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ASTM D6201-04(2014)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation

Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method—The Coordinating Research Council sponsored testing to develop this test method to evaluate a fuel's tendency to form intake valve deposits.  
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory Action—Regulatory action by California Air Resources Board (CARB)9 and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)10 necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test method to evaluate the intake system deposit forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.  
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and design of the engine used in this test method are not representative of all engines. These factors shall be considered when interpreting test results.  
5.2 Test Validity:  
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not considered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with all requirements of this test method. Deviations from the parameter limits presented in Sections 12 – 14 will result in an invalid test. Apply engineering judgment during conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity of the test results.  
5.2.2 Engine Compliance—A test is not considered valid unless the test engine meets the quality control inspection requirements as described in Sections 10 and 12.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an engine dynamometer test procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded spark-ignition engine fuels.2 This test method uses a Ford Ranger 2.3 L four-cylinder engine. This test method includes detailed information regarding the procedure, hardware, and operations.  
1.2 The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC)3 is responsible for engine test stand calibration as well as issuance of information letters after test method modifications are approved by Subcommittee D02.A0 and Committee D02. Users of this test method shall request copies of recent information letters from the TMC to ensure proper conduct of the test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given throughout this test method.  
1.5 This test method is arranged as follows:    
Subject  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Laboratory Facilities  
6.1  
Engine and Cylinder Head Build-Up and Measurement Area  
6.1.1  
Engine Operating Area  
6.1.2  
Fuel Injector Testing Area  
6.1.3  
Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area  
6.1.4  
Parts Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area  
6.1.5  
Test Stand Laboratory Equipment  
6.2  
Test Stand Configuration  
6.2.1  
Dynamometer Speed and Load Control System  
6.2.2  
Intake Air Supply System  
6.2.3  
Exhaust System  
6.2.4  
Fuel Supply System  
6.2.5  
Engine Control Calibration  
6.2.6  
Ignition System  
6.2.7  
Engine Coolant System  
6.2.8  
External Oil System  
6.2.9  
Temperature Measurement Equipment and Locations  
6.2.10  
Pressure Measurement Equipment and Locations  
6.2.11  
Flow Measurement Equipment and Locations  
6.2.12  
Speed and Load Measurement Equipment and Locations  
6.2.13  
Exhaust Emissions Measurement Equipment and Location  
6.2.14  
DPFE (EGR) Voltage Measurement Equipment and Location  
6.2.15  
Ignition Timing Measurement Equipment and Location  
6.2.16  
Test Engine Hardware  
6.3  
Test Engine Parts  
6.3.1  
New Parts Required  
6.3.2  
Reusable Engine Parts  
6.3.3  
Special Measurement and Assem...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2014
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.A0.01 - Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6201-04(2009) - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Replaced By
ASTM D6201-18 - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018

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ASTM D6201-04(2014) - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit FormationASTM D6201-04(2014) - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
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ASTM D6201-04(2014) - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
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REDLINE ASTM D6201-04(2014) - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6201 − 04 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine
Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Subject Section
Fuel Injector Testing Area 6.1.3
1.1 This test method covers an engine dynamometer test
Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area 6.1.4
procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of Parts Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area 6.1.5
Test Stand Laboratory Equipment 6.2
unleaded spark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a
Test Stand Configuration 6.2.1
Ford Ranger 2.3 L four-cylinder engine. This test method
Dynamometer Speed and Load Control System 6.2.2
includes detailed information regarding the procedure, Intake Air Supply System 6.2.3
Exhaust System 6.2.4
hardware, and operations.
Fuel Supply System 6.2.5
Engine Control Calibration 6.2.6
1.2 The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) is respon-
Ignition System 6.2.7
sible for engine test stand calibration as well as issuance of
Engine Coolant System 6.2.8
information letters after test method modifications are ap-
External Oil System 6.2.9
Temperature Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.10
proved by Subcommittee D02.A0 and Committee D02. Users
Pressure Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.11
of this test method shall request copies of recent information
Flow Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.12
letters from the TMC to ensure proper conduct of the test
Speed and Load Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.13
Exhaust Emissions Measurement Equipment and Location 6.2.14
method.
