect and transfer that material; and, (d) contain
NOTE 2—Shakers imparting a motion that causes the particles on the
the cumulative material retained.
sieves to bounce and turn so that all particles have ample opportunity in
6.6.1 Specimen Containers—Smooth walled containers,
various orientations to the sieve openings will typically meet this sieving
without tight corners to trap material, made of material
thoroughness requirement. A sieve shaker that has a smooth horizontal
resistant to corrosion and change in mass upon repeated
and/orverticalgyratory/orbitalmotionwilltypically notmeetthissieving
thoroughness requirement, since the particles will not be bouncing and
heating,cooling,specimensoaking,andcleaning.Thecontain-
turning.
ers should be large enough to enable soaking of the specimen.
6.4 Balances—Forsinglesieve-setsieving,onebalancewill The container should facilitate the transfer of the specimen
be used. For composite sieving, more than one balance may be
from the container to the washing sieve (No. 200 (75 µm) or
necessary. Balances must conform to the requirements of designated separating sieve) and back by a rinsing/washing
Specification D4753; that is, having a readability (with no
operation, and allow for decanting the clear wash water from
estimation) to determine the mass of the specimen or subspe- the container.
cimentoaminimumofthreesignificantdigitsforMethodAor
6.6.2 Collection/Transfer Container—Thiscontainerisused
a minimum four significant digits for Method B. The mass of
to collect the material retained on a given sieve and to transfer
the specimen can be determined in parts (multiple mass
it to the container holding the cumulative retained material
determinations).Thebalanceusedtodeterminethecumulative
during the sieving process. The container must be larger in
material retained or the fractional cumulative material retained
diameter than the sieve. A smoothsurface 230-mm (9-in.) pie
on any given sieve has to have a readability equal to or better
pan may be used along with a 25-mm (1-in.) paintbrush to
than that used to determine the mass of the specimen/
assistintransferringallthematerial.Thecolorofthiscontainer
subspecimen.
shall enhance the observation that all material has been
NOTE 3—Preferably the balance should have a taring capability so that
transferred.
the mass of material can be directly determined without subtracting the
6.6.3 Cumulative Mass Container—This container shall be
mass of the container.This feature is immensely useful during the sieving
large enough to receive the retained material contained in the
processtodeterminethemassofthecumulativematerialretainedorwhen
making multiple mass determinations to determine specimen’s mass. collection/transferdevicewithoutanyloss.Themassshouldbe
D6913/D6913M−17
FIG. 4(a) Flowchart for Composite Sieving—Single Separation
D6913/D6913M−17
FIG. 4(b) Flowchart for Composite Sieving—Double Separation (continued)
D6913/D6913M−17
NOTE 4—Some splitters are designed such that the width of the chutes
less than the taring capacity of the balance so that the
can be adjusted.
cumulative mass retained can be determined directly (see Note
3). In most cases, the specimen/subspecimen container can be 6.10 Quartering Accessories (optional)—A hard, clean,
used.Thistestmethodassumesthatthemassofthecumulative level surface, or durable nonporous fabric or plastic sheet
retainedmaterialisdetermineddirectly.Thisapproachiseasier approximately 2 by 2.5 m or 6 by 8 ft; a straight-edged scoop,
than determining the mass of retained material on each sieve. shovel, or trowel; and a broom or brush.
6.11 Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle (optional)—
6.7 Sieve Brushes—Brushes to assist in the removal of the
Apparatus for breaking up aggregations of air-dried or oven-
material retained on the smaller (≤200-mm or 8-in.) diameter
dried soil particles without breaking up any individual par-
and finer sieve sizes (≤ ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm)). The brushes shall
ticles.
have the following characteristics:
6.7.1 The bristles shall be firmly attached to the brush
6.12 Low Temperature Drying Oven (optional)—
handle so that the bristles do not become part of the retained
Thermostatically controlled oven, capable of maintaining a
material.
uniform temperature not to exceed 60°C throughout the drying
6.7.2 The bristles shall be firm and small enough to readily
chamber, for use in air-dried processing.
remove the particles entangled in the sieve openings, but made
6.13 Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional)—The ultrasonic wa-
of a material that will not damage the wire cloth or wear
ter bath must be large enough to hold a beaker or flask
rapidly. Wire bristles, even brass, shall not be used on wire
containing the material to be dispersed prior to washing. The
cloth size finer than No. 20 (850–µm).
waterlevelinthebathshouldbeequalorhigherthanthewater
6.7.3 The bristles shall be capable of contacting the bound-
level in the specimen container.
ary between the wire cloth and sieve’s frame.
6.14 Dispersion Shaker (optional)—Aplatform,wristaction
6.7.4 The brush’s handle shall be such that one’s hand can
or similar type shaker having a gyratory, orbital, reciprocating,
easily control the brushing motion and pressure. An example
or similar motion to assist in the dispersion process by
being, the handle is above the bristles (like a paintbrush) or
continuously agitating the soaking soil.
inclined (30- to 45-degree angle) to the bristle’s head (like a
vegetable brush or bent toothbrush).
7. Reagents
6.7.5 The bristles have to be small in diameter and soft
7.1 Sodium Hexametaphosphate—Also referred to as so-
whenbrushingwireclothsizeequaltoorlessthantheNo.100
dium metaphosphate, is the dispersion agent used to disperse
(150-µm) mesh. Small diameter, soft bristles will remove the
somefine-grainedsoilsafterovendryingandpriortowashing.
particles without any re-alignment of the wire cloth.
