ASTM D2293-96(2016)

Standard Test Method for Creep Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Compression Loading (Metal-to-Metal)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in research and development for comparison of creep properties of adhesives, particularly as those properties are affected by changes in adhesive formulation or expected service conditions, including temperature, moisture level, and duration of loading.  
4.2 The relative size and simplicity of design of the spring-loaded apparatus permits easy portability and transfer from one environment to the next without disturbing static loads.  
4.3 The relative simplicity of design with inexpensive materials permits replication of creep tests at relatively low costs.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep properties of adhesives for bonding metals when tested on a standard specimen and subjected to certain conditions of temperature and compressive stress in a spring-loaded testing apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2016
• ICS: 83.180 - Adhesives
• Technical Committee: D14 - Adhesives
• Drafting Committee: D14.80 - Metal Bonding Adhesives

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2293-96(2008) - Standard Test Method for Creep Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Compression Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
• Effective Date: 01-May-2016
• Refers: ASTM D1002-10(2019) - Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM D907-12a - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2012
• Refers: ASTM D907-12 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM D907-11a - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2011
• Refers: ASTM D907-11 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM D907-08b - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM D907-08a - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2008
• Refers: ASTM D907-08 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2008
• Refers: ASTM D907-06 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Refers: ASTM D1002-05 - Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2005
• Refers: ASTM D907-05e1 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2005
• Refers: ASTM D907-05 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2005
• Refers: ASTM D907-04a - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Refers: ASTM D907-04 - Standard Terminology of Adhesives
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2004

Overview

ASTM D2293-96(2016) is the internationally recognized Standard Test Method for Creep Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Compression Loading (Metal-to-Metal). Published by ASTM International, this test method provides a standardized procedure for determining the creep behavior of adhesives used in metal-to-metal bonding applications under specific temperature and compressive stress conditions using a spring-loaded testing apparatus.

This standard is essential for manufacturers, material scientists, and researchers interested in evaluating the long-term performance of adhesive joints in environments where temperature, moisture exposure, and extended loading play critical roles. It facilitates comparisons between different adhesive formulations and service conditions, thereby enabling informed decisions during product development and quality control.

Key Topics

• Creep Measurement: Outlines procedures to measure adhesive creep when bonding metal specimens, including specimen preparation, loading protocols, and monitoring displacement over time.
• Test Apparatus: Utilizes a relatively simple and portable spring-loaded compression device that is cost-effective and easy to replicate across laboratories.
• Service Conditions: Evaluates the effect of variables such as temperature, moisture level, and load duration on the adhesive’s performance.
• Data Recording: Requires detailed reporting of compressive stress, test temperatures, specimen dimensions, and any observed adhesive failure for full traceability and repeatability.
• Safety and Units: Highlights the need for appropriate safety practices and specifies results in SI units (with inch-pound units for reference).

Applications

The ASTM D2293-96(2016) standard is primarily used in the following contexts:

• Research and Development: Provides a critical tool for comparing the creep properties of different adhesive formulations, supporting innovation in adhesive technology for metal structures and assemblies.
• Quality Assurance: Enables manufacturers to confirm that adhesive products meet required creep resistance standards under expected service conditions, improving reliability and safety.
• Service Condition Simulation: Assesses how environmental factors such as high temperatures, humidity, and sustained loading impact the long-term integrity of adhesively bonded metal joints.
• Failure Analysis: Assists in identifying the causes of adhesive joint degradation or failure during real-world use by simulating prolonged stress exposure in controlled laboratory conditions.

Organizations developing or selecting adhesives for automotive, aerospace, construction, or industrial applications will benefit greatly from implementing ASTM D2293-96(2016).

Related Standards

To ensure comprehensive evaluation and compatibility, consider referencing these related ASTM standards:

• ASTM D907 - Terminology of Adhesives: Provides definitions for terms used in adhesive technology and testing.
• ASTM D1002 - Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading: Specifies procedures for evaluating the shear strength of metal-to-metal adhesive bonds.
• Other relevant standards addressing adhesive performance, environmental resistance, and mechanical properties.

Practical Value

By following ASTM D2293-96(2016), laboratories and manufacturers can:

• Achieve reproducible, data-driven assessment of adhesive creep properties for metal bonding.
• Easily transport and adapt the test set-up between environments without disturbing static loads.
• Perform cost-effective and efficient testing with accessible materials and apparatus.
• Demonstrate product compliance and reliability, supporting safety and performance claims in critical applications.

For more details, access the official documentation through ASTM International or consult your organization’s standards library. Regular referencing and application of ASTM D2293-96(2016) will ensure consistent, high-quality evaluation of adhesive creep in metal-to-metal bonding scenarios.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2293 − 96 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Creep Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Compression
Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 The relative size and simplicity of design of the spring-
loadedapparatuspermitseasyportabilityandtransferfromone
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep
environment to the next without disturbing static loads.
properties of adhesives for bonding metals when tested on a
standard specimen and subjected to certain conditions of 4.3 The relative simplicity of design with inexpensive
temperature and compressive stress in a spring-loaded testing materials permits replication of creep tests at relatively low
apparatus. costs.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
5. Apparatus
standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for informa-
5.1 Compression Creep Test Apparatus, as shown in Fig. 1
tion only.
and Fig. 2.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.2 Microscope, calibrated, with Filar microeyepiece and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
10× objective lens.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
6. Test Specimens
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6.1 Test specimens shall conform to the form and dimen-
sions shown in Fig. 3. These specimens are similar to the
2. Referenced Documents
tension lap shear specimens described in Test Method D1002,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
except that the length of either side of the shear area shall be
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
1 1
6.35 mm ( ⁄4 in.) rather than 88.9-mm (3 ⁄2-in.) minimum.
D1002 Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-
6.2 A complete description of these specimens and the
Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Ten-
method of preparation is given in Sections 6, 7, and 8 of Test
sion Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
Method D1002.
3. Terminology
6.3 For creep measurements, polish the edges of the bonded
3.1 Definitions—Many terms in this test method are defined
area of each test specimen, and scribe with three fine lines
in Terminology D907.
across the bondline.
4. Significance and Use 7. Procedure
7.1 To conduct a creep test, center the specimen within the
4.1 This test method is useful in research and development
for comparison of creep properties of adhesives, particularly as slotbetweenthewasherandbushingoftheapparatusasshown
in Fig. 1. Compress the spring between the two bushings to the
those properties are affected by changes in adhesive formula-
tion or expected service conditions, including temperature, desired load by tightening the nut. The correct load can be
applied by deflecting the spring a given measured amount as
moisture level, and duration of loading.
determined from a calibration curve.
7.2 To measure total deflection, observe the average dis-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 on
placement of fine razor scratches across the centers of both
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.80 on Metal
Bonding Adhesives.
sides of the lap joints with a calibrated microscope having a
Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally
Filar microeyepiece and a 10× objective lens.
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2293 – 96 (2008).
DOI: 10.1520/D2293-96R16.
7.3 If the spring load is allowed to continue to compress the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specimen, the observed initial deflection will be followed by a
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
continued increasing deflection with time. To provide a com-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. plete history of creep behavior, measure these deflections
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