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ASTM C565-93(2010)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical Materials

Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods may be used for quality control testing of established grades of carbon and graphite materials, in the development of new grades, and for other purposes where relative strength levels are the primary quantities of interest. This test method may be applicable only if the ratio of specimen diameter to grain size, or flaw size, is greater than 5.  
These test methods do not substitute for that described in Test Method C749, but are useful where less sophisticated data and less expensive techniques are sufficient.  
Carbon and graphite materials exhibit significant physical property differences within parent materials. Exact sampling patterns and grain orientations must be specified in order to make meaningful tensile strength comparisons.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimen, and procedures for the tension testing of carbon and graphite mechanical materials with a grain size smaller than 0.79 mm.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 Exception—All of the figures are dimensioned in inches in accordance with the original standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2010
ICS
71.060.10 - Chemical elements
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C565-93(2005) - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM C749-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and Graphite
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7775-21 - Standard Guide for Measurements on Small Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7846-21 - Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Graphites
Effective Date
01-May-2010

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ASTM C565-93(2010)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical MaterialsASTM C565-93(2010)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical Materials
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ASTM C565-93(2010)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: C565 − 93(Reapproved 2010) An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
Tension Testing of Carbon and Graphite Mechanical
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C565; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Updated units information in 1.2 and 5.2 editorially in May 2010.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 These test methods cover the apparatus, specimen, and
4.1 These test methods may be used for quality control
procedures for the tension testing of carbon and graphite
testing of established grades of carbon and graphite materials,
mechanical materials with a grain size smaller than 0.79 mm.
in the development of new grades, and for other purposes
where relative strength levels are the primary quantities of
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
interest. This test method may be applicable only if the ratio of
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
specimen diameter to grain size, or flaw size, is greater than 5.
standard.
1.2.1 Exception—All of the figures are dimensioned in
4.2 These test methods do not substitute for that described
inches in accordance with the original standard.
in Test Method C749, but are useful where less sophisticated
data and less expensive techniques are sufficient.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.3 Carbon and graphite materials exhibit significant physi-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cal property differences within parent materials. Exact sam-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pling patterns and grain orientations must be specified in order
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to make meaningful tensile strength comparisons.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Testing Machine—The machine used for tension testing
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The testing
Graphite
machine shall have a capacity that the breaking load of the test
C749 Test Method for Tensile Stress-Strain of Carbon and
specimen falls between 10 and 90 % of the scale capacity.
Graphite
5.2 Gripping Devices—Gripping devices that conform to
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
the principles of those illustrated in Fig. 1 shall be used
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
(dimensions that reflect the use of SI units are permissible).
3. Terminology These gripping devices shall be attached to the heads of the
testing machine through chain connectors. Fig. 2 shows the
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to manu-
gripping device connected to the heads. Extreme care shall be
factured carbon and graphite, see Terminology C709. The
taken that the axis of the test specimen is located on the center
definitions of terms relating to tension testing in Terminology
line of the head of the testing machine.
E6 shall be considered as applying to the terms used in these
test methods.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 Test specimens shall be produced to the configuration
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
shown in Fig. 3.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
tee D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
6.2 Improperly prepared test specimens often cause unsat-
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
isfactory test results. It is important, therefore, that care be
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C565–93(2005). DOI:
exercised in the preparation of specimens, particularly in the
10.1520/C0565-93R10E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or machining and polishing.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.3 The specimen shall be hand polished with No. 000 dry
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. paper until no circular grooves are visible to the naked eye.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C565 − 93 (2010)
FIG. 2 Test Setup
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in inches.
NOTE 2—Material is stainless steel.
NOTE 3—Surface finish of working surfaces, 11 microinches AA or
better.
NOTE 4—Break all sharp corners.
NOTE5—Topandbottomcollarstobesplitintotwo180°sections.Max
cutwidth not to exceed ⁄16 in.
FIG. 1 Gripping Devices
6.4 The acceptable fracture zone of the specimen shall be
19 mm long with the center of the zone at the point of
minimum diameter. Marks ind
...

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1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of isotropic and near isotropic carbon and graphite materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindrical) test specimen of that material can be measured. Dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural or longitudinal mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.  
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FIG. 1 Block Diagram of Typical Test Apparatus  
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5.1 Two- and three-parameter formulations exist for the Weibull distribution. This practice is restricted to the two-parameter formulation. An objective of this practice is to obtain point estimates of the unknown Weibull distribution parameters by using well-defined functions that incorporate the failure data. These functions are referred to as estimators. It is desirable that an estimator be consistent and efficient. In addition, the estimator should produce unique, unbiased estimates of the distribution parameters (6). Different types of estimators exist, such as moment estimators, least-squares estimators, and maximum likelihood estimators. This practice details the use of maximum likelihood estimators.  
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1.1 This test method recommends a standard procedure for measuring oxidation rates in air of various grades of nuclear graphite and/or manufactured carbon. Following the standard procedure recommended here, one can obtain kinetic parameters that characterize the oxidation resistance in standard conditions of tested materials and that can be used to for materials selection and qualification, and for quality control purposes in the fabrication process.  
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1.3 This test method also provides a standard oxidation temperature (as defined