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ASTM D6022-01

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index

Standard Practice for Calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index

SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies the procedure for the calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index (PSSI) of an additive using viscosities before and after a shearing procedure.  
1.2 PSSI is calculated for a single blend component and can then be used to estimate the effects of that component on finished lubricant blends.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to many products and may use data from many different test methods. The calculation is presented in its most general form in order not to restrict its use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6022-06 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index
Effective Date
01-May-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5621-20 - Standard Test Method for Sonic Shear Stability of Hydraulic Fluids
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2603-20 - Standard Test Method for Sonic Shear Stability of Polymer-Containing Oils
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001

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ASTM D6022-01 - Standard Practice for Calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D6022–01
Standard Practice for
Calculation of Permanent Shear Stability Index
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6022; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope CEC L45 T 93 Viscosity Shear Stability of Transmission
Lubricants (KRL)
1.1 This practice specifies the procedure for the calculation
of Permanent Shear Stability Index (PSSI) of an additive using
3. Terminology
viscosities before and after a shearing procedure.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 PSSI is calculated for a single blend component and can
3.1.1 degree of thickening (DT), n—the ratio of an oil’s
then be used to estimate the effects of that component on
viscosity with an additive to that oil’s viscosity without the
finished lubricant blends.
additive. A measure of the amount by which an additive
1.3 This practice is applicable to many products and may
increases the base fluid viscosity.
use data from many different test methods. The calculation is
3.1.2 permanent shear stability index (PSSI), n—a measure
presented in its most general form in order not to restrict its
of the irreversible decrease, resulting from shear, in an oil’s
use.
viscosity contributed by an additive.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.2.1 Discussion—PSSI is a property calculated for a
single component. Viscosity Loss (q.v.) is a property measured
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for a finished oil.
D 2603 Test Method for Sonic Shear Stability of Polymer-
3.1.3 shear, adj—a relative movement of molecules or
Containing Oils
molecular aggregates that occurs in flowing liquids. A shear
D 3945 Test Methods for Shear Stability of Polymer-
flow is one in which the spatial velocity gradient is perpen-
Containing Fluids Using a Diesel Injector Nozzle
dicular to the direction of flow.
D 4485 Specification for Performance of Engine Oils
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Not all flow geometries meet this defi-
D5119 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
nition.
Oils in the CRC L-38 Spark-Ignition Engine
3.1.4 shear, v—to subject a liquid to a shear flow.
D 5275 Test Method for Fuel Injector Shear Stability Test
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Shearing an oil can sometimes cause
(FISST) for Polymer Containing Fluids
scission of certain molecular species, resulting in a decrease in
D 5621 Test Method for Sonic Shear Stability of Hydraulic
viscosity. Not all oils exhibit this response. Common ways of
Fluid
shearing oils to elicit this effect include injection through a
D 6278 Test Method for Shear Stability of Polymer Con-
small orifice and flow through gears or bearings. Irradiation
taining Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector Appara-
4 with sonic energy can also decrease the viscosity of some oils.
tus
3.1.5 Viscosity Loss (VL), n—a measure of the decrease in
2.2 CEC Standards:
an oil’s viscosity.
CEC L14A 93 Evaluation of the Mechanical Shear Stability
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Viscosity Loss is a property measured
of Lubricating Oils Containing Polymers
for a finished oil. Permanent Shear Stability Index (q.v.)isa
CEC L37 T 85 Shear Stability of Polymer-Containing Oils
property calculated for a single component. Some test methods
(FZG)
report VL as a relative change, which is dimensionless (for
example, Test Methods D 2603, D 3945, D 5275, D 5621, and
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum D 6278). Some test methods and specifications reportVLas an
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on
absolute change, which has the same dimensions as the
Flow Properties.
viscosity measurements (for example, Specification D 4485
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2001. Published November 2001. Originally
and Test MethodD5119).
published as D 6022 - 96. Last previous edition D 6022 - 96.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
3.2.1 base fluid, n—an oil without the additive whose PSSI
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
is to be determined. The base fluid shall have a viscosity loss
Available from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,
Madou Plaza, Place Madou 1, B-1030 Brussels, Belgium. of zero, within the precision of the shearing test used.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6022–01
3.2.1.1 Discussion—A base fluid could be a mineral oil, a 6.2 If the degree of thickening is less than 1.2, PSSI cannot
synthetic oil, a formulation containing additives, or other be determined from these data.
system meeting the requirement of zero viscosity loss.
NOTE 4—Once PSSI has been determined for an additive, calculations
3.2.2 sheared oil, n—the test oil, after shearing.
using that PSSI can be made for oil blends where the degree of thickening
3.2.3 test oil, n—base fluid with the additive whose PSSI is
is less than 1.2.
to be determined.
6.3 Ifthedegreeofthickeningisgreaterthanorequalto1.2,
3.2.4 unsheared oil, n—the test oil, prior to shearing.
calculate PSSI using the equation:
4. Summary of Practice
PSSI 5 100 3 ~V – V !/~V – V ! (2)
0 s 0 b
4.1 An index is calculated representing the change, due to
where:
shearing,inanadditive’scontributiontoalubricant’sviscosity.
PSSI = Permanent Shear Stability Index,
A low index represents high resistance to permanent change.
V = viscosity of the unsheared oil,
4.2 Oils can be sheared by many means, including bench
V = viscosity of the sheared oil, and
s
tests designed for that purpose, engine tests, and field service.
V = viscosity of the base fluid.
b
A PSSI can be calculated for each. These indices can be used
6.3.1 Viscosities shall be measured using the same test
to compare the shearing severity of each test.
method at the same conditions of temperature and shear rate or
NOTE 1—Some methods, especially engine tests and field service, may shear stress and reported in the same units.
include conditions where other effects (for example, evaporative loss,
NOTE 5—If V is close in value to V , that is if the degree of thickening
oxidation, fuel dilution, soot accumulation, and so forth.) contribute to
b 0
is small, the denominator in Eq 2 approaches zero, and the precision of
viscosity changes. The PSSI calculated from these types of service may
PSSI becomes unacceptable.Aminimum degree of thickening of 1.2 was
not be representative of pure shearing.
chosen to avoid meaningless calculations of PSSI.
4.2.1 ASTM tests commonly used to shear oils include Test
6.3.2 For example, an additive is added to a base fluid of
...

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5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
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5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) and kinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kinematic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.  
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5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm 2/s, respectively.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6616-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is thought to be particularly representative of bearing conditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperature regime.  
5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.  
5.3 For other industry needs this method may also be run at 80 °C by using different crossover calibration oils available from the manufacturer. No precision has been determined at this temperature. The equipment is also used at higher temperatures as shown in Test Method D4683 and CEC L-36-90 (also referenced from IP 370).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·106s–1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2
Note 1: This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.  
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s (cP) at 100 °C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS.  
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·106s–1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.  
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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