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ASTM D4712-87a(2001)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings

Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing water-reducible coatings, both pigmented and clear, utilizing synthetic lattices, synthetic resin emulsions, or water-reducible alkyds. The methods included are listed in Table 1. Where more than one standard is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one standard over another. Selection of the standards to be followed must be governed by experience and the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between producer and user.  
1.2 This guide covers the testing of liquid coatings as applied by conventional spray, airless spray, electrostatic spray, dip, fancoat, flowcoat, roller coat, and curtain coat.  
1.3 This guide includes procedures relating to proper and safe packaging, shipping and receiving, and storage and handling during use and application.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
87.040 - Paints and varnishes
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.55 - Factory Applied Coatings on Preformed Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4712-87a(1996) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D4712-87a(2005) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)
Effective Date
15-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM G195-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM D4712-87a(2001) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible CoatingsASTM D4712-87a(2001) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings
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ASTM D4712-87a(2001) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4712–87a(Reapproved2001)
Standard Guide for
Testing Industrial Water-Reducible Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4712; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 215 Practice for the ChemicalAnalysis of White Linseed
Oil Paints
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures
D 344 Test Method for Relative Hiding Power of Paints by
for testing water-reducible coatings, both pigmented and clear,
the Visual Evaluation of Brushouts
utilizing synthetic latices, synthetic resin emulsions, or water-
D 522 Test Method for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
reducible alkyds. The methods included are listed in Table 1.
Organic Coatings
Where more than one standard is listed for the same charac-
D 523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
teristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one
D 562 Test Method for Consistency of Paints Using the
standardoveranother.Selectionofthestandardstobefollowed
Stormer Viscometer
must be governed by experience and the requirements in each
D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
individualcase,togetherwithagreementbetweenproducerand
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
user.
Related Coating Products
1.2 This guide covers the testing of liquid coatings as
D 610 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on
appliedbyconventionalspray,airlessspray,electrostaticspray,
Painted Steel Surfaces
dip, fancoat, flowcoat, roller coat, and curtain coat.
D 658 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
1.3 This guide includes procedures relating to proper and
Coatings by the Air Blast Abrasive
safe packaging, shipping and receiving, and storage and
D 659 Method for Evaluating Degree of Chalking of Exte-
handling during use and application.
rior Paints
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Exterior Paints
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Exterior Paints
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D 662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
2. Referenced Documents
Exterior Paints
D 714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Paints
B 117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
D 772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
Apparatus
ing) of Exterior Paints
B 287 Method of Acetic Acid-Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
D 822 Practice for Conducting Tests on Paint and Related
D 16 Terminology Relating to Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and
Coatings and Materials Using Filtered Open-Flame
Related Products
Carbon-Arc Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
Closed Tester
D 869 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Settling of
D 185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments,
Paint
Pastes, and Paints
D 870 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
Using Water Immersion
D 968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and 4
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
D 1005 Test Methods for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
Subcommittee D01.55 on Factory-Applied Coatings on Preformed Products.
Current edition approved June 26 and Oct. 30, 1987. Published December 1987. ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Discontinued; See 1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.
Discontinued; see 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Discontinued; see 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4712
D 1014 Test Method for Conducting Exterior Exposure D 2197 Test Methods forAdhesion of Organic Coatings by
4 4
Tests of Paints on Steel Scrape Adhesion
D 1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re- D 2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc-
sistivity of Water Alloy-Coated Steel Panels for Testing Paint and Related
D 1150 Single and Multi-Panel Forms for Recording Re- Coating Products
sults of Exposure Tests of Paints D 2243 Test Method for Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Water-
D 1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Borne Paints
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
a Ferrous Base from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D 1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup D 2246 Test Method for Finishes on Primed Metallic Sub-
D 1210 TestMethodforFinenessofDispersionofPigment- strates for Humidity-Thermal Cycle Cracking
Vehicle Systems D 2247 PracticeforTestingWaterResistanceofCoatingsin
D 1212 Test Methods for Measurement of Wet Film Thick-
100 % Relative Humidity
ness of Organic Coatings D 2248 Practice for Detergent Resistance of Organic Fin-
D 1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on
ishes
Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes
D 2353 Test Method for Flow Ratings of Organic Coatings
D 1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of
Using the Shell Flow Comparator
DryFilmThicknessofNonconductiveCoatingsAppliedto
