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ASTM B418-16a(2021)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes

Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers cast and wrought galvanic zin anodes used for the cathodic protection of more noble metals and alloys in sea water, brackish water, other saline electrolytes, or other corrosive environments. The anodes shall undergo chemical analysis and spectrochemical analysis and shall conform to the required chemical compositions of aluminum, cadmium, iron, lead, copper, and zinc.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cast and wrought galvanic zinc anodes used for the cathodic protection of more noble metals and alloys in sea water, brackish water, other saline electrolytes, or other corrosive environments.  
1.2 Type I anodes are most commonly used for such applications. The Type I anode composition in this specification meets the chemical composition requirements of MIL-A-18001K.  
1.3 Zinc anodes conforming to this specification may be used in other waters, electrolytes, backfills, and soils where experience has shown that the specified composition is efficient and reliable. Type II anodes are most commonly used for such applications.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2021
ICS
25.220.01 - Surface treatment and coating in general
Technical Committee
B02 - Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Drafting Committee
B02.04 - Zinc and Cadmium
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM B899-16 - Standard Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
Effective Date
01-Oct-2016
Refers
ASTM B899-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM E536-15 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Refers
ASTM B899-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Refers
ASTM B949-13 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Zinc and Zinc Alloy Products
Effective Date
01-Aug-2013
Refers
ASTM B899-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
Effective Date
01-Feb-2013
Refers
ASTM B6-13 - Standard Specification for Zinc
Effective Date
01-Feb-2013
Refers
ASTM B6-12 - Standard Specification for Zinc
Effective Date
01-May-2012
Refers
ASTM B899-09e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009
Refers
ASTM B6-09 - Standard Specification for Zinc
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009
Refers
ASTM B899-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009
Refers
ASTM B6-08 - Standard Specification for Zinc
Effective Date
01-Nov-2008
Refers
ASTM E29-08 - Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Refers
ASTM B949-08 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Zinc and Zinc Alloy Products
Effective Date
15-May-2008
Refers
ASTM E536-08 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Zinc and Zinc Alloys
Effective Date
01-Mar-2008

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ASTM B418-16a(2021) - Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc AnodesASTM B418-16a(2021) - Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes
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ASTM B418-16a(2021) - Standard Specification for Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:B418 −16a (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Specification for
Cast and Wrought Galvanic Zinc Anodes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers cast and wrought galvanic zinc
B6 Specification for Zinc
anodes used for the cathodic protection of more noble metals
B899 Terminology Relating to Non-ferrous Metals and Al-
and alloys in sea water, brackish water, other saline
loys
electrolytes, or other corrosive environments.
B949 Specification for General Requirements for Zinc and
1.2 Type I anodes are most commonly used for such
Zinc Alloy Products
applications. The Type I anode composition in this specifica-
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
tion meets the chemical composition requirements of MIL-A-
Determine Conformance with Specifications
18001K.
E527 Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys in the
Unified Numbering System (UNS)
1.3 Zinc anodes conforming to this specification may be
E536 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Zinc and Zinc
used in other waters, electrolytes, backfills, and soils where
Alloys
experiencehasshownthatthespecifiedcompositionisefficient
2.2 Military Standard:
and reliable. Type II anodes are most commonly used for such
MIL-A-18001K w/INT. AMENDMENT 3, 24 October
applications.
2007 Military SpecificationAnodes Sacrificial ZincAlloy
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 4
2.3 ISO Standards:
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
ISO 3815-1 Zinc and zinc alloys — Part 1:Analysis of solid
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
samples by optical emission spectrometry
and are not considered standard.
ISO 3815-2 Zinc and zinc alloys — Part 2: Analysis by
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar
with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate 3.1 Terms shall be defined in accordance with Terminology
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided B899.
by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
and environmental practices, and determine the applicability
3.2.1 cathodic protection, n—reduction of corrosion by
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
making the protected metal the cathode in a conducting
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
medium by applying direct current.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.2 galvanic anode, n—a metal electrode that sacrificially
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
corrodes when coupled to a more noble metal in a conducting
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
medium, and thereby supplies a protective electric current to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the noble electrode.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B02 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee the ASTM website.
B02.04 on Zinc and Cadmium. Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as B418 – 16a. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/B0418-16AR21. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B418−16a (2021)
TABLE 2 Minimum Number of Anodes in Sample
3.2.3 saline electrolyte, n—a solution consisting of mainly
the chlorides of the alkali metals. Minimum Number of
Number of Anodes in Lot
Anodes in Sample
4. Ordering Information 1to500 2
500 to 1000 3
4.1 Orders for zinc anodes under this specification shall
Each additional 1000 or part thereof 1
include information as specified in Specification B949.
4.2 Additional ordering information specific to this standard
in a lot shall be thoroughly mixed to form a uniform sample of
is as follows:
not less than 50 g total.
4.2.1 Type of anode material (see Table 1),
6.1.3 Other sampling procedures shall be in compliance
4.2.2 Number of anodes,
with the provisions of Specification B949.
4.2.3 Size of anode and whether contains rod insert and if
so, type of insert and whether contains bolt hole and if so,
7. Methods of Chemical Analysis
whether threaded.
7.1 The chemical compositions enumerated in this specifi-
cation shall, in case of disagreement, preferably be determined
5. Chemical Requirements
by methods mutually agreed upon or the methods listed in
5.1 The anode shall be made from Special High Grade zinc
Table 3 (note: spectrochemical methods may include
conforming to Specification B6, with
...