Fine-grained soils requiring the use of a dispersant are those
6.7.6 Brushes meeting these requirements are relatively
that do not readily slake in water, such as some fat clays and
small round or rectangular stiff paintbrushes with shortened
most tropical soils.
bristles, soft to hard toothbrushes with bent handles, and
7.1.1 For materials needing a chemical dispersant, the
vegetable brushes with shortened bristles.
dispersant can be added either directly to the soaking material
6.8 Miscellaneous Items—Miscellaneous items such as
(dry addition) or by adding a dispersant solution to the
wash bottle, spatula, and stirring rod may be useful.
material, plus water as necessary.
7.1.1.1 Dry Addition—Add about 4 grams of sodium hex-
6.9 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional, but may be needed
ametaphosphate for each 100 mLof water that has been added
during composite sieving)—Adevice to obtain a representative
to the soaking material and stir to distribute the dispersant
smallerportion(specimen)fromalargerportion(sample).This
throughout the material.
device has an even number of equal width chutes, but not less
7.1.1.2 Solution—Make a solution by using 40 g of sodium
than eight, which discharge alternately to each side of the
3 hexametaphosphate and 1,000 g distilled, deionized, or demin-
splitter.Fordrymaterialhavingparticlescoarserthanthe ⁄8-in.
eralized water. Add the solution to the material, plus water if
(9.5-mm) sieve size, the minimum width of the chutes shall be
1 needed and stir to distribute the dispersant throughout the
approximately 1- ⁄2 times the largest particle in material being
1 material. The solution must be less than one week old and
split, but not less than 12.5 mm or ⁄2 in. For dry material finer
3 thoroughly mixed or shaken prior to use. The date of prepara-
than or equal to the ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve size, the minimum
1 tion must be indicated on the bottle or in a log.
chute width shall be approximately 1- ⁄2 times the largest
particle in the material, but not less than approximately 3 mm
NOTE 5—Solutions of this salt, if acidic, slowly revert or hydrolyze
or ⁄8 in. The splitter shall be equipped with two or more back to the orthophosphate form with a resultant decrease in dispersive
action.
receptacles to hold the two halves of the material following
splitting. It shall also be equipped with a hopper/feed chute
8. Preparation of Apparatus
(preferably lever activated or having a cut-off gate) and a
straight-edged pan or dustpan that has a width equal to or 8.1 Verification of Sieves—Priorto initial use,evaluateeach
slightly less than the over-all width of the assembly of chutes, sieveforgeneralconditionofthewireclothasspecifiedinTest
bywhichthedrymaterialmaybefedatacontrolledratetothe Method One of Specification E11. That method provides the
chutes. The splitter and accessory equipment shall be so followingevaluationinstructions,“viewthesieveclothagainst
designed that the material will flow smoothly without restric- auniformlyilluminatedbackground.Ifapparentdeviations,for
tion or loss of material. example, weaving defects, creases, wrinkles, and foreign
D6913/D6913M−17
matter in the cloth, are found, the wire cloth (sieve) is sieve designation, with lid and pan, and shake for one minute.
unacceptable.” This evaluation shall be documented. Unac- Follow the instructions given above to determine the standard
ceptable sieves shall be replaced and discarded or returned to shaking period for each sieve set.
the manufacturer for repair (wire cloth). 8.2.2 Verification Interval—The same verification shall be
performed and documented at 12-month intervals for each
8.1.1 Verification Interval—The same evaluation shall be
sieve shaker placed in continuous service.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D6913 − 04 (Reapproved 2009) D6913/D6913M − 17
Standard Test Methods for
Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve
Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6913;D6913/D6913M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected Eq 1 in July 2014.
INTRODUCTION
Although this test method has been used for many years, there are vast testing variations required
due to soil types and conditions. The test is more complicated and complex than would be expected.
Multiple procedures are being presented along with new terminology. Although these procedures are
not new, they will now be defined and explained. Some examples of these new terms are composite
sieving, designated separating sieve and subspecimen. This test method outlines the majority of
conditions and procedures but does not cover every conceivable variation or contingency. The table
of contents in the Scope section is added to enable the user to easily find a specific topic or
requirement. Only sections/subsections with titles are presented. Therefore, numbered subsections will
not be continuous in some cases, as indicated in the Scope section.
1. Scope
1.1 Soils consist of particles with various shapes and sizes. This test method is used to separate particles into size ranges and
to determine quantitatively the mass of particles in each range. These data are combined to determine the particle-size distribution
(gradation). This test method uses a square opening sieve criterion in determining the gradation of soil between the 3-in. (75-mm)
and No. 200 (75-μm) sieves.
1.2 The terms, soils and material, are used interchangeably throughout the standard.
1.3 In cases where the gradation of particles larger than 3 in. (75 mm) sieve is required,needed, Test Method D5519 may be
used.
1.4 In cases where the gradation of particles smaller than No. 200 (75-μm) sieve is required,needed, Test Method D422D7928
may be used.
1.5 Typically, if the maximum particle size is equal to or less than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), then single-set sieving is applicable.
Furthermore, if the maximum particle size is greater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) and equal to or less than 9.5 mm ( ⁄8-in sieve),
then either single-set sieving or composite sieving is applicable. Finally, if the maximum particle size is equal to or greater than
19.0 mm ( ⁄4-in sieve), composite sieving is applicable. For special conditions see 10.3.
1.6 Two test methods are provided in this standard. The methods differ in the significant digits recorded and the size of the
specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise Method A shall be
performed.
1.6.1 Method A—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 1 %. This method must be used
when performing composite sieving. For cases of disputes, Method A is the referee method.
1.6.2 Method B—The percentage (by mass) passing each sieve size is recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This method is only
applicable for single sieve-set sieving and when the maximum particle size is equal to or less than the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.