DPFE (EGR) Voltage Measurement Equipment and Location 6.2.15
Ignition Timing Measurement Equipment and Location 6.2.16
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Test Engine Hardware 6.3
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-
Test Engine Parts 6.3.1
tion only.
New Parts Required 6.3.2
Reusable Engine Parts 6.3.3
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Special Measurement and Assembly Equipment 6.4
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Reagents and Materials 7
Hazards 8
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Reference Fuel 9
priate safety and health practices and determine applicability
Preparation of Apparatus 10
of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning state-
Test Stand Preparation 10.1
Engine Block Preparation 10.2
ments are given throughout this test method.
Preparation of Miscellaneous Engine Components 10.3
1.5 This test method is arranged as follows:
Cylinder Head Preparation 10.4
Subject Section Cylinder Head Assembly 10.5
Scope 1 Cylinder Head Installation 10.6
Referenced Documents 2 Final Engine Assembly 10.7
Terminology 3 Calibration 11
Test Stand Calibration 11.1
Summary of Test Method 4
Significance and Use 5 Instrumentation Calibration 11.2
Procedure 12
Apparatus 6
Laboratory Facilities 6.1 Pretest Procedure 12.1
Engine and Cylinder Head Build-Up and Measurement Area 6.1.1 Engine Operating Procedure 12.2
Engine Operating Area 6.1.2 Periodic Measurements and Functions 12.3
End of Test Procedures 12.4
Determination of Test Results 13
Post-Test Intake Valve Weighing Procedure 13.1
This test method is under jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Photographs of Parts—General 13.2
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
Induction System Rating 13.3
mittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
Determination of Test Validity-Engine Conformance 13.4
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
Report 14
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D6201–04 (2009).
Precision and Bias 15
DOI: 10.1520/D6201-04R14.
Keywords 16
Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1453.
ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA
15206-4489.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6201 − 04 (2014)
Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-
Subject Section
Annexes
Duty Conditions (Withdrawn 2003)
Detailed Specifications and Photographs of Apparatus Annex A1
D5482Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Engine Part Number Listing Annex A2
ucts (Mini Method—Atmospheric)
Statistical Equations for Mean and Standard Deviation Annex A3
E203Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer
2. Referenced Documents
Titration
E1064Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
metric Karl Fischer Titration
D86Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
2.2 ANSI Standard:
Atmospheric Pressure
MC96.1Temperature Measurement-Thermocouples
D235Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
2.3 Coordinating Research Council (CRC):
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
CRC Manual 16,Carburetor and Induction System Rating
D287Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Manual
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
2.4 SAE Standard:
D381Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
J254InstrumentationandTechniquesforExhaustGasEmis-
ration
sions Measurement
D525Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (In-
duction Period Method)
3. Terminology
D873Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(Potential Residue Method)
3.1.1 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition en-
D1266TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(Lamp
gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but
Method)
may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal
D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
deactivators, dyes, or oxygenates, or a combination thereof.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
3.1.2 blowby, n—the combustion products and unburned
D1319TestMethodforHydrocarbonTypesinLiquidPetro-
air/fuel mixture that enter the crankcase.
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
3.1.3 deposit control additive, n—materialaddedtothebase
D1744Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid
fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
system.
D2427Test Method for Determination of C through C
2 5
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Forthepurposeofthistestmethod,the
Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited
D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
to the tulip area of intake valves.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
3.1.4 exhaust emissions, n—combustion products from the
D3237TestMethodforLeadinGasolinebyAtomicAbsorp-
test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon mon-
tion Spectroscopy
oxide(CO),carbondioxide(CO ),unreactedoxygen(O ),and
2 2
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
x
Petroleum Products
3.1.5 intake system, n—components of the engine whose
D4294Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec- function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to the
combustionchamberandincludesthethrottle,intakemanifold,
trometry
D4814Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and positive crankcase venti-
lation (PCV) ports, cylinder head runners and ports, intake
Fuel
D4953Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and valves, and fuel injectors.
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
3.1.6 intake valve deposit, n—material accumulated on the
D5059Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-
tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon,
troscopy
other fuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition products, and
D5190Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
atmospheric contaminants.
ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)
3.1.7 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of
D5191Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
a deposit control additive.
ucts (Mini Method)
D5302Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
4. Summary of Test Method
Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a
4.1 This test method utilizes a 1994 Ford 2.3 Lin-line, four
Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with
cylinder, Ford Ranger truck engine with 49 state emission
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 3650 Mansell Road,
the ASTM website. Suite 140, Alpharetta, GA 30022.
5 8
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
www.astm.org. Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
D6201 − 04 (2014)
calibration. The cylinder block and cylinder head are con- 6. Apparatus
NOTE1—PhotographsareprovidedinAnnexA1depictingtherequired
structed of cast iron. The engine features an overhead
apparatus and suggesting appropriate design details.
camshaft, a cross-flow, fast burn cylinder head design, and
electronic port fuel injection.
6.1 Laboratory Facilities:
6.1.1 EngineandCylinderHeadBuild-upandMeasurement
4.2 Each test engine is built to a rigid set of specifications
Area—The engine and cylinder head build-up and measure-
using a specially designated intake valve deposit parts kit
ment area shall be reasonably free from contaminants and
produced by the Ford Motor Co. (see Table A2.3). New,
maintainedatauniformtemperature 63°C(65°F)between10
weighed,intakevalvesareusedtorebuildthecylinderhead.A
to 27°C (50 to 80°F).
standard engine oil is used for each test and a new oil filter is
6.1.2 Engine Operating Area—The engine operating area
installed. The test engine is subjected to a rigorous quality
should be relatively free from contaminants. The temperature
control procedure to verify proper engine operation. To ensure
and humidity level of the operating area are not specified.Air
compliance with the test objective, data acquisition of key
fromafancanberoutedontotheproductionairintakesystem
parameters is utilized during test operation.
to assist in maintaining intake air temperature control.
4.3 Thecompletefuelsystemisflushedoftestfuelfromthe
6.1.3 Fuel Injector Testing Area—The fuel injector testing
previous test. The fuel system is then filled with the new test
area shall be reasonably free of contaminants. The humidity
fuel.
should be maintained at a uniform comfortable level.
4.4 The engine is operated on a cycle consisting of two
(Warning—In addition to other precautions, provide adequate
stages. The first stage comprises operating the engine at 2000
ventilation and fire protection in areas where flammable or
r/min and 30.6 kPa (230 mm Hg) manifold absolute pressure
volatile liquids and solvents, or both, are used.)
for 4 min. The second stage comprises operating the engine at
6.1.4 Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area—The
2800 r/min and 71.8 kPa (540 mm Hg) manifold absolute
intakevalverinsingandpartscleaningareashallbereasonably
pressure for 8 min. Ramp time between each stage is 30 s and
free of contaminants. The humidity should be maintained at a
isindependentofthestagetimes.Thecycleisrepeatedfor100
uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate nature of
h.
the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes in
temperature or humidity. (Warning—In addition to other
5. Significance and Use
precautions, provide adequate ventilation and fire protection in
areaswhereflammableorvolatileliquidsandsolvents,orboth,
5.1 Test Method—The Coordinating Research Council
are used.)
sponsored testing to develop this test method to evaluate a
fuel’s tendency to form intake valve deposits. 6.1.5 Parts Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area—The
parts rating area and the intake valve weighing area shall be
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory
Action—Regulatory action by California Air Resources Board reasonably free of contaminants.
(CARB) and the United States Environmental Protection
6.2 Test Stand Laboratory Equipment:
Agency (EPA) necessitate the acceptance of a standardized
6.2.1 Test Stand Configuration—An example of a similar
test method to evaluate the intake system deposit forming
test stand configuration is described in Test Method D5302
tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
(Sequence VE lubricant test method) since the same Ford 2.3
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and
Lbaseengineisutilized.Mounttheengineontheteststandso
design of the engine used in this test method are not represen-
that the flywheel friction face is 4.0 6 0.5° from the vertical
tative of all engines. These factors shall be considered when
with the front of the engine higher than the rear. The engine
interpreting test results.