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5.1 Knowledge of the critical surface tension of substrates, primers and other coatings is useful for explaining or predicting wettability by paints and other coatings applied to those surfaces. Surfaces with low critical surface tensions usually are prone to suffer defects such as crawling, picture framing, cratering and loss of adhesion when painted. Low or irregular values, or both, often are indicative of contamination that could reduce adhesion. Surfaces with high critical surface tensions are easy to wet and usually provide an excellent platform for painting.  
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5.5 One or more of these techniques could be the basis of a go/no-go quality control test where if a certain liquid wets, the surface is acceptable for painting, but if that liquid retracts and crawls, the surface is not acceptable.  
5.6 Another go/no go test is possible where the test liquid is a paint and the surface is a substrate, primer or basecoat. A form of this test has been used for coatings for plastics.
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4.1 Conformable Eddy Current Sensors—Conformable, eddy current sensors can be used on both flat and curved surfaces, including fillets, cylindrical surfaces, etc. When used with models for predicting the sensor response and appropriate algorithms, these sensors can measure variations in physical properties, such as electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability, or both, as well as thickness of conductive coatings on any substrate and nonconductive coatings on conductive substrates or on a conducting coating. These property variations can be used to detect and characterize heterogeneous regions within the conductive coatings, for example, regions of locally higher porosity.  
4.2 Sensors and Sensor Arrays—Depending on the application, either a single-sensing element sensor or a sensor array can be used for coating characterization. A sensor array provides a better capability to map spatial variations in coating thickness or conductivity, or both (reflecting, for example, porosity variations), and provides better throughput for scanning large areas. The size of the sensor footprint and the size and number of sensing elements within an array depend on the application requirements and constraints, and the nonconductive (for example, ceramic) coating thickness.  
4.3 Coating Thickness Range—The conductive coating thickness range over which a sensor performs best depends on the difference between the electrical conductivity of the substrate and conductive coating and available frequency range. For example, a specific sensor geometry with a specific frequency range for impedance measurements may provide acceptable performance for an MCrAlY coating over a nickel-alloy substrate for a relatively wide range of conductive coating thickness, for example, from 75 to 400 μm (0.003 to 0.016 in.). Yet, for another conductive coating-substrate combination, this range may be 10 to 100 μm (0.0004 to 0.004 in.). The coating characterization performance may also depend on the thick...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of conformable eddy current sensors for nondestructive characterization of coatings without standardization on coated reference parts. It includes the following: (1) thickness measurement of a conductive coating on a conductive substrate, (2) detection and characterization of local regions of increased porosity of a conductive coating, and (3) measurement of thickness for nonconductive coatings on a conductive substrate or on a conductive coating. This practice includes only nonmagnetic coatings on either magnetic (μ ≠ μ0) or nonmagnetic (μ = μ0) substrates. In addition to discrete coatings on substrates, this practice can also be used to measure the effective thickness of a process-affected zone (for example, shot peened layer for aluminum alloys, alpha case for titanium alloys) and to assess the condition of other layered media such as joints (for example, lap joints and skin panels over structural supports). For specific types of coated parts, the user may need a more specific procedure tailored to a specific application.  
1.2 Specific uses of conventional eddy current sensors are covered by Practices D7091 and E376 and the following test methods issued by ASTM: B244 and E1004. Guidance for the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays is provided in Guide E2884.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized ...