1.7 This test method does not cover, in any detail, procurement of the sample. It is assumed that the sample is obtained using
appropriate methods and is representative.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009April 15, 2017. Published August 2009May 2017. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
ε2ε1
D6913 – 04(2009) . DOI: 10.1520/D6913-04R09E01.10.1520/D6913-17.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6913/D6913M − 17
1.8 Sample Processing—Three procedures (moist, air dry, and oven dry) are provided to process the sample to obtain a
specimen. The procedure selected will depend on the type of sample, the maximum particle-size in the sample, the range of particle
sizes, the initial conditions of the material, the plasticity of the material, the efficiency, and the need for other testing on the sample.
The procedure may be specified by the requesting authority; otherwise the guidance given in Section 10 shall be followed.
1.9 This test method typically requires two or three days to complete, depending on the type and size of the sample and soil
type.
1.10 This test method is not applicable for the following soils:
1.10.1 Soils containing fibrous peat that will change in particle size during the drying, washing, or sieving procedure.
1.10.2 Soils containing extraneous matter, such as organic solvents, oil, asphalt, wood fragments, or similar items. Such
extraneous matter can affect the washing and sieving procedures.
1.10.3 Materials that contain cementitious components, such as cement, fly ash, lime, or other stabilization admixtures.
1.11 This test method may not produce consistent test results within and between laboratories for the following soils and the
precision statement does not apply to them.
1.11.1 Friable soils in which the sieving processes change the gradation of the soil. Typical examples of these soils are some
residual soils, most weathered shales and some weakly cemented soils such as hardpan, caliche or coquina.
1.11.2 Soils that will not readily disperse such as glauconitic clays or some dried plastic clays.
1.11.3 To test these soils, this test method must be adapted, or altered, and these alterations documented. Depending on the
design considerations, a specialized gradation-testing program could be performed. The alterations could require the washing and
sieving procedures to be standardized such that each specimen would be processed in a similar manner.
1.12 Some materials that are not soils, but are made up of particles may be tested using this method. However, the applicable
sections above should be used in applying this standard.
1.13 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.13.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures
used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s
objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these
considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering
design.
1.14 Units—The dimensional values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, such as 200-mm
or 8-in. diameter sieve. Except, the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with
Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200, instead of the “standard” system of 75 mm and 75 μm, respectively. Only the SI units
are used for mass determinations, calculations, and reported results. However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of
mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.15 A summary of the symbols used in this test method is given in Annex A1.
1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.17 Table of Contents—All tables and figures appear at the end of this standard.
Section
Scope 1
Method A 1.6.1
Method B 1.6.2
Sample Processing 1.8
Units 1.14
Referenced Documents 2
ASTM Standards 2.1
Terminology 3
General 3.1
Definitions 3.2
Definitions of Terms Specific to This 3.3
Standard
Summary of Test Method 4
Significance and Use 5
Apparatus 6
Sieves 6.1
Standard Sieve Set 6.1.1
Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-μm) 6.1.2
Designated Separating Sieve 6.1.3
Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle 6.2
Mechanical Sieve Shaker 6.3
D6913/D6913M − 17
Balances 6.4
Drying Oven 6.5
Sieving Containers 6.6
Specimen Containers 6.6.1
Collection/Transfer Device 6.6.2
Cumulative Mass Container 6.6.3
Sieve Brushes 6.7
Miscellaneous Items 6.8
Splitter or Riffle Box (optional) 6.9
Quartering Accessories (optional) 6.10
Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle 6.11
(optional)
Low Temperature Drying Oven 6.12
(optional)
Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional) 6.13
Dispersion Shaker (optional) 6.14
Reagents 7
Dispersant 7.1
Sodium Hexametaphosphate 7.1
Dry Addition 7.1.1.1
Solution 7.1.1.2
Preparation of Apparatus 8
Verification of Sieves 8.1
Verification Interval 8.1.1
Verification of Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2
and
Standard Shaking Period
Large Mechanical Sieve Shaker 8.2.1
Verification Interval 8.2.2
Hand Sieve Shaking Procedure 8.2.3
Sampling 9
General 9.1
Sample Sources 9.2
Bulk Samples 9.2.1
Jar and Small Bag Samples 9.2.2
Undisturbed Tube Samples 9.2.3
Intact Tube Samples 9.2.3
Samples from Prior Testing 9.2.4
Specimen 10
General 10.1
Minimum Mass Requirement 10.2
Selection of Sieving Procedure 10.3
Single Sieve-Set Sieving 10.3.1
Composite Sieving 10.3.2
Specimen Procurement 10.4
Moist Procedure 10.4.1
Air-Dried Procedure 10.4.2