D 2354 Test Method for Minimum Film Formation Tem-
a Nonferrous Metal Base
perature (MFT) of Emulsion Vehicles
D 1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic
D 2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
Coatings
D 2371 Test Method for Pigment Content of Solvent-
D 1475 TestMethodforDensityofPaint,Varnish,Lacquers
Reducible Paints
and Related Products
D 2454 Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking
D 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-
on Organic Coatings
tem
D 2574 Test Method for Resistance of Emulsion Paints in
D 1540 Practice for Effect of Chemical Agents on Organic
the Container to Attack by Microorganisms
Finishes Used in the Transportation Industry
D 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
D 1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Forma-
ence With a Gray Scale
tion of Organic Coatings at Room Temperature
D 2691 Test Methods for Microscopical Measurement of
D 1653 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of
Dry Film Thickness of Coatings on Wood Products
Organic Coating Films
D 2697 Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in
D 1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated
Clear or Pigmented Coatings
Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments
D 2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to
D 1729 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Color Differences
the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
of Opaque Materials
D 2803 Test Method for Filiform Corrosion Resistance of
D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
Organic Coatings on Metal
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
D 2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
D 1731 Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip Aluminum
tometry
Surfaces for Painting
D 2933 Test Method for Corrosion Resistance of Coated
D 1732 Practices for Preparation of Magnesium Alloy Sur-
Steel Specimens (Cyclic Method)
faces for Painting
D 3002 Guide for Evaluation of Coatings Applied to Plas-
D 1735 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
tics
Using Water Fog Apparatus
D 3023 Practice for Determination of Resistance of
D 1737 Test Method for Elongation of Attached Organic
Factory-Applied Coatings onWood Products to Stains and
Coatings with Cylindrical Mandrel Apparatus
Reagents
D 1848 Classification for Reporting Paint Film Failures
D 3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Toler-
Characteristic of Exterior Latex Paints
ances
D 1849 Test Method for Package Stability of Paint
D 3168 Practice for the Qualitative Identification of Poly-
D 2091 Test Method for Print Resistance of Lacquers 4
mers in Emulsion Paints
D 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)
D 3170 Test Method for Chipping Resistance of Coatings
Steel Surfaces for Painting
D 3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small
D 2196 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-
Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield) Type
D 3281 Test Method for Formability of Attached Organic
Viscometer
Coatings with Impact-Wedge Bend Apparatus
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Discontinued; see 1992 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
12 14
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05. Discontinued; see 1990 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
13 15
Discontinued; see 1987 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. Discontinued; see 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
D4712
D 3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape 6. General Requirements
Test
6.1 Tests and observations shall be at standard laboratory
D 3361 Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure
conditions as specified in Specification D 3924 unless other-
Apparatus (Unfiltered Carbon-ArcType) forTesting Paint,
wise specified or agreed upon by the producer and user.
Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products Using the Dew
Cycle
7. Sampling and Specimen Preparation
D 3793 Test Method for Low-Temperature Coalescence of
7.1 Sample the water-reducible coatings in accordance with
Latex Paint Films
Practice D 3925.
D 3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-
7.2 Prepare specimens as required for the specific tests on
tioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
the liquid coating and the dry coating.
Materials
D 3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
8. Conditions Affecting Performance
Pigmented Coatings
8.1 Practical requirements and performance of water-
D 3928 Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen
7 reducible coatings may vary with:
Uniformity
8.1.1 Type of substrate.
D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
4 8.1.2 Substrate condition, for example, porosity, hardness,
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
smoothness, flexibility, etc.
D 4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down
7 8.1.3 Type, quality, and suitability of the surface treatment
Method
or primer used under the water-reducible coating and the time
D 4399 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Conductivity
4 before coating application.
of Electrocoat Baths
8.1.4 Application methods and techniques.
D 4585 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings
4 8.1.5 Contaminants on the surface of the substrate.
Using Controlled Condensation
8.1.6 Environmental conditions such as temperature and
D 4587 Practice for Conducting Tests on Paint and Related
relative humidity.
Coatings and Materials Using a Fluorescent UV-
4 8.1.7 Damage to container, size, and type of container.
Condensation Light- and Water-Exposure Apparatus
8.1.8 Storage variables, for example storage time, excessive
E 70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with the
16 temperature fluctuations that may cause physical or chemical
Glass Electrode
17 change. Special needs arise due to carbon dioxide absorption,
2.2 U.S. Federal Test Method Standard No. 141c:
dissolved metal compatibility, and ultrafiltration treatments.
2131.1 Application of Sprayed Films
3011.1 Test Method
9. Liquid Coatings Properties
3011.2 Condition in Container
9.1 ConditioninContainer—Thickening,settling,andsepa-
4331.1 Test Method
ration are undesirable and objectionable if a liquid coating
cannot be reconditioned and made suitable for application with
3. Terminology
a reasonable amount of stirring. The referenced method covers
3.1 Definitions:
procedures for determining changes in properties after storage.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
Determine the condition in the container in accordance with
Terminology D 16.
Test Method 3011.1 of U.S. Federal Test Method Standard No.
141c.
