ASTM D7175-05
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer
Standard Test Method for Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt binders when tested in dynamic (oscillatory) shear using parallel plate geometry. It is applicable to asphalt binders having dynamic shear modulus values in the range from 100 Pa to 10 MPa. This range in modulus is typically obtained between 4 and 88C at 10 rad/s. This test method is intended for determining the linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders as required for specification testing and is not intended as a comprehensive procedure for the full characterization of the viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders.
1.2 This standard is appropriate for unaged materials, material aged in accordance with Test Method D 2872, material aged in accordance with Practice D 6521, or material aged in accordance with both Test Method D 2872 and Practice D 6521.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D7175–05
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binder
Using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 6373 Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt
Binder
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dy-
D 6521 Practice for Accelerated Aging of Asphalt Binder
namic shear modulus and phase angle of asphalt binders when
Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV)
tested in dynamic (oscillatory) shear using parallel plate
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
geometry. It is applicable to asphalt binders having dynamic
mometers
shearmodulusvaluesintherangefrom100Pato10MPa.This
E 563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
range in modulus is typically obtained between 4 and 88°C at
as a Reference Temperature
10rad/s.Thistestmethodisintendedfordeterminingthelinear
E 644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
viscoelastic properties of asphalt binders as required for
mometers
specification testing and is not intended as a comprehensive
E 882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the
procedure for the full characterization of the viscoelastic
Chemical Analysis Laboratory
properties of asphalt binders.
2.2 AASHTO Standards:
1.2 This standard is appropriate for unaged materials, ma-
R29 Practice for Grading or Verifying the Performance
terial aged in accordance with Test Method D 2872, material
Grade of an Asphalt Binder
aged in accordance with Practice D 6521, or material aged in
T315 Standard Test Method for Determining the Rheologi-
accordance with both Test Method D 2872 and Practice
cal Properties of Asphalt Binder Using a Dynamic Shear
D 6521.
Rheometer
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
2.3 Deutsche Industrie Norm (DIN) Standard:
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
43760 Standard for Calibration of Thermocouples
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
3. Terminology
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 annealing, n—the process of removing the effects of
2. Referenced Documents steric hardening by heating the binder until it is sufficiently
2 fluid so that it can be easily poured.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.2 asphalt binder, n—an asphalt-based cement that is
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
produced from petroleum residue either with or without the
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
addition of non-particulate modifiers.
D 140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
3.1.3 calibration, n—process whereby the accuracy and
D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts
precision of a device are checked against NIST-traceable
(Bitumens)
standards and where necessary adjustments are made to the
D 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum
device to correct its operation or precision and accuracy.
Capillary Viscometer
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Calibration is typically performed by
D 2872 Test Method for Effect of Heat and Air on Rolling
themanufactureroranexternalcommercialcalibrationservice.
Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin Film Oven Test)
3.1.4 complex shear modulus (G*), n—ratio calculated by
dividing the absolute value of the peak-to-peak shear stress, t,
by the absolute value of the peak-to-peak shear strain, g.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 on
Rheological Tests.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2005. Published October 2005.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN-- DIN Deutsches Institut fur
the ASTM website. Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7175–05
3.1.5 dummy test specimen, n—a specimen formed between 4.2 The standard is suitable for use when the dynamic shear
the DSR test plates from asphalt binder or other polymer for modulus varies between 100 Pa and 10 MPa. This range in
the purpose of determining the temperature in the asphalt modulus is typically obtained between 4 and 88°C, depending
binder between the plates. upon the grade, test temperature, and conditioning (aging) of
the asphalt binder.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The dummy test specimen is not used
to measure the rheological properties of asphalt binder but is 4.3 Test specimens, nominally 25 mm in diameter by 1 mm
used solely to determine temperature corrections. thick or 8 mm in diameter by 2 mm thick, are formed between
3.1.6 linear viscoelastic, adj—within context of this test parallel metal plates.