Oven-Dried Procedure 10.4.3
Discussion on Segregating Soils 10.4.4
Specimen Procurement and Processing 10.5
Requirements
Moist Procedure, Single Sieve-Set 10.5.1
Sieving
Moist Procedure, Composite Sieving 10.5.2
Coarse Portion Acceptable Loss 10.5.2.3
(CP )
L
Air-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.3
Air-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve- 10.5.4
Set Sieving
Air-Dried Procedure, Composite 10.5.5
Sieving
Oven-Dried Procedure, General 10.5.6
Oven-Dried Procedure, Single Sieve- 10.5.7
Set Sieving
Oven-Dried Procedure, Composite 10.5.8
Sieving
Procedure (Sieving) 11
General 11.1
Mass Measurements 11.2
Sieve Overloading 11.3
Single Sieve-Set Sieving 11.4
Specimen Mass 11.4.1
Specimen Dispersion 11.4.2
Soaking without a Dispersant 11.4.2.1
Soaking with a Dispersant 11.4.2.2
Using an Ultrasonic Water Bath 11.4.2.3
Washing Specimen 11.4.3
General Precautions 11.4.3.1
D6913/D6913M − 17
Transfer Specimen 11.4.3.2
Washing 11.4.3.3
Transfer Washed Specimen 11.4.3.4
Dry Sieving 11.4.4
Sieve Set 11.4.4.1
Mechanical Shaking 11.4.4.2
Cumulative Material/Mass Retained 11.4.5
First Sieve 11.4.5.1
Remaining Sieves 11.4.5.2
Composite Sieving, Single Separation 11.5
Coarser Portion 11.5.1
Dispersing and Washing 11.5.1.1
Dry Sieving Coarser Portion 11.5.1.3
Subspecimen from Finer Portion 11.5.2
Dispersing and Washing 11.5.2.1
Subspecimen
Dry Sieving Subspecimen 11.5.2.2
Composite Sieving, Double Separation 11.6
st
Separating 1 Subspecimen 11.6.1
nd
Dispersing and Washing 2 Coarser 11.6.2
Portion
nd
Dry Sieving 2 Coarser Portion 11.6.3
nd
2 Subspecimen 11.6.4
nd
Dispersing and Washing 2 11.6.4.1
Subspecimen
nd
Dry Sieving 2 Subspecimen 11.6.4.2
Calculations 12
General 12.1
Sieve Overloading 12.2
Single Sieve-Set Sieving, Percent 12.3
Passing
Composite Sieving, Mass of Specimen 12.4
Composite Sieving, Single Separation 12.5
Composite Sieving, Coarser Portion 12.5.1
(CP)
CP, Percent Passing 12.5.1.1
CP, Composite Sieving Correction 12.5.1.2
Factor (CSCF)
CP, Acceptable Loss During 12.5.1.3
Washing
and Sieving
Composite Sieving, Subspecimen 12.5.2
(finer
portion)
Percent Passing, Specimen 12.5.2.1
(combined
coarser and finer portions)
Subspecimen, Acceptable 12.5.2.2
Fractional
Percent Retained
Percent Passing, Acceptance 12.5.2.3
Criterion
Finer Portion, Percent Passing 12.5.3
(optional)
Composite Sieving, Double Separation 12.6
st
1 Coarser Portion 12.6.1
st
1 Subspecimen 12.6.2
nd
Percent Passing, 2 Coarser 12.6.2.1
Portion
nd
2 Coarser Portion, Composite 12.6.2.2
Sieving
nd
Correction Factor (2 CSCF)
nd
2 Coarser Portion, Acceptable 12.6.2.3
Loss on
Sieving and Washing
nd
2 Coarser Portion, Acceptable 12.6.2.4
Fractional
Percent Retained
Percent Passing, Acceptance 12.6.2.5
Criterion
nd
2 Subspecimen 12.6.3
nd
Percent Passing, 2 Subspecimen 12.6.3.1
nd
2 Subspecimen, Acceptable 12.6.3.2
Fractional
Percent Retained
Percent Passing, Acceptance 12.6.3.3
Criterion
D6913/D6913M − 17
st
1 Finer Portion, Percent Passing 12.6.4
(optional)
nd
2 Finer Portion, Composite 12.6.4.1
Sieving
Correction Factor (optional)
nd
2 Finer Portion, Percent Passing 12.6.4.2
for
nd
2 Subspecimen (optional)
Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s) 13
Precision and Bias 14
Precision 14.1
Precision Data Analysis 14.1.1
Calculation of Precision 14.1.2
Acceptance Criterion 14.1.2.4
Triplicate Test Precision Data (TTPD) 14.1.3
TTPD Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1
TTPD-Method A Repeatability 14.1.3.1
TTPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.3.2
TTPD-Method B Repeatability 14.1.3.3
TTPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.3.4
Single Test Precision Data (STPD) 14.1.4
STPD-Method A Reproducibility 14.1.4.1
STPD-Method B Reproducibility 14.1.4.2
Soils Type 14.1.5
Discussion on Precision 14.1.6
Bias 14.2
Keywords 15
ANNEXES
Symbols Annex A1
Sample to Specimen Splitting/Reduction Annex A2
Methods
General A2.1
Mechanical Splitting A2.1.1
Quartering A2.1.2
Miniature Stockpile Sampling A2.1.3
Sample Processing Recommendation A2.2
Based
on Soil Type
Clean Gravel (GW, GP) and Clean A2.2.1
Sand
(SW, SP)
Gravel with Fines (GM, GC, GC-GM, A2.2.2
GW-GM, GP-GM, GP-GC)
Sand with Silt Fines (SW-SM, SP- A2.2.3
SM,
SM)
Sand with Clay and Silt Fines or Clay A2.2.4
Fines (SW-SC, SP-SC, SC, SC-
SM)
Silts with Sand or Gravel, or Both A2.2.5
(ML,
MH)
Organic Soils with Sand or Gravel, or A2.2.6
Both (OL, OH)
APPENDIXES
Example Test Data Sheets/Forms Appendix X1
General X1.1
Precision: Example Calculations Appendix X2
General X2.1
TABLES and FIGURES
1.18 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils (Withdrawn 2016)
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
D6913/D6913M − 17
3 3
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m ))
D1140 Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700
kN-m/m ))
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4220/D4220M Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Construction
Materials Testing
D5519 Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Riprap Materials
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D7928 Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer)
Analysis
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 General:
3.1.1 An overview of terms used in the sieving processes is presented in Fig. 1(a) using a tabular format and in Fig. 1(b) using
a flowchart format. In addition, Fig. 1(a) includes symbols used in the sieving processes.