shall be coupled directly to the dynamometer through a
5.2 Test Validity: driveshaft. A test stand set-up kit is detailed in Table A2.1.A
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not con- special “dynamometer laboratory” wiring harness, Part No.
sideredvalidunlessthetestiscompletedincompliancewithall DTSC.260.113.00E is required. Engine driven accessories
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the param- include engine water pump and alternator or idler pulley
eterlimitspresentedinSections12–14willresultinaninvalid
configuration as detailed in 10.7.9. If an alternator is installed,
test. Apply engineering judgment during conduct of the test it is to serve only as an idler pulley; it is not to be energized.
methodwhenassessinganyanomaliestoensurevalidityofthe
6.2.2 Dynamometer Speed and Load Control System—The
test results.
dynamometer used for this test is the Midwest 1014, 175
5.2.2 Engine Compliance—A test is not considered valid
horsepower, dry gap dynamometer or equivalent. Equivalency
unless the test engine meets the quality control inspection
means that the dynamometer and dynamometer control system
requirements as described in Sections
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6201 − 04 (Reapproved 2009) D6201 − 04 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine
Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers an engine dynamometer test procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded
spark-ignition engine fuels. This test method uses a Ford Ranger 2.3 L four-cylinder engine. This test method includes detailed
information regarding the procedure, hardware, and operations.
1.2 The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) is responsible for engine test stand calibration as well as issuance of information
letters after test method modifications are approved by Subcommittee D02.A0 and Committee D02. Users of this test method shall
request copies of recent information letters from the TMC to ensure proper conduct of the test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given throughout this test method.
1.5 This test method is arranged as follows:
Subject Section
Scope 1
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
Summary of Test Method 4
Significance and Use 5
Apparatus 6
Laboratory Facilities 6.1
Engine and Cylinder Head Build-Up and Measurement Area 6.1.1
Engine Operating Area 6.1.2
Fuel Injector Testing Area 6.1.3
Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area 6.1.4
Parts Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area 6.1.5
Test Stand Laboratory Equipment 6.2
Test Stand Configuration 6.2.1
Dynamometer Speed and Load Control System 6.2.2
Intake Air Supply System 6.2.3
Exhaust System 6.2.4
Fuel Supply System 6.2.5
Engine Control Calibration 6.2.6
Ignition System 6.2.7
Engine Coolant System 6.2.8
External Oil System 6.2.9
Temperature Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.10
Pressure Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.11
Flow Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.12
Speed and Load Measurement Equipment and Locations 6.2.13
Exhaust Emissions Measurement Equipment and Location 6.2.14
DPFE (EGR) Voltage Measurement Equipment and Location 6.2.15
Ignition Timing Measurement Equipment and Location 6.2.16
Test Engine Hardware 6.3
This test method is under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2009November 2014. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20042009
as D6201D6201 – 04 (2009).–04. DOI: 10.1520/D6201-04R09.10.1520/D6201-04R14.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1453.
ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC), 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6201 − 04 (2014)
Subject Section
Test Engine Parts 6.3.1
New Parts Required 6.3.2
Reusable Engine Parts 6.3.3
Special Measurement and Assembly Equipment 6.4
Reagents and Materials 7
Hazards 8
Reference Fuel 9
Preparation of Apparatus 10
Test Stand Preparation 10.1
Engine Block Preparation 10.2
Preparation of Miscellaneous Engine Components 10.3
Cylinder Head Preparation 10.4
Cylinder Head Assembly 10.5
Cylinder Head Installation 10.6
Final Engine Assembly 10.7
Calibration 11
Test Stand Calibration 11.1
Instrumentation Calibration 11.2
Procedure 12
Pretest Procedure 12.1
Engine Operating Procedure 12.2
Periodic Measurements and Functions 12.3
End of Test Procedures 12.4
Determination of Test Results 13
Post-Test Intake Valve Weighing Procedure 13.1
Photographs of Parts—General 13.2
Induction System Rating 13.3
Determination of Test Validity-Engine Conformance 13.4
Report 14
Precision and Bias 15
Keywords 16
Annexes
Detailed Specifications and Photographs of Apparatus Annex A1
Engine Part Number Listing Annex A2
Statistical Equations for Mean and Standard Deviation Annex A3
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline (Induction Period Method)
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
D1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
D2427 Test Method for Determination of C through C Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
2 5
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
D5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a Spark-Ignition
Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with Gasoline and Operated Under Low-Temperature, Light-Duty Conditions (Withdrawn
2003)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D6201 − 04 (2014)
D5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method—Atmospheric)
E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration
E1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
2.2 ANSI Standard:
MC96.1 Temperature Measurement-Thermocouples
2.3 Coordinating Research Council (CRC):
CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating Manual
2.4 SAE Standard:
J254 Instrumentation and Techniques for Exhaust Gas Emissions Measurement
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but may
contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, dyes, or oxygenates, or a combination thereof.
