ASTM D6178-97(2003)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Estimation of Short-Term Inhalation Exposure to Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
Standard Practice for Estimation of Short-Term Inhalation Exposure to Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The objective of this practice is to provide procedures for estimation of human inhalation exposure to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated inhalation exposure can be used as an input to characterization of health risks from short-term VOC exposures.
The results of exposure estimation for specific raw materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative impacts on exposures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimation of short-term human inhalation exposure to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) emitted from bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a house.
1.2 The estimated exposure is based on an estimated emission profile of VOCs from bedding sets.
1.3 The VOC emission from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are applicable to used bedding sets.
1.4 Exposure to airborne VOC emissions in a residence is estimated for a household member, based on location and activity patterns.
1.5 The estimated exposure may be used for characterization of health risks that could result from short-term exposures to VOC emissions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
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Designation:D6178–97 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for
Estimation of Short-term Inhalation Exposure to Volatile
Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6178; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions and terms used in this
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimation of
short-term human inhalation exposure to volatile organic practice, refer to Terminology D 1356.
chemicals (VOCs) emitted from bedding sets when a new 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
bedding set is first brought into a house. 3.2.1 air change rate, n—the volume of outdoor air that
1.2 The estimated exposure is based on an estimated emis- enters the indoor environment in one hour, divided by the
sion profile of VOCs from bedding sets. volume of the indoor space.
1.3 The VOC emission from bedding sets, as in the case of 3.2.2 bedding set, n—an ensemble that includes a mattress
other household furnishings, usually are highest when the for sleeping and a supporting box spring.
products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are 3.2.3 emission profile, n—a time-series of emission rates of
applicable to used bedding sets. one or more compounds.
1.4 Exposure to airborne VOC emissions in a residence is 3.2.4 exposure scenario, n—adescriptionofhowandwhere
estimated for a household member, based on location and an estimated exposure occurs, including (1) the location and
activity patterns. emission profile of the product or material that causes expo-
1.5 The estimated exposure may be used for characteriza- sure, (2) the indoor environment where the individual is
tion of health risks that could result from short-term exposures exposed to airborne emissions from the product or material,
to VOC emissions. and (3) the location and activity patterns of the exposed
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the individual.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.5 potential inhaled dose, n—the product of air concen-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tration to which an individual is exposed times breathing rate
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- times duration of exposure.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to its use. 3.2.5.1 Discussion—The potential inhaled dose is different
from the dose actually absorbed by a target organ.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.6 short-term exposure, n—an exposure of one week or
2.1 ASTM Standards: less in duration.
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
3.2.7 volatile organic chemical, n—an organic compound
–2
Atmospheres with saturation vapor pressure greater than 10 kPa at 25°C.
D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-
4. Summary of Practice
terminations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/
Products 4.1 This practice describes procedures for estimation of
D 5157 Guide for Statistical Evaluation of IndoorAir Qual- inhalation exposure to VOCs emitted from new bedding sets
ity Models (1) . The estimation of exposure is based on the emission
D 6177 Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Vola- profiles for a bedding set, the environmental conditions in a
tile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets residence where the bedding set is being used, and the location
and activity patterns of an exposed individual. Emission
profiles are derived from environmental chamber emission
tests (2) (see GuideD5116 and Practice D 6177).
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Sampling
and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4.2 Estimation of exposure involves development of expo-
D22.05 on Indoor Air.
sure scenarios, modeling of indoor-air concentrations, and
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally
selection and calculation of exposure measures.
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6178 - 97.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. the standard.
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D6178–97 (2003)
5. Significance and Use chemical emissions from the bedding set. See X1.2 for
examples of location and activity patterns.
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures
6.3 Modeling of Indoor-air Concentrations:
for estimation of human inhalation exposure to VOCs emitted
6.3.1 The two major steps in modeling are selection of a
from bedding sets. The estimated inhalation exposure can be
used as an input to characterization of health risks from model and provision of model input parameters.
short-term VOC exposures. 6.3.2 Model Selection—Select a model that is capable of
5.2 The results of exposure estimation for specific raw estimating indoor-air concentrations in multiple zones and
materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing allows the user to specify various types of emission profiles in
different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative addition to the indoor zones, their volumes, their interzonal
impacts on exposures. airflow rates, and zonal airflow rates to and from the outdoors.