4. Significance and Use
9.2 Coarse Particles and Foreign Matter—Toformuniform
4.1 This compilation of standards is intended to provide
films of good appearance, the liquid coating must be free of
assistance in selecting appropriate tests for evaluating water-
coarse particles as agreed upon between the producer and the
reducible coatings and for determining what characteristics
user,atypicalmaximumbeing1 %byweightofthetotalpaint.
should be considered for a given end use. Either single-coat
Determine coarse particles and foreign matter in accordance
operations or multicoat systems may be addressed by the
with Test Methods D 185.
proper selection of tests. Results from the various tests are not
9.3 Density or Weight Per Gallon—The density as mea-
allnecessarilyusefulinevaluatingtheperformanceofdifferent
sured by weight per gallon is used to help assure product
systems for various end uses. The list can be useful to those
uniformity from batch to batch. In the referenced test method,
developing coatings and coating systems and to those seeking
the density is expressed as the weight in pounds avoirdupois of
coating systems for products.
1 U.S. gal or the weight in kilograms of 1 L of the paint at a
specified temperature. A calibrated weight-per-gallon cup is
5. Equipment
used. Determine the density in accordance with Test Method
5.1 Use the equipment as specified in each standard.
D 1475.
9.4 Fineness of Dispersion—The more finely a pigment is
dispersed,themoreefficientlyitisbeingused.Onetestmethod
for measuring the degree of dispersion (commonly referred to
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
as “fineness of grind”) is to draw the material down a
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D,
700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. calibrated, tapered groove in a hardened steel block with the
D4712
groove varying in depth from 4 to 0 mils (100 to 0 µm). The 9.12 Surface Tension—A
...

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ASTM
ASTM D6441-05(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Contrast ratio at a specified film thickness is a useful hiding power parameter for production control and purchasing specifications.  
5.2 The greater the hiding power, the less coating is required per unit area to obtain adequate hiding. Knowledge of hiding power is therefore important in regard to coating costs and for comparing coating value.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine and report the hiding power of a powder coating with respect to two parameters:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Contrast Ratio at a given film thickness  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Film thickness at 0.98 (98 %) contrast ratio.
Note 1: The measured parameters follow powder coating industry practice by measuring hiding power in relation to film thickness, rather than the “Spreading Rate” function employed in Test Methods D344 and D2805 and other hiding power test methods.
Note 2: Hiding power is photometrically defined as the spreading rate at 0.98 contrast ratio. See definitions of spreading rate and hiding power in Terminology D16, D2805, and the Paint and Coatings Testing Manual.
Note 3: The contrast ratio 0.98 is conventionally accepted in the coatings industry as representing “complete” hiding for reflectometric hiding power measurements. But visually, as well as photometrically, it is slightly less than complete.  
1.2 These test methods cover the determination of the hiding power of powder coatings applied by electrostatic spraying.  
1.3 These test methods determine hiding power by means of reflectometric and thickness gauge measurements. They are limited to coatings having a minimum CIE-Y reflectance of 15 %.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4958-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As the brush drag of a paint increases, any natural tendency on the part of the painter to overspread the paint is reduced. When all other factors are held constant, increased brush drag will result in greater film thickness with consequent improvement in durability and hiding. Conversely, sometimes it might be preferred to have a lesser degree of brush drag for easier application (that is, the amount of time and effort in applying a paint to a specific area is reduced with a lesser degree of brush drag).  
5.2 This test method provides a standardized brushout procedure for the evaluation of brush drag as an alternative to customary informal ad hoc procedures. Its objective is to maximize the reliability and precision with which this characteristic may be determined.
Note 1: The brush drag of paints is directly related to their high-shear viscosity. There is generally good rank order agreement between results obtained by this method and Test Method D4287. The sensitivity of this brushout method has been found sufficient to distinguish between brushability corresponding to high-shear viscosity differences not lower than 0.3 poise (0.03 Pa.s). Round robin data show that rank order agreement between the brushout and viscometric methods is poor when both latex and solvent-borne paints are part of the same comparison group. This is the result of these two paint types having markedly different rheological properties that affect the relative perception of brush drag.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standardized brushout procedure for comparing the brush drag of architectural type solvent-borne paints.  
1.2 With slight modifications this test method is also applicable to solvent-borne paints.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D2794-93(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coatings attached to substrates are subjected to damaging impacts during the manufacture of articles and their use in service. In its use over many years, this test method for impact resistance has been found to be useful in predicting the performance of organic coatings for their ability to resist cracking caused by impacts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapidly deforming by impact a coating film and its substrate and for evaluating the effect of such deformation.  
1.2 This test method should be restricted to testing in only one laboratory when numerical values are used because of the poor reproducibility of the method. Interlaboratory agreement is improved when ranking is used in place of numerical values.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    3 pages
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