3.1.2 blowby, n—the combustion products and unburned air/fuel mixture that enter the crankcase.
3.1.3 deposit control additive, n—material added to the base fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
system.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 3650 Mansell Road, Suite 140, Alpharetta, GA 30022.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
For the purpose of this test method, the performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited to the tulip area of intake
valves.
3.1.4 exhaust emissions, n—combustion products from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide
(CO), carbon dioxide (CO ), unreacted oxygen (O ), and oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
2 2 x
3.1.5 intake system, n—components of the engine whose function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to the
combustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and positive crankcase ventilation
(PCV) ports, cylinder head runners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.
3.1.6 intake valve deposit, n—material accumulated on the tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon, other
fuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition products, and atmospheric contaminants.
3.1.7 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of a deposit control additive.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method utilizes a 1994 Ford 2.3 L in-line, four cylinder, Ford Ranger truck engine with 49 state emission
calibration. The cylinder block and cylinder head are constructed of cast iron. The engine features an overhead camshaft, a
cross-flow, fast burn cylinder head design, and electronic port fuel injection.
4.2 Each test engine is built to a rigid set of specifications using a specially designated intake valve deposit parts kit produced
by the Ford Motor Co. (see Table A2.3). New, weighed, intake valves are used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil
is used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. The test engine is subjected to a rigorous quality control procedure to verify
proper engine operation. To ensure compliance with the test objective, data acquisition of key parameters is utilized during test
operation.
4.3 The complete fuel system is flushed of test fuel from the previous test. The fuel system is then filled with the new test fuel.
4.4 The engine is operated on a cycle consisting of two stages. The first stage comprises operating the engine at 2000 r/min and
30.6 kPa (230 mm Hg) manifold absolute pressure for 4 min. The second stage comprises operating the engine at 2800 r/min and
71.8 kPa (540 mm Hg) manifold absolute pressure for 8 min. Ramp time between each stage is 30 s and is independent of the stage
times. The cycle is repeated for 100 h.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Test Method—The Coordinating Research Council sponsored testing to develop this test method to evaluate a fuel’s
tendency to form intake valve deposits.
D6201 − 04 (2014)
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory Action—Regulatory action by California Air Resources Board (CARB) and
the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test method to evaluate
the intake system deposit forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and design of the engine used in this test method are not representative
of all engines. These factors shall be considered when interpreting test results.
5.2 Test Validity:
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not considered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with all
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the parameter limits presented in Sections 12 – 14 will result in an invalid test.
Apply engineering judgment during conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity of the test results.
5.2.2 Engine Compliance—A test is not considered valid unless the test engine meets the quality control inspection requirements
as described in Sections 10 and 12.
6. Apparatus
NOTE 1—Photographs are provided in Annex A1 depicting the required apparatus and suggesting appropriate design details.
6.1 Laboratory Facilities:
6.1.1 Engine and Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement Area—The engine and cylinder head build-up and measurement
area shall be reasonably free from contaminants and maintained at a uniform temperature 63°C (65°F) between 10 to 27°C (50
to 80°F).
6.1.2 Engine Operating Area—The engine operating area should be relatively free from contaminants. The temperature and
humidity level of the operating area are not specified. Air from a fan can be routed on to the production air intake system to assist
in maintaining intake air temperature control.
