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ASTM E84-06a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard for the comparative surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface, or secured from the back side.
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the relative burning behavior of the material by observing the flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily a relationship between these two measurements.
1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be tested without such support. These test results do not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without such support.
1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
13.220.50 - Fire-resistance of building materials and elements
91.100.01 - Construction materials in general
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.22 - Surface Burning
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E84-06 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E84-07 - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1696-20 - Standard Guide for Industrial Thermal Insulation Systems
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D3806-19a - Standard Test Method of Small-Scale Evaluation of Fire-Retardant Paints (2-Foot Tunnel Method)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1822-21 - Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked Chairs
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM E605/E605M-19(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Material (SFRM) Applied to Structural Members
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM E970-17e1 - Standard Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Exposed Attic Floor Insulation Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1728-23 - Standard Specification for Flexible Aerogel Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4000-23 - Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM E162-22 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM E136-22 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1841-23 - Standard Specification for Interior Radiation Control Coating (IRCC) for Building Applications
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7258-23 - Standard Specification for Polymeric Piles
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2231-21 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

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ASTM E84-06a - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsASTM E84-06a - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
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ASTM E84-06a - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E84–06a
Standard Test Method for
1
Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE84;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
1.1 This fire-test-response standard for the comparative
actual fire conditions.
surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the
specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural
2. Referenced Documents
quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or secured from the back side.
A390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the
Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)
relative burning behavior of the material by observing the
C1186 Specification for Flat Non-Asbestos Fiber-Cement
flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke
Sheets
developedindexarereported.However,thereisnotnecessarily
C1396/C1396M Specification for Gypsum Board
a relationship between these two measurements.
D4442 TestMethodsforDirectMoistureContentMeasure-
1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index
D4444 TestMethodsforUseandCalibrationofHand-Held
from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be
Moisture Meters
tested without such support. These test results do not neces-
E69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated
sarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without
Wood by the Fire-Tube Apparatus
such support.
E136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical
1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to
Tube Furnace at 750°C
suchadegreethatthecontinuityoftheflamefrontisdestroyed,
E160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated
resultsinlowflamespreadindicesthatdonotrelatedirectlyto
3
Wood by the Crib Test
indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.
E162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
as the standard.
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
E286 Method ofTest for Surface Flammability of Building
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
3
Materials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace
notes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be
E2231 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
considered as requirements of the standard.
Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the
Burning Characteristics
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
E2404 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
PaperorVinylWallorCeilingCoveringstoAssessSurface
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Burning. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E84–06. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E84–06a
Burning Characteristics 4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the tested
surface.
3. Terminology 4.3.2 The effect o
...

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ASTM E84-23c(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide only comparative measurements of surface flame spread and smoke density measurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure conditions described herein.  
4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32 m) long by 20-in. (508 mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow and flaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along the entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 51/2 min.  
4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:  
4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.  
4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of an assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls and ceilings.  
4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible, by means of a flame spread index by itself.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard for the comparative surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface, or secured from the back side.  
1.2 Test Method E84 is a 10-min fire-test response method. The following standards address testing of materials in accordance with test methods that are applications or variations of the test method or apparatus used for Test Method E84:  
1.2.1 Materials required by the user to meet an extended 30-min duration tunnel test shall be tested in accordance with Test Method E2768.  
1.2.2 Wires and cables for use in air-handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 262.  
1.2.3 Pneumatic tubing for control systems shall be tested in accordance with UL 1820.  
1.2.4 Combustible sprinkler piping shall be tested in accordance with UL 1887.  
1.2.5 Optical fiber and communications raceways for use in air handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with UL 2024.  
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to determine the relative burning behavior of the material by observing the flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily a relationship between these two measurements.  
1.4 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be tested without such support. These test results do not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without such support.  
1.5 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
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ASTM E1623-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat release rate of materials, products, and assemblies. Other parameters are the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to ignition, smoke and gas production, emissivity, and surface temperature. Examples of test specimens are assemblies of materials or products that are tested in their end-use thickness. Therefore, the test method is suitable for assessing the heat release rate of a wall assembly.  
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.  
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.  
5.5 Test Limitations:  
5.5.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.  
5.5.2 Exercise caution in interpreting results of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate during a test. Report observations of such behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure with or without an external ignitor.  