3.1.2 There are two types of definitions in the following sections. There are definitions that are general (see 3.2) and others that
are specific to this standard (see 3.3). To locate a definition, it may be necessary to review both sections. The definitions are in
alphabetical order.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 For definitions of general terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2.2 composite sieving, v—in sieving, the process of separating a large specimen on a designated separating sieve to obtain
coarser and finer particle-size portions. The coarser portion is sieved using the coarser sieve set. The finer portion is subsampled
to obtain a subspecimen of manageable size (mass) and this subspecimen is sieved using the finer sieve set. The results of both
sieve sets (coarser and finer) are combined mathematically to determine the gradation of the large specimen.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
nd
In some cases the subspecimen may require another separation; i.e., that is, using a 2 designated separating sieve and resulting
nd nd nd
in a 2 coarser portion and 2 subspecimen obtained from the 2 finer portion.
3.2.3 cumulative material retained (cumulative retained material or cumulative mass retained), n—in sieving, the mass of
material retained on an individual sieve plus the masses of material retained on all the coarser sieves in a given stack/set of sieves.
3.2.4 cumulative percent retained, n—in sieving, the ratio of cumulative material retained on a given sieve to the mass of the
specimen, expressed in percent.
3.2.5 designated separating sieve, n—in composite sieving, the sieve selected to separate the specimen into coarser and finer
portions for composite sieving.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
The designated separating sieve size is a standard sieve size typically ranging from the ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve to the No. 10
st
(2.00-mm) sieve. There can be two designated separating sieves used in composite sieving, that is the 1 subspecimen can be
nd nd nd nd
separated on a 2 designated separating sieve to obtain a 2 coarser portion and a 2 subspecimen obtained from the 2 finer
portion.
3.2.6 fractional cumulative material retained, n—in composite sieving, when sieving a subspecimen, the mass of material
retained on an individual sieve plus the masses of material retained on all the coarser sieves in a given sieve set.
3.2.7 fractional cumulative percent retained, n—in composite sieving, the ratio of fractional cumulative material retained on a
given sieve to the mass of the subspecimen, expressed in percent.
D6913/D6913M − 17
FIG. 1 (a) Typical Terminology and Symbols Used in Sieving Processes
3.2.8 fractional material retained, n—in composite sieving, when sieving a subspecimen, the mass of material retained on an
individual sieve.
D6913/D6913M − 17
FIG. 1 (b) Terminology Flowchart for Sieving Processes (continued)
3.2.9 fractional percent passing, n—in composite sieving, the portion of material by mass in the subspecimen(s) passing a given
sieve expressed in percent.
3.2.9.1 Discussion—
st nd
When two subspecimens are used, there will be a 1 and 2 fractional percent passing.
3.2.10 fractional percent retained, n—in composite sieving, the ratio of fractional material retained on a given sieve to the mass
of the subspecimen, expressed in percent.
3.2.11 gradation, n—in soil, the proportion by mass of various particle sizes.
3.2.11.1 Discussion—
This proportion is usually presented in tabular format (sieve size and percent passing) or graphical format (percent passing versus
logarithm of the sieve size in mm). The graphical format is referred to as particle-size distribution or gradation curve.
3.2.12 maximum particle size, n—in sieving, the smallest sieve size from the standard sieve set on which less than one percent
of the sample would be retained.
3.2.12.1 Discussion—
For practical purposes, estimate the maximum particle size as equal to the smallest sieve size from the standard sieve set in which
it appears that all the material being tested would pass through that sieve. The maximum particle size is needed to determine the
required mass of the specimen and subspecimen.
D6913/D6913M − 17
3.2.13 maximum sieve size, n—in sieving, the smallest sieve size that is larger than any particle in the specimen or subspecimen.
3.2.14 minimum sieve size, n—in sieving, the smallest sieve size in a sieve set used in sieving the specimen or subspecimen.
3.2.14.1 Discussion—
st nd
This size is either the size of the designated separating sieve (1 or 2 ) or the No. 200 (75-μm) sieve.
3.2.15 percent passing, n—in sieving, the portion of material by mass in the specimen passing a given sieve expressed in
percent.
3.2.15.1 Discussion—
This value is equal to the cumulative material retained in a given sieve set divided by the mass of the specimen, subtracting that
ratio from one, and then multiplying by 100. For composite sieving, it would be the fractional percent passing multiplied by the
composite sieving correction factor (CSCF).
3.2.16 particle size distribution, n—see gradation.
3.2.17 percent retained, n—in sieving, the ratio of the material retained on a given sieve to the mass of the specimen, expressed
in percent.
3.2.18 saturated surface-dry condition, n—in coarse-grained soils, a state in which the soil particles are basically saturated with
water, but there are not visible films of water.
3.2.19 sieve set, n—in sieving, a set of standard sized sieves. For single sieve-set sieving, the sieve set will range from the
maximum sieve size to the No. 200 (75-μm) sieve. For composite sieving, there will be a coarser sieve set and a finer sieve set.
Together, these sets will range from the maximum sieve size to the No. 200 (75-μm) sieve. The designated separating sieve will
be used as the minimum size in the coarser set and the maximum size in the finer set.
3.2.20 sieve size, n—in sieving, the size of the opening in the wire cloth of a given sieve in mm or μm.
3.2.21 single sieve-set sieving, v—in sieving, the process in which only one set of sieves is requiredneeded to determine the
gradation of the specimen from the maximum particle size to the No. 200 (75-μm) sieve.
3.2.21.1 Discussion—
Typically, this applies to specimens having a maximum particle size of 9.5 mm ( ⁄8 in.) or less when using Method A or a maximum
particle size of 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) or less when using Method B and the distribution of particles less than the No. 200 (75-μm)
sieve is not needed.
3.2.22 splitting, v—in sampling or subsampling, the process of stockpile sampling, quartering material, or passing material
through a splitter or riffle box to obtain a representative portion of that material for testing; i.e., that is, a specimen or subspecimen.
