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ASTM D4948-89(2022)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regulations place materials having a flash point below 23 °C (73.5 °F) in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along with materials having a flash point between 23 °C and 60.5 °C (73.5 °F and 140 °F). One of the requirements is that less than 3 % of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material when subjected to this test method.  
4.2 At the present time most international regulatory bodies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) use the U.N. Recommendations. It is anticipated that most national transportation regulatory bodies will adopt the U.N. Recommendations as their regulations for control of transportation of hazardous materials. At present the United States permits the transshipment of hazardous materials through the United States to other countries under regulations of the IMO and ICAO.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives, polishes, and other similar materials.  
Note 1: The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods2 for the placement of flammable viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2022
ICS
07.030 - Physics. Chemistry
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.21 - Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D3925-02(2010) - Standard Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Refers
ASTM D3925-02 - Standard Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Refers
ASTM D3925-91(1996) - Standard Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings
Effective Date
15-Sep-1991

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ASTM D4948-89(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous LiquidASTM D4948-89(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
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ASTM D4948-89(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous Liquid
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4948 − 89 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Upper Layer Separated from a Viscous
Liquid
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Ameasuredamountofthematerialtobetestedisplaced
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
in a graduated cylinder and allowed to stand undisturbed for
of liquid separated as an upper layer in a 24-h period from
24 h. The volume percent of the separated top layer is then
viscous solutions or dispersions that contain dispersed solids
determined.
such as paints, enamels, pigmented lacquers, adhesives,
polishes, and other similar materials.
4. Significance and Use
NOTE 1—The amount of clear liquid that separates during this test is
4.1 The United Nations Committee of Experts on the
one of the criteria in the United Nations Recommendations on the
2 Transport of Dangerous Goods in their recommended regula-
Transportation of Dangerous Goods for the placement of flammable
tionsplacematerialshavingaflashpointbelow23 °C(73.5 °F)
viscous liquids into packing groups related to flash points (See 4.1).
in Packing Group II. However, if viscous substances such as
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
paint and related coatings, adhesives, polishes, etc., meet
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
certain requirements, they can be placed in Group III along
only.
with materials having a flash point between 23 °C and 60.5 °C
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the (73.5 °F and 140 °F). One of the requirements is that less than
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3 % of clear liquid separates from the bulk of the material
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- when subjected to this test method.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.2 At the present time most international regulatory bodies
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) use the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
U.N. Recommendations. It is anticipated that most national
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
transportation regulatory bodies will adopt the U.N. Recom-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations as their regulations for control of transportation of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
hazardous materials. At present the United States permits the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
transshipmentofhazardousmaterialsthroughtheUnitedStates
to other countries under regulations of the IMO and ICAO.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Graduated Cylinder, 100-mL, TC, glass-stoppered,
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
295-mm total height and 29-mm inside diameter.
Pigmented Coatings
5.2 Constant Temperature Cabinet or Room, at 23 °C 6
2 °C (73.5 °F 6 3.5 °F).
This test method is under the jurisdict
...

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5.1 In the design and operation of RO installations, it is important to predict the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in total dissolved solids in the concentrate stream and the difference in passages for calcium ion, bicarbonate ion, and free carbon dioxide, the calcium carbonate scaling properties of the concentrate stream will generally be quite different from those of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the Langelier saturation index for the concentrate stream from the feed water analyses and the RO operating parameters.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Practice for Assessing the Degree of Banding or Orientation of Microstructures

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5.1 This practice is used to assess the nature and extent of banding or orientation of microstructures of metals and other materials where deformation and processing produce a banded or oriented condition.  
5.2 Banded or oriented microstructures can arise in single phase, two phase or multiphase metals and materials. The appearance of the orientation or banding is influenced by processing factors such as the solidification rate, the extent of segregation, the degree of hot or cold working, the nature of the deformation process used, the heat treatments, and so forth.  
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5.4 The stereological methods can be applied to measure the nature and extent of microstructural banding or orientation for any metal or material. The microindentation hardness test procedure should only be used to determine the difference in hardness in banded heat-treated metals, chiefly steels.  
5.5 Isolated segregation may also be present in an otherwise reasonably homogeneous microstructure. Stereological methods are not suitable for measuring individual features, instead use standard measurement procedures to define the feature size. The microindentation hardness method may be used for such structures.  
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SCOPE
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