4.4 During testing, one of the parallel plates is oscillated
method, refers to a region of behavior in which the dynamic
shear modulus is independent of shear stress or strain. with respect to the other at pre-selected frequencies and
angular deflection (or torque) amplitudes. The required ampli-
3.1.7 loading cycle, n—refers to the application of sinusoi-
tude depends upon the value of the complex shear modulus of
dal stress or strain loading for a specified duration of time.
the asphalt binder being tested. The required amplitudes have
3.1.8 molecular association, n—refers to time-dependent
been selected so that, for most asphalt binders, the testing
associations that occur between asphalt binder molecules
specifiedinthisstandardiswithintheregionoflinearbehavior.
during storage at ambient temperature.
4.5 The test specimen is maintained at the test temperature
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Often referred to as steric hardening in
60.1°Cbyenclosingtheupperandlowerplatesinathermally
the asphalt literature, molecular associations can significantly
controlled environment or test chamber.
increase the dynamic shear modulus of asphalt binders.
4.6 Oscillatory loading frequencies using this standard can
3.1.8.2 Discussion—The effect of molecular association or
range from 1 to 160 rad/s. Specification testing is performed at
steric hardening on the dynamic shear modulus is asphalt
a test frequency of 10 rad/s. The complex modulus (G*) and
specific and may be apparent even after a few hours of storage.
phase angle (d) are calculated automatically as part of the
3.1.9 oscillatory shear, n—refers to a type of loading in
operation of the rheometer using proprietary computer soft-
which a shear stress or shear strain is applied to a test sample
ware supplied by the instrument manufacturer.
in an oscillatory manner such that the shear stress or strain
varies in amplitude about zero in a sinusoidal manner.
5. Significance and Use
3.1.10 parallel plate geometry, n—refers to a testing geom-
5.1 The test temperature for this test is related to the
etry in which the test specimen is sandwiched between two
temperature experienced by the pavement in the geographical
rigid parallel plates and subjected to shear.
area for which the asphalt binder is intended to be used.
3.1.11 phase angle (d), n—the angle in degrees between a
5.2 The complex shear modulus is an indicator of the
sinusoidally applied strain and the resultant sinusoidal stress in
stiffness or resistance of asphalt binder to deformation under
a controlled-strain testing mode, or between the applied stress
load. The complex shear modulus and the phase angle define
and the resultant strain in a controlled-stress testing mode.
the resistance to shear deformation of the asphalt binder in the
3.1.12 steric hardening, n—see molecular association.
linear viscoelastic region.The complex modulus and the phase
3.1.13 portable thermometer, n—refers to an electronic
angle are used to calculate performance-related criteria in
device that is separate from the dynamic shear rheometer and
accordance with Specification D 6373.
that consists of a detector (probe containing a thermocouple or
resistive element), associated electronic circuitry, and readout
6. Interferences
system.
6.1 Particulate material in the asphalt binder is limited to
3.1.14 referencethermometer,n—referstoaNIST-traceable
particles with longest dimensions less than 250 µm. Particles
liquid-in-glass or electronic thermometer that is used as a
with dimensions greater than 250 µm approach the dimensions
laboratory standard.
of the gap (1000 µm). In order to accurately characterize a
3.1.15 temperature correction, n—difference in temperature
two-phase material containing particulate material it is well
between the temperature indicated by the DSR and the test
acceptedthatthethicknessofthetestspecimenmustbeatleast
specimen as measured by the portable thermometer inserted
four times the maximum particle size.
between the test plates.
6.1.1 The calculation of the complex modulus from the data
3.1.16 thermal equilibrium, n—condition where the tem-
obtained from the DSR is highly dependent upon an accurate
perature of the test specimen mounted between the test plates
measurement of the diameter of the test specimen. In the
is constant with time.
procedure, the diameter of the test specimen is assumed equal
3.1.17 verification, n—process of checking the accuracy of
to the diameter of the test plates. This assumption is valid only
a device or its components against an internal laboratory
if the test sample is properly trimmed.
standard. Usually performed internally within the operating
6.1.2 The physical properties of asphalt binders are very
laboratory.
sensitive to test temperature and thermal history. Thermal
history is the number of times asphalt binder sample has been
4. Summary of Test Method
heated prior to testing. Controlling the test temperature to
4.1 This standard contains the procedure used to measure 6 0.1°Candlimitingthenumberoftimestheasphaltsampleis
thecomplexshearmodulus(G*)andphaseangle(d)ofasphalt heated prior to testing (only one heating is recommended) is
binders using dynamic shear rheometer and parallel plate essential in order to obtain repeatable test results within a
geometry. laboratory as well as to reproduce results between laboratories.