3.2.22.1 Discussion—
A description of stockpile sampling, and quartering and splitting material is given in Annex A2, A2.1.1 through A2.1.3.
3.2.23 standard shaking period, n—in sieving, a time period ranging from 10 to 20 minutes that a mechanical sieve shaker
operates during the sieving process and which has been verified to satisfy the requirements for sieving thoroughness.
3.2.24 standard sieve set, n—in sieving soils, the group of fourteen specific sieve sizes required to determine the gradation of
soils between and including the 3-in. (75-mm) and No. 200 (75-μm) sieves, as listed in Table 1.
A
TABLE 1 Standard Sieve Set
Sieve Designation in Accordance with E11
Alternative Standard Alternative Standard
Lid No. 10 2.00 mm
3 in. 75 mm No. 20 850 μm
2 in. 50 mm No. 40 425 μm
1- ⁄2 in. 37.5 mm No. 60 250 μm
1 in. 25.0 mm No. 100 150 μm
⁄4 in. 19.0 mm No. 140 106 μm
⁄8 in. 9.5 mm No. 200 75 μm
No. 4 4.75 mm Pan
A
AA lid is typically not used or requiredneeded when using rectangular coarser
sieves having dimensions greater than 200 mm or 8 in.
D6913/D6913M − 17
3.2.24.1 Discussion—
Most of these sieve sizes are different than those used in aggregate testing for concrete (Test Method C136), especially for sieves
finer than the No. 4 (4.75 mm).
3.2.25 subspecimen, n—in composite sieving, a representative portion of the material passing the designated separating sieve;
i.e., that is, the finer portion.
3.2.25.1 Discussion—
st
When composite sieving requires multiple designated separating sieves, there will be more than one subspecimen. The 1
nd nd
subspecimen (i.e. (that is, the subspecimen from the finer portion) would be separated into a 2 coarser portion and a 2 finer
nd
portion that would be subsampled to obtain the 2 subspecimen.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 coarser portion, n—in composite sieving, the portion of the specimen retained on the designated separating sieve.
3.3.1.1 Discussion—
st nd
When two designated separating sieves are used, there will be a 1 and 2 coarser portion.
3.3.2 coarser sieve set, n—in composite sieving, the sieve set that ranges from the maximum sieve size to the designated
separating sieve size.
3.3.2.1 Discussion—
st st
When two designated separating sieves are used, the 1 coarser sieve set ranges from the maximum sieve size to the 1 designated
nd st nd
separating sieve size. The 2 coarser sieve set would range from the 1 designated separating sieve size to the 2 designated
separating sieve size.
3.3.3 composite sieving correction factor (CSCF), n—in composite sieving, a factor used to convert the fractional percent
passing determined from sieving the subspecimen to the percent passing for the specimen. The CSCF is equal to the percent
passing the designated separating sieve size in the coarser portion sieve set (i.e., (that is, the last sieve in the coarser portion set).
This value shall be calculated to one more digit than required (0.1 %) to reduce rounding errors.
3.3.3.1 Discussion—
st nd
When two designated separating sieves are used, there will be a 1 and 2 CSCF.
3.3.4 finer portion, n—in composite sieving, the portion of the specimen passing the designated separating sieve.
3.3.4.1 Discussion—
st st
When two designated separating sieves are used, the 1 subspecimen obtained from the 1 finer portion will be separated into a
nd nd nd
2 coarser portion and 2 finer portion, from which the 2 subspecimen is obtained.
3.3.5 finer sieve set, n—in composite sieving, the sieve set that ranges from the last designated separating sieve size to the No.
200 (75-μm) sieve.
3.3.5.1 Discussion—
nd nd
When composite sieving requires a 2 subspecimen, the finer sieve sets ranges from the 2 separating sieve size to the No. 200
(75-μm) sieve.
3.3.6 insignificant sieve, n—in precision of test results, any sieve which has 1 % or less cumulative material retained during the
sieve analysis.
3.3.7 separating, v—in composite sieving, the process of dividing a specimen or subspecimen into two portions, the coarser
(retained) and finer (passing) portions, using a designated separating sieve.
3.3.7.1 Discussion—
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st nd
When composite sieving requires two designated sieves, there will be a 1 and 2 coarser portion, finer portion and subspecimen.
3.3.8 significant sieve, n—in precision of test results, any sieve which has more than 1 % of cumulative material retained during
the sieve analysis.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method is used to determine the particle-size distribution (gradation) of a soil sample. A representative specimen
must be obtained from the sample by one of three procedures (moist, air-dried or oven-dried). For specimens containing relatively
small particles, the specimen is sieved in its entirety, using single sieve-set sieving. However, the specimen may contain a wide
range of particle sizes and may require separating the soil into two, or three size ranges for more efficient sieving, using one or
two designated separating sieve(s). This process is termed composite sieving. For a single separation (two portions), the coarser
portion is sieved in its entirety, while the finer portion is split into a smaller subspecimen for sieving. These results are
mathematically combined. For specimens containing very large particles, the specimen may require two separations; i.e., that is,
st nd nd
three portions (1 and 2 coarser portions and 2 finer portion), see Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(b). Prior to sieving, as applicable, the
material will be washed to remove fine particles and oven dried. The material to be sieved will be placed on the coarsest sieve size
of each sieve set and mechanically shaken. The mass of particles retained on each sieve will be determined. The results will
produce a tabulation of sieve sizes versus percent passing that can be graphically presented as a gradation curve (a plot of the
percent passing versus the log of the particle size in mm.).
4.2 Flowcharts outlining the requirements of the various sieving processes covered above are presented below in four figures,
Fig. 2 through Fig. 4(b).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The gradation of the soil is used for classification in accordance with Practice D2487.