Three models that are known to meet these criteria are
6. Procedures for Exposure Estimation CONTAM (4), EXPOSURE (5), and MCCEM (6). All three
models have been developed by or for U.S. government
6.1 The procedures for exposure estimation include devel-
agencies, and are therefore in the public domain. Each model
opment of exposure scenarios, modeling of indoor-air concen-
has advantages and disadvantages in terms of completeness,
trations, selection and calculation of exposure measures, and
simulation capabilities, the user interface, and how it addresses
model evaluation.
exposure. For example, CONTAM has the capability of calcu-
6.2 Development of Exposure Scenarios:
lating airflows among zones whereas for EXPOSURE and
6.2.1 An exposure scenario describes how and where expo-
MCCEM, the airflows need to be specified by the user;
sure occurs. In specifying the exposure scenario(s), include a
MCCEM includes a library of airflow rates for selected
description of (1) the emitting product or material, in terms of
residences.
its age, emission profile, and location, (2) the indoor environ-
6.3.3 Model Inputs—Inadditiontoemissionprofiles,indoor
ment where exposure occurs, and (3) the location and activity
zones, and location and activity patterns as previously de-
patterns of an exposed individual.
scribed, specify (1) an air change rate for the residence, (2)
6.2.2 Emitting Product or Material—For this practice, the
airflow rates among the indoor zones, and (3) parameters
emitting product is a bedding set. Specify the assumed age,
related to indoor sinks. Some models may also require or allow
emission profile, indoor location, and size of the bedding set of
the user to choose a time step.
interest.
6.3.3.1 Select a value for the air change rate for the
6.2.2.1 Foraconservativeestimateofexposure,assumethat
residence to be modeled. The air change rate for the residence
the bedding set has just been purchased and the wrapper is not
–1
with the outdoors has units of inverse hours (h ).Ameasured
removed until it is placed in the residence.
value for the residence representing the conditions to be
6.2.2.2 Estimate the emission profile using adjusted cham-
modeled, if available, should be used as a first choice. An
ber air concentrations (Practice D 6177).
alternative is to select a value based on appropriate cases in the
6.2.2.3 Theindoorlocationforthebeddingsetisassumedto
literature. For example, a conservative value in the range from
be a bedroom.
–1
0.1 to 0.2 h and a central value in the range from 0.4 to 0.6
6.2.2.4 Selectasizeofbeddingsetthatisappropriateforthe
–1
h were reported by Koontz and Rector (7) based on an
size of the bedroom.
analysis of measurements from several residential field studies.
6.2.3 Indoor Environment:
Representative values for the residential building stock are not
6.2.3.1 Conceptualize the indoor environment as consisting
available.
of the following three zones: (1) the immediate vicinity of the
6.3.3.2 Multiply the air change rate by the zonal volume to
bedding set; (2) the remainder of the bedroom in which the
3 –1
obtain the airflow rate to and from the outdoors, in m h .The
bedding set is located; and (3) the remainder of the house.
simplifying assumption can be made that each zone has a
Specify a volume for the entire residence and for each of the
balanced inflow and outflow with respect to outdoors. While
zones. For a typical volume of the total residence, use the
this is generally not the case in a real building, one must have
average value (369 m ) listed in the Exposure Factors Hand-
measured interzonal airflow rates or rates that were calculated
book (3). For a conservative value of the residential volume,
3 3
with a multi-zone airflow model (such as CONTAM) to avoid
use one of the 10th percentile values (147 m or 167 m ) listed
using this assumption.
in the Exposure Factors Handbook. See X1.1 for example
6.3.3.3 Use measured values, if available, for interzonal
calculations to determine the volumes for the bedroom and the
airflow rates between the bedroom and the remainder of the
vicinity of the bedding set.
house. Alternatively, interzonal flows can be estimated using
6.2.3.2 Tosimplifycalculations,theindoorenvironmentcan
the CONTAM model (or some other multizone airflow model)
be considered as consisting of just two zones, the bedroom and
or an equation such as the following:
the remainder of the house. Such calculations would result in
less realistic yet useful estimates for screening purposes.
Q 5 V ~0.078 1 0.31N! (1)
6.2.4 Location and Activity Patterns—Specify the locations
of an exposed individual throughout a 24-h (or longer) period
where:
in relation to the two or three indoor zones previously
3 –1
Q = interzonal flow rate, m h
described . Also specify the time spent outside the house,
V = volume of the house, m , and
during which the individual is assumed not to be exposed to
D6178–97 (2003)
–1
integrating across contiguous time periods in each zone as
N = air change rate of the house, h .
previously described for the potential inhaled dos
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