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, visible smoke development, and gas release of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This test method is also suitable for determining many of the parameters or values needed as input for computer fire models. Examples of these values include effective heat of combustion, surface temperature, ignition temperature, and emissivity.  
1.4 This test method is also intended to provide information about other fire parameters such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, radiative and convective heat transfer coefficients, flame radiation factor, air entrainment rates, flame temperatures, minimum surface temperatures for upward and downward flame spread, heat of gasification, nondimensional heat of gasification (1)2 and the Φ flame spread parameter (see Test Method E1321). While some studies have indicated that this test method is suitable for determining these fire parameters, insufficient testing and research have been done to justify inclusion of the corresponding testing and calculating procedures.  
1.5 The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). The procedure is specified in 11.1. Smoke development is quantified by measuring the obscuration of light by the combustion product stream (exhaust duct).  
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ASTM E136-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Materials that pass this test by complying with the criteria in Section 15 are typically classified as noncombustible materials.  
5.2 While actual building fire exposure conditions are not duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those materials which do not act to aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of the combustibility of building materials. Materials passing this test are typically classified as noncombustible materials.  
1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method are shown below.  
1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.  
1.2.2 This test method is not suitable or satisfactory for materials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwise separate from the measuring thermocouple.  
1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of an intrinsic property.  
1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitative measure of heat generation or combustibility; it simply serves as a test method with selected (end point) measures of combustibility.  
1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heating tendencies of materials.  
1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in the nature and form used in building applications. The test specimen consists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cut from a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses of thin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of granular powder or loose-fiber materials.  
1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific test apparatus and test conditions and are likely to vary when changes are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size, shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution of organic content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the air supply; (5) the location of thermocouples.  
1.3 This test method includes two options, both of which use a furnace to expose test specimens of building materials to a temperature of 750 °C (1382 °F).  
1.3.1 The furnace for the apparatus for Option A consists of a ceramic tube containing an electric heating coil, and two concentric vertical refractory tubes.  
1.3.2 The furnace for the apparatus for Option B (Test Method E2652) consists of an enclosed refractory tube surrounded by a heating coil with a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.  
1.4 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
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Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the duration for which the types of building elements noted in 1.1 contain a fire, retain their structural integrity, or exhibit both properties during a predetermined test exposure.  
4.2 The test exposes a test specimen to a standard fire controlled to achieve specified temperatures throughout a specified time period. When required, the fire exposure is followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose stream applied in accordance with Practice E2226. The test provides a relative measure of the fire-test-response of comparable building elements under these fire exposure conditions. The exposure is not representative of all fire conditions because conditions vary with changes in the amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. Variation from the test conditions or test specimen construction, such as size, materials, method of assembly, also affects the fire-test-response. For these reasons, evaluation of the variation is required for application to construction in the field.  
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4.3.1.1 Measurement of the transmission of heat.
4.3.1.2 Measurement of the transmission of hot gases through the test specimen.
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4.3.2.1 Measurement of the load carrying ability under the test exposure with consideration for the end support conditions (that is, restrained or not restrained).  
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4.4.1 Information as to performance of test specimens constructed with components or lengths other than those tested.  
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SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are applicable to assemblies of masonry units and to composite assemblies of structural materials for buildings, including loadbearing and other walls and partitions, columns, girders, beams, slabs, and composite slab and beam assemblies for floors and roofs. They are also applicable to other assemblies and structural units that constitute permanent integral parts of a finished building.  
1.2 It is the intent that classifications shall register comparative performance to specific fire-test conditions during the period of exposure and shall not be construed as having determined suitability under other conditions or for use after fire exposure.  
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the test results of building construction assemblies. The results of these tests are one factor in assessing predicted fire performance of building construction and assemblies. Application of these test results to predict the performance of actual building construction requires the evaluation of test conditions.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method addresses the fundamental aspects of piloted ignition and flame spread. The procedure is suitable for the derivation of relevant material flammability parameters that include minimum exposure levels for ignition, thermal-inertia values, and flame-spread properties.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response standard determines material properties related to piloted ignition of a vertically oriented sample under a constant and uniform heat flux and to lateral flame spread on a vertical surface due to an externally applied radiant-heat flux.  
1.2 The results of this test method provide a minimum surface flux and temperature necessary for ignition ( q˙"o,ig, Tig) and for lateral spread ( q˙"o,s, Ts,min), an effective material thermal inertia value (kρc), and a flame-heating parameter (Φ) pertinent to lateral flame spread.  