5.2 The gradation (particle-size distribution) curve is used to calculate the coefficient of uniformity and the coefficient of
curvature.
5.3 Selection and acceptance of fill materials are often based on gradation. For example, highway embankments, backfills, and
earthen dams may have gradation requirements.
5.4 The gradation of the soil often controls the design and quality control of drainage filters, and groundwater drainage.
5.5 Selection of options for dynamic compaction and grouting is related to gradation of the soil.
5.6 The gradation of a soil is an indicator of engineering properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility, and shear strength
are related to the gradation of the soil. However, engineering behavior is dependent upon many factors (such as effective stress,
stress history, mineral type, structure, plasticity, and geologic origins) and cannot be based solely upon gradation.
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability
of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective
testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results.
Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Sieves—Each sieve shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11. Generally, these sieve frames are circular and
200 mm or 8 in. in diameter, and either full (50 mm or 2 in.) or half height (25 mm or 1 in.). The sieve height generally depends
upon the number of sieves typically required in the sieve set, the particle sizes being sieved, and the size and type of the sieve
shaker. Particles having dimensions exceeding or relatively close to the sieve heights cannot be sieved in the sieve stack, but
individually. Therefore, in a stack of sieves, the ratio of sieve height or spacing between rectangular sieves to sieve cloth opening
shall exceed 2. Larger frames that conform to Specification E11 are acceptable but require special considerations for reinforcement.
6.1.1 Standard Sieve Set—This set consists of all the sieve sizes listed in Table 1. Additional sieves sizes may be added if
requested or requiredneeded to reduce sieve overloading. In addition, some larger sieve sizes may be omitted during the sieve
analysis depending on the maximum particle size; however, at least one sieve in the sieving process shall have 100 percent passing.
6.1.2 Washing Sieve, No. 200 (75-μm)—A No. 200 (75-μm) sieve with a minimum height above the screen of 50 mm or 2 in.
to prevent loss of retained material while washing. Stainless steel sieve cloth is preferred because it is more durable, and less prone
to damage or wear. The sieve may be reinforced with a larger mesh underneath the 75-μm cloth. The reinforcement wire cloth
(backing) should not have a mesh coarser than the No. 20 (850-μm) wire cloth. The reinforcement wire cloth should be bonded
to the sieve frame along with the No. 200 (75-μm) wire cloth, not bonded to the sieve frame below where the No. 200 (75-μm)
wire cloth was attached. In addition, it is good practice to use a flattened backing cloth (rolled or calendered backing cloth), so
it is less abrasive to the No. 200 (75-μm) wire cloth.
6.1.3 Designated Separating Sieve—A sieve used to separate the specimen into two portions (coarser and finer portion) in
composite sieving. The designated separating sieve shall conform to Specification E11. It may be necessary to have various sizes
of sieves to use as designated separating sieves. Normally, these are not the same sieves that are used in the stack of sieves (sieve
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FIG. 2 Decision Flowchart for Sieving Processes
st nd
set) placed in the sieve shaker. Typically, the 1 designated separating sieve is rectangular and quite large, while the 2 designated
separating sieve is either 200-mm or 8-in. in diameter.
6.2 Washing Sink with Spray Nozzle—A sink having a spray nozzle attached to a flexible line to facilitate the washing and
material transferring processes without spillage. In addition, the spray nozzle shall be such that the rate of water flow can be easily
controlled. The temperature of the water shall be relatively close to room temperature to prevent changing the dimensions of the
sieve cloth and health and safety concerns.
6.3 Mechanical Sieve Shaker—A device that holds a stack of sieves while imparting sufficient motion to the sieves to meet the
sieving thoroughness requirements covered in 8.2. The “Standard Shaking Period” must be from 10 to 20 minutes. The shaker shall
have a timing device or a timing device shall be used in conjunction with the shaker.
NOTE 2—Shakers imparting a motion that causes the particles on the sieves to bounce and turn so that all particles have ample opportunity in various
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FIG. 3 Flowchart for Single Sieve-Set Sieving
orientations to the sieve openings will typically meet this sieving thoroughness requirement. A sieve shaker that has a smooth horizontal and/or vertical
gyratory/orbital motion will typically not meet this sieving thoroughness requirement, since the particles will not be bouncing and turning.
6.4 Balances—For single sieve-set sieving, one balance will be used. For composite sieving, more than one balance may be
required.necessary. Balances must conform to the requirements of Specification D4753; i.e., that is, having a readability (with no
estimation) to determine the mass of the specimen or subspecimen to a minimum of three significant digits for Method A or a
minimum four significant digits for Method B. The mass of the specimen can be determined in parts (multiple mass
determinations). The balance used to determine the cumulative material retained or the fractional cumulative material retained on
any given sieve has to have a readability equal to or better than that used to determine the mass of the specimen/subspecimen.
NOTE 3—Preferably the balance should have a taring capability so that the mass of material can be directly determined without subtracting the mass
of the container. This feature is extremelyimmensely useful during the sieving process to determine the mass of the cumulative material retained or when
making multiple mass determinations to determine specimen’s mass.
6.5 Drying Oven—Thermostatically controlled oven, capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C throughout
the drying chamber. These requirements typically require the use of a forced-draft oven.
6.6 Sieving Containers—The containers used to: (a) contain the sieving specimen or material which will be sieved, such as
coarser portion; (b) remove the retained material from the sieve(s); (c) collect and transfer that material; and, (d) contain the
cumulative material retained.
