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ASTM C1211-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures. Four-point-1/4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2002
ICS
81.060.99 - Other standards related to ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1211-98a - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Replaced By
ASTM C1211-02(2008) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jan-2008
Referred By
ASTM C1683-10(2019) - Standard Practice for Size Scaling of Tensile Strengths Using Weibull Statistics for Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1465-08(2019) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1495-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for Effect of Surface Grinding on Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1341-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1322-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1469-22 - Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Joints of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1834-16 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Flexural Testing (Stress Rupture) at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Dec-2002

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ASTM C1211-02 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated TemperaturesASTM C1211-02 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
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ASTM C1211-02 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 1211 – 02
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated
1
Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
5
1. Scope* Comparison Techniques
E230 Temperature Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural
5
2
Standardized Thermocouples
strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.
2.2 Military Standard:
1
Four-point- ⁄4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed
MIL-STD1942(A) Flexural Strength of High Performance
spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed
6
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed
specimen-fixture combinations.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1 Definitions:
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—theportionofthespecimen
only.
between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
three-point flexure fixtures.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- is twice the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analyses, in
this instance, only include portions of the specimen volume or surface
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
which experience tensile stresses.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate strength
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of a specified beam in bending.
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
3.1.3 four-point-1/4 point flexure—a configuration of flex-
3
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
ural strength testing in which a specimen is symmetrically
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
loaded at two locations that are situated at one-quarter of the
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
overall span, away from the outer two support bearings (see
3
Ceramics
Fig. 1).
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
3.1.4 fully-articulating fixture, n—aflexurefixturedesigned
3
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
to be used either with flat and parallel specimens or with
C1341 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous
uneven or nonparallel specimens. The fixture allows full
3
Fiber Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
independent articulation, or pivoting, of all rollers about the
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
specimenlongaxistomatchthespecimensurface.Inaddition,
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
the upper or lower pairs are free to pivot to distribute force
3
Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Ambient Temperature
evenly to the bearing cylinders on either side.
C1465 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
NOTE 2—See Annex A2 for schematic illustrations of the required
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
pivoting movements.
3
Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Elevated Temperatures
NOTE 3—A three-point fixture has the inner pair of bearing cylinders
4
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
replaced by a single bearing cylinder.
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by
3.1.5 inert flexural strength, n—ameasureofthestrengthof
a specified beam specimen in bending as determined in an
appropriate inert condition whereby no slow crack growth
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
occurs.
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published June 2003. Originally
5
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C1211-98a. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
2 6
Elevatedtemperaturestypicallydenote,butarenotrestrictedto200to1600°C. AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01. RobbinsAve., Philadelphia, PA19111-5094.This document is a 1990 update of the
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. original MIL-STD 1942(MR), dated November 1983.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 1211 – 02
4.2 The flexur
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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.  
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
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5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
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FIG. 1 Block Diagram of Typical Test Apparatus  
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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
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1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
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5.1 Advanced ceramics usually display a linear stress-strain behavior to failure. Lack of ductility combined with flaws that have various sizes and orientations leads to scatter in failure strength. Strength is not a deterministic property, but instead reflects an intrinsic fracture toughness and a distribution (size and orientation) of flaws present in the material. This practice is applicable to brittle monolithic ceramics that fail as a result of catastrophic propagation of flaws present in the material. This practice is also applicable to composite ceramics that do not exhibit any appreciable bilinear or nonlinear deformation behavior. In addition, the composite must contain a sufficient quantity of uniformly distributed reinforcements such that the material is effectively homogeneous. Whisker-toughened ceramic composites may be representative of this type of material.  
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5.3 Tensile and flexural test specimens are the most commonly used test configurations for advanced ceramics. The observed strength values are dependent on test specimen size and geometry. Parameter estimates can be computed for a given test specimen geometry ( m^, ^σθ), but it is suggested that the paramet...
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard per IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1291-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time to Failure for Monolithic Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation under force at a given temperature, and, by implication, the force-carrying capability of the material for limited deformations. Creep rupture tests, properly interpreted, provide a measure of the force-carrying capability of the material as a function of time and temperature. The two tests complement each other in defining the force-carrying capability of a material for a given period of time. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for force-carrying capability that best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.2 This test method may be used for material development, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.3 High-strength, monolithic ceramic materials, generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.4 Data obtained for design and predictive purposes shall be obtained using any appropriate combination of test methods that provide the most relevant information for the applications being considered. It is noted here that ceramic materials tend to creep more rapidly in tension than in compression (1-3).4 This difference results in time-dependent changes in the stress distribution and the position of the neutral axis when tests are conducted in flexure. As a consequence, deconvolution of flexural creep data to obtain the constitutive equations needed for design cannot be achieved without some degree of uncertainty concerning the form of the creep equations, and the magnitude of the creep rate in tension vis-a-vis the creep rate in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction shall be obtained in both tension and compression, as well as the expected service stress state.
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ASTM C1275-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics with Solid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites generally characterized by fine grain-sized (  
4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, the volume of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strengths of CFCCs. However, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CFCCs, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CFCCs have not been completed. It should be noted that tensile strengths obtained using different recommended tensile specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume differences.  
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4.5 The results of tensile t...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile behavior including tensile strength and stress-strain response under monotonic uniaxial loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional (3D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1D, 2D, and 3D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 and 8.2.5.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance...

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ASTM
ASTM C1337-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Creep and Creep Rupture of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics Under Tensile Loading at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance and toughness at high temperatures.  
4.3 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant load at a given temperature. Creep rupture tests provide a measure of the life of the material when subjected to constant mechanical loading at elevated temperatures. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for load-carrying capability which best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.4 Creep and creep rupture tests provide information on the time-dependent deformation and on the time-of-failure of materials subjected to uniaxial tensile stresses at elevated temperatures. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by test mode, test rate, processing or alloying effects, environmental influences, or elevated temperatures. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth. It is noted that ceramic materials typically creep more rapidly in tension than in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction should be obtained in both tension and compression.  
4.5 The results of tensile creep and tensile creep rupture tests of specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the creep deformation and creep rupture properties of the entire, full-size end p...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the time-dependent deformation and time-to-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites under constant tensile loading at elevated temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, allowable bending, temperature measurements, temperature control, data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use with all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1-D), bidirectional (2-D), and tridirectional (3-D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass matrix composites with 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not address directly discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Hazard statements are noted in 7.1 and 7.2.

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ASTM
ASTM C1211-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.  
4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not necessarily be the...
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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