1.3 The results of this test method are potentially useful to predict the time to ignition, t ig, and the velocity, V, of lateral flame spread on a vertical surface under a specified external flux without forced lateral airflow. Use the equations in Appendix X1 that govern the ignition and flame-spread processes and which have been used to correlate the data.  
1.4 This test method is potentially useful to obtain results of ignition and flame spread for materials. Data are reported in units for convenient use in current fire growth models.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2768-11(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Extended Duration Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials (30 min Tunnel Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is useful to establish the relative surface burning characteristics of materials or products under laboratory conditions for a 30 min test period.  
5.2 The performance characteristics in the conditions of classification are intended to be used in specific applications as required by building codes or other regulatory requirements or specifications.  
5.3 This test method does not provide the measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.  
5.4 This test method does not provide the classification or definition of a material or product as noncombustible, by means of the results from this standard test or flame spread index by itself.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this fire-test-response standard is to evaluate the ability of a product to limit the surface spread of flame when evaluated for 30 min. This fire-test-response standard uses the apparatus and procedure of Test Method E84 with the total test period extended to 30 min.  
1.2 Building applications affecting fire and life safety often require products with specific criteria for surface spread of flame and flame spread index. The resulting performance characteristics included in the conditions of classification for this fire-test-response standard are intended to be used for regulatory purposes to determine the suitability of materials or products for use in buildings under specified conditions where significantly reduced surface burning characteristics are required.  
1.3 Materials and products that are beyond the scope of Test Method E84 are beyond the scope of this standard.  
1.4 Materials or products which melt, drip or delaminate to the extent that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed are beyond the scope of this standard.
Note 1: Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame-front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place. Materials or products that melt, drip, or delaminate, or that cannot support their own weight, have the potential for demonstrating reduced flame spread results as compared to the flame spread results where the materials or products remain in place during testing.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E84-23c(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide only comparative measurements of surface flame spread and smoke density measurements with that of select grade red oak and fiber-cement board surfaces under the specific fire exposure conditions described herein.  
4.2 This test method exposes a nominal 24-ft (7.32 m) long by 20-in. (508 mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow and flaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along the entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 51/2 min.  
4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:  
4.3.1 Measurement of heat transmission through the tested surface.  
4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of an assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls and ceilings.  
4.3.3 Classifying or defining a material as noncombustible, by means of a flame spread index by itself.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard for the comparative surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position with the surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the specimen shall either be self-supporting by its own structural quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface, or secured from the back side.  
1.2 Test Method E84 is a 10-min fire-test response method. The following standards address testing of materials in accordance with test methods that are applications or variations of the test method or apparatus used for Test Method E84:  
1.2.1 Materials required by the user to meet an extended 30-min duration tunnel test shall be tested in accordance with Test Method E2768.  
1.2.2 Wires and cables for use in air-handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 262.  
1.2.3 Pneumatic tubing for control systems shall be tested in accordance with UL 1820.  
1.2.4 Combustible sprinkler piping shall be tested in accordance with UL 1887.  
1.2.5 Optical fiber and communications raceways for use in air handling spaces shall be tested in accordance with UL 2024.  
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to determine the relative burning behavior of the material by observing the flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily a relationship between these two measurements.  
1.4 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be tested without such support. These test results do not necessarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without such support.  
1.5 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to such a degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed, results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if a...

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ASTM
ASTM E1623-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat release rate of materials, products, and assemblies. Other parameters are the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to ignition, smoke and gas production, emissivity, and surface temperature. Examples of test specimens are assemblies of materials or products that are tested in their end-use thickness. Therefore, the test method is suitable for assessing the heat release rate of a wall assembly.  
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.  
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.  
5.5 Test Limitations:  
5.5.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.  
5.5.2 Exercise caution in interpreting results of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate during a test. Report observations of such behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure with or without an external ignitor.  
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, visible smoke development, and gas release of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This test method is also suitable for determining many of the parameters or values needed as input for computer fire models. Examples of these values include effective heat of combustion, surface temperature, ignition temperature, and emissivity.  