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ASTM
ASTM F1178-11(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Performance of Enameling System, Baking, Metal Joiner Work and Furniture

ABSTRACT
This specification covers performance of enameling system and baking primer on metal joiner work and furniture. Specification includes procedures for cleaning, degreasing, enameling, and texturing. Performance criteria shall include test panel description, primer test panel preparation, salt spray exposure, blistering resistance, corrosion resistance, enamel test panel preparation, gloss, hardness, paint cure, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance, and color stability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance of a baking primer and enamel on metal for use on fabricated metal products, including marine furniture and joiner work.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The metric (SI) units, given in parentheses, are for information only.  
1.3 Painting facilities shall comply with all applicable Federal and State regulations regarding emissions and waste disposal.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6676/D6676M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Cathodic Disbonding of Exterior Pipeline Coatings at Elevated Temperatures Using Interior Heating

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Damage to a pipe coating is almost unavoidable during transportation and construction. Breaks or holidays in pipe coatings may expose the pipe to possible corrosion since, after a pipe has been installed underground, the surrounding earth will be moisture-bearing and will constitute an effective electrolyte. Applied cathodic protection potentials may cause loosening of the coating, beginning at holiday edges. Spontaneous holidays may also be caused by such potentials. Usually exterior pipeline coatings applied over pipes carrying hot media (oil, gas) are exposed to high temperature inside the pipe and low temperature outside and subjected to temperature gradient. Heat flux is directed from metal (substrate) to the coating. This test method provides accelerated conditions for cathodic disbondment to occur under simulated heating and provides a measure of resistance of coatings to this type of action.  
4.2 The effects of the test are to be evaluated by physical examinations and monitoring the current drawn by the test specimens. Usually there is no correlation between the two methods of evaluation, but both methods are significant. Physical examination consists of assessing the effective contact of the coating with the metal surface in terms of observed differences in the relative adhesive bond. It is usually found that the cathodically disbonded area propagates from an area where adhesion is zero to an area where adhesion reaches the original level. An intermediate zone of decreased adhesion may also be present.  
4.3 Assumptions associated with test results include:  
4.3.1 Maximum adhesion, or bond, is found in the coating that was not immersed in the test liquid, and  
4.3.2 Decreased adhesion in the immersed test area is the result of cathodic disbondment.  
4.4 Ability to resist disbondment is a desired quality on a comparative basis, but disbondment in this test method is not necessarily an adverse indication of coating performance. The virtue of this...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an accelerated procedure for determining comparative characteristics of coating systems applied to the exterior of steel pipe for the purpose of preventing or mitigating corrosion that may occur in underground or immersion where the pipe is carrying heated media and is under cathodic protection. This test method is intended for use with samples of coated pipe, or with a specimen cut from the section of coated pipe or flat plates and is applicable to such samples when the coating is characterized by function as an electrical barrier.  
1.2 This test method is intended to simulate conditions when external coatings are exposed to high temperature inside the pipe and to an ambient temperature outside, and thus are subjected to temperature gradient. If elevated temperatures are required but without temperature gradient, see Test Method G42.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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