6.6.1 Specimen Containers—Smooth walled containers, without tight corners to trap material, made of material resistant to
corrosion and change in mass upon repeated heating, cooling, specimen soaking, and cleaning. The containers should be large
enough to enable soaking of the specimen. The container should facilitate the transfer of the specimen from the container to the
washing sieve (No. 200 (75 μm) or designated separating sieve) and back by a rinsing/washing operation, and allow for decanting
the clear wash water from the container.
6.6.2 Collection/Transfer Container—This container is used to collect the material retained on a given sieve and to transfer it
to the container holding the cumulative retained material during the sieving process. The container must be larger in diameter than
the sieve. A smoothsurface 230-mm (9-in.) pie pan may be used along with a 25-mm (1-in.) paintbrush to assist in transferring all
the material. The color of this container shall enhance the observation that all material has been transferred.
6.6.3 Cumulative Mass Container—This container shall be large enough to receive the retained material contained in the
collection/transfer device without any loss. The mass should be less than the taring capacity of the balance so that the cumulative
mass retained can be determined directly (see Note 3). In most cases, the specimen/subspecimen container can be used. This test
method assumes that the mass of the cumulative retained material is determined directly. This approach is easier than determining
the mass of retained material on each sieve.
6.7 Sieve Brushes—Brushes to assist in the removal of the material retained on the smaller (≤ 200-mm (≤200-mm or 8-in.)
diameter and finer sieve sizes (≤ ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm)). The brushes shall have the following characteristics:
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FIG. 4 (a) Flowchart for Composite Sieving—Single Separation
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FIG. 4 (b) Flowchart for Composite Sieving—Double Separation (continued)
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6.7.1 The bristles shall be firmly attached to the brush handle so that the bristles do not become part of the retained material.
6.7.2 The bristles shall be firm and small enough to readily remove the particles entangled in the sieve openings, but made of
a material that will not damage the wire cloth or wear rapidly. Wire bristles, even brass, shall not be used on wire cloth size finer
than No. 20 (850–μm).
6.7.3 The bristles shall be capable of contacting the boundary between the wire cloth and sieve’s frame.
6.7.4 The brush’s handle shall be such that one’s hand can easily control the brushing motion and pressure. An example being,
the handle is above the bristles (like a paintbrush) or inclined (30- to 45-degree angle) to the bristle’s head (like a vegetable brush
or bent toothbrush).
6.7.5 The bristles have to be small in diameter and soft when brushing wire cloth size equal to or less than the No. 100 (150-μm)
mesh. Small diameter, soft bristles will remove the particles without any re-alignment of the wire cloth.
6.7.6 Brushes meeting these requirements are relatively small round or rectangular stiff paintbrushes with shortened bristles, soft
to hard toothbrushes with bent handles, and vegetable brushes with shortened bristles.
6.8 Miscellaneous Items—Miscellaneous items such as wash bottle, spatula, and stirring rod may be useful.
6.9 Splitter or Riffle Box (optional, but may be requiredneeded during composite sieving)—A device to obtain a representative
smaller portion (specimen) from a larger portion (sample). This device has an even number of equal width chutes, but not less than
eight, which discharge alternately to each side of the splitter. For dry material having particles coarser than the ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm)
sieve size, the minimum width of the chutes shall be approximately 1- ⁄2 times the largest particle in material being split, but not
1 3
less than 12.5 mm or ⁄2 in. For dry material finer than or equal to the ⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) sieve size, the minimum chute width shall
1 1
be approximately 1- ⁄2 times the largest particle in the material, but not less than approximately 3 mm or ⁄8 in. The splitter shall
be equipped with two or more receptacles to hold the two halves of the material following splitting. It shall also be equipped with
a hopper/feed chute (preferably lever activated or having a cut-off gate) and a straight-edged pan or dustpan that has a width equal
to or slightly less than the over-all width of the assembly of chutes, by which the dry material may be fed at a controlled rate to
the chutes. The splitter and accessory equipment shall be so designed that the material will flow smoothly without restriction or
loss of material.
NOTE 4—Some splitters are designed such that the width of the chutes can be adjusted.
6.10 Quartering Accessories (optional)—A hard, clean, level surface, or durable nonporous fabric or plastic sheet approximately
2 by 2.5 m or 6 by 8 ft; a straight-edged scoop, shovel, or trowel; and a broom or brush.
6.11 Mortar and Rubber-Covered Pestle (optional)—Apparatus for breaking up aggregations of air-dried or oven-dried soil
particles without breaking up any individual particles.
6.12 Low Temperature Drying Oven (optional)—Thermostatically controlled oven, capable of maintaining a uniform
temperature not to exceed 60°C throughout the drying chamber, for use in air-dried processing.
6.13 Ultrasonic Water Bath (optional)—The ultrasonic water bath must be large enough to hold a beaker or flask containing the
material to be dispersed prior to washing. The water level in the bath should be equal or higher than the water level in the specimen
container.
6.14 Dispersion Shaker (optional)—A platform, wrist action or similar type shaker having a gyratory, orbital, reciprocating, or
similar motion to assist in the dispersion process by continuously agitating the soaking soil.
7. Reagents
7.1 Dispersant—Sodium Hexametaphosphate—Sodium hexametaphosphate (sometimes Also referred to as sodium metaphos-
phate) may be required metaphosphate, is the dispersion agent used to disperse some fine-grained soils after oven drying and prior
to washing. Fine-grained soils requiring the use of a dispersant are those that do not readily slake in water, such as some fat clays
and most tropical soils.
7.1.1 For materials requiringneeding a chemical dispersant, the dispersant can be added either directly to the soaking material
(dry addition) or by adding a dispersant solution to the material, plus water as required.necessary.
7.1.1.1 Dry Addition—Add about 4 grams of sodium hexametaphosphate for each 100 mL of water that has been added to the
soaking material and stir to distribute the dispersant throughout the material.
7.1.1.2 Solut
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