1.4 This test method is also intended to provide information about other fire parameters such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, radiative and convective heat transfer coefficients, flame radiation factor, air entrainment rates, flame temperatures, minimum surface temperatures for upward and downward flame spread, heat of gasification, nondimensional heat of gasification (1)2 and the Φ flame spread parameter (see Test Method E1321). While some studies have indicated that this test method is suitable for determining these fire parameters, insufficient testing and research have been done to justify inclusion of the corresponding testing and calculating procedures.  
1.5 The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). The procedure is specified in 11.1. Smoke development is quantified by measuring the obscuration of light by the combustion product stream (exhaust duct).  
1.6 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux in the range of 0 to 50 kW/m2  in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen during the ignition and heat release tests. The assessment of the parameters associated with flame spread requires the use of line burners instead of hot wire ignitors.  
1.6.1 Heat release measurements at low heat flux levels (2) require special considerations as described in Section A1.1.6.  
1.7 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or...

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ASTM
ASTM E136-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Materials that pass this test by complying with the criteria in Section 15 are typically classified as noncombustible materials.  
5.2 While actual building fire exposure conditions are not duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those materials which do not act to aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.  
5.3 Materials passing the test are permitted limited flaming and other indications of combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of the combustibility of building materials. Materials passing this test are typically classified as noncombustible materials.  
1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method are shown below.  
1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.  
1.2.2 This test method is not suitable or satisfactory for materials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwise separate from the measuring thermocouple.  
1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of an intrinsic property.  
1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitative measure of heat generation or combustibility; it simply serves as a test method with selected (end point) measures of combustibility.  
1.2.5 The test method does not measure the self-heating tendencies of materials.  
1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in the nature and form used in building applications. The test specimen consists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cut from a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses of thin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of granular powder or loose-fiber materials.  
1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific test apparatus and test conditions and are likely to vary when changes are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size, shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2) the distribution of organic content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the air supply; (5) the location of thermocouples.  
1.3 This test method includes two options, both of which use a furnace to expose test specimens of building materials to a temperature of 750 °C (1382 °F).  
1.3.1 The furnace for the apparatus for Option A consists of a ceramic tube containing an electric heating coil, and two concentric vertical refractory tubes.  
1.3.2 The furnace for the apparatus for Option B (Test Method E2652) consists of an enclosed refractory tube surrounded by a heating coil with a cone-shaped airflow stabilizer.  
1.4 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barri...

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ASTM
ASTM E119-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the duration for which the types of building elements noted in 1.1 contain a fire, retain their structural integrity, or exhibit both properties during a predetermined test exposure.  
4.2 The test exposes a test specimen to a standard fire controlled to achieve specified temperatures throughout a specified time period. When required, the fire exposure is followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose stream applied in accordance with Practice E2226. The test provides a relative measure of the fire-test-response of comparable building elements under these fire exposure conditions. The exposure is not representative of all fire conditions because conditions vary with changes in the amount, nature and distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. Variation from the test conditions or test specimen construction, such as size, materials, method of assembly, also affects the fire-test-response. For these reasons, evaluation of the variation is required for application to construction in the field.  
4.3 The test standard provides for the following:  
4.3.1 For walls, partitions, and floor or roof test specimens:
4.3.1.1 Measurement of the transmission of heat.
4.3.1.2 Measurement of the transmission of hot gases through the test specimen.
4.3.1.3 For loadbearing elements, measurement of the load carrying ability of the test specimen during the test exposure.  
4.3.2 For individual loadbearing members such as beams and columns:
4.3.2.1 Measurement of the load carrying ability under the test exposure with consideration for the end support conditions (that is, restrained or not restrained).  
4.4 The test standard does not provide the following:  
4.4.1 Information as to performance of test specimens constructed with components or lengths other than those tested.  
4.4.2 Evaluation of the degree by which the test sp...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are applicable to assemblies of masonry units and to composite assemblies of structural materials for buildings, including loadbearing and other walls and partitions, columns, girders, beams, slabs, and composite slab and beam assemblies for floors and roofs. They are also applicable to other assemblies and structural units that constitute permanent integral parts of a finished building.  
1.2 It is the intent that classifications shall register comparative performance to specific fire-test conditions during the period of exposure and shall not be construed as having determined suitability under other conditions or for use after fire exposure.  
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the test results of building construction assemblies. The results of these tests are one factor in assessing predicted fire performance of building construction and assemblies. Application of these test results to predict the performance of actual building construction requires the evaluation of test conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to e...

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