6.1.3 Fuel Injector Testing Area—The fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free of contaminants. The humidity should
be maintained at a uniform comfortable level. (Warning— In addition to other precautions, provide adequate ventilation and fire
protection in areas where flammable or volatile liquids and solvents, or both, are used.)
6.1.4 Intake Valve Rinsing and Parts Cleaning Area—The intake valve rinsing and parts cleaning area shall be reasonably free
of contaminants. The humidity should be maintained at a uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate nature of the deposits,
do not subject the deposits to extreme changes in temperature or humidity. (Warning —In addition to other precautions, provide
adequate ventilation and fire protection in areas where flammable or volatile liquids and solvents, or both, are used.)
6.1.5 Parts Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area—The parts rating area and the intake valve weighing area shall be
reasonably free of contaminants.
6.2 Test Stand Laboratory Equipment:
6.2.1 Test Stand Configuration—An example of a similar test stand configuration is described in Test Method D5302 (Sequence
VE lubricant test method) since the same Ford 2.3 L base engine is utilized. Mount the engine on the test stand so that the flywheel
friction face is 4.0 6 0.5° from the vertical with the front of the engine higher than the rear. The engine shall be coupled directly
to the dynamome
...

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ASTM
ASTM D2700-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation.  
5.2 Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations.  
5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.  
5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.7
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.  
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8. ...

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ASTM
ASTM D2699-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
5.2 Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1,  k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations.  
5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.2.3 Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States.  
5.3 Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N.  
1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Gu...

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ASTM D187-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Burning Quality of Kerosene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since the information provided by this test method is largely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering the following characteristics are required in referring to this test method in specifications for kerosene:  
5.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if not otherwise specified;  
5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensions during the test;  
5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chimney deposit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the burning properties of kerosene to be used for illuminating purposes. (Warning—Combustible. Vapor harmful.)
Note 1: The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10 which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tendencies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject the kerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would be experienced in typical designated applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements appear throughout the test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D5623-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sulfur Compounds in Light Petroleum Liquids by Gas Chromatography and Sulfur Selective Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gas chromatography with sulfur selective detection provides a rapid means to identify and quantify sulfur compounds in various petroleum feeds and products. Often these materials contain varying amounts and types of sulfur compounds. Many sulfur compounds are odorous, corrosive to equipment, and inhibit or destroy catalysts employed in downstream processing. The ability to speciate sulfur compounds in various petroleum liquids is useful in controlling sulfur compounds in finished products and is frequently more important than knowledge of the total sulfur content alone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of volatile sulfur-containing compounds in light petroleum liquids. This test method is applicable to distillates, gasoline motor fuels (including those containing oxygenates) and other petroleum liquids with a final boiling point of approximately 230 °C (450 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure. The applicable concentration range will vary to some extent depending on the nature of the sample and the instrumentation used; however, in most cases, the test method is applicable to the determination of individual sulfur species at levels of 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg.  
1.2 The test method does not purport to identify all individual sulfur components. Detector response to sulfur is linear and essentially equimolar for all sulfur compounds within the scope (1.1) of this test method; thus both unidentified and known individual compounds are determined. However, many sulfur compounds, for example, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, are reactive and their concentration in samples may change during sampling and analysis. Coincidently, the total sulfur content of samples is estimated from the sum of the individual compounds determined; however, this test method is not the preferred method for determination of total sulfur.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM D910-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation gasoline for civil use: Grade 80; Grade 91; Grade 100; and Grade 100LL. The gasoline shall adhere to octane rating requirements specified for individual grades, as follows: lean mixture knock value (motor octane number and aviation lean rating); rich mixture knock value (octane and performance number); tetraethyl lead content; color; and dye content (blue, yellow, red, and orange). Conversely, the gasoline shall meet the following requirements specified for all grades: density; distillation (initial and final boiling points, fuel evaporated, evaporated temperatures); recovery, residue, and loss volume; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; copper strip corrosion; oxidation stability (potential gum and lead precipitate); volume change during water reaction; and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.  
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
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  • Technical specification
    9 pages
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