D7175–05
NOTE 2—Acirculatingbathunit,separatefromtheDSRthatpumpsthe
7. Apparatus
water through the test chamber may be required if a fluid medium is used.
7.1 Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) Test System—A dy-
7.1.2.1 Temperature Controller—A temperature controller
namic shear rheometer test system consisting of parallel metal
capable of maintaining the temperature of the test specimen at
plates, a means for controlling the temperature of the test
the test temperature 6 0.1°C for test temperatures ranging
specimen, a loading device, and a control and data acquisition
from 4 to 88°C.
system.
7.1.3 Internal DSR Thermometer—A platinum resistance
7.1.1 Test Plates—Metal plates cylindrical in shape, formed
thermometer (PRT) mounted within the environmental cham-
from steel or aluminum, with smooth ground surfaces. Two
ber as an integral part of the DSR and in close proximity to the
plates 8.00 6 0.1 mm in diameter and two plates 25.00 6 0.5
fixed plate, with a range of 4 to 88°C, and with a resolution of
mm in diameter as described in Fig. 1 are required. The test
0.1°C. This thermometer shall be used to control the tempera-
plates shall have a minimum thickness or raised portion of 1.5
ture of the test specimen between the plates and shall provide
mm to allow sufficient clearance for trimming the specimen.
a continuous readout of temperature during the mounting,
Theplatesshallbeformedasanintegralpartofthetestfixtures
conditioning, and testing of the specimen.
that are used to mount the plates in the DSR.
NOTE 3—Platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) meeting DIN Stan-
NOTE 1—The upper and lower plates should be concentric with each
dard43760(ClassA)orequalarerecommendedforthispurpose.ThePRT
other.Atthepresentthereisnosuitableprocedurefortheusertocheckthe
istobecalibratedasanintegralunitwithitsrespectivemeterorelectronic
concentricity except to visually observe whether or not the upper and
circuitry.
lower plates are centered with respect to each other. The moveable plate
should rotate without any observable horizontal or vertical wobble. This
7.1.4 Loading Device—The loading device shall be capable
may be checked visually or with a dial gage held in contact with the edge
of applying a sinusoidal oscillatory load to the specimen at a
of the moveable plate while it is being rotated.
frequency of 10.0 6 0.1 rad/s. If frequencies other than 10
7.1.2 Environmental Chamber—A chamber for controlling
rad/sareused,thefrequencyshallbeaccurateto1percent.The
the temperature of the test specimen. The medium for heating
loading device shall be capable of providing either a stress
and cooling the specimen in the environmental chamber shall
controlled or strain controlled load within a range of stress or
not affect asphalt binder properties. The temperature in the
strain necessary to make the measurements described in this
chamber may be controlled by the circulation of fluid—
standard. The manufacturer of the device shall provide a
conditioned gas, nitrogen or water is acceptable—or by a
certificate certifying that the frequency, stress, and strain are
suitablearrangementofactivelytemperaturecontrolledheating
controlled and measured with accuracy of 1 % or less in the
elements (for example, solid state Peltier elements) surround-
range of this measurement.
ing the sample. When laboratory air is used in a forced air
7.1.5 Data Acquisition System—The data acquisition sys-
oven, a suitable dryer must be included to prevent condensa-
temshallprovidearecordoftemperature,frequency,deflection
tion of moisture on the test plates. The environmental chamber
angle, and torque. The manufacturer of the rheometer shall
and the temperature controller shall control the temperature of
provide a certificate certifying that the frequency, deflection
the test specimen mounted between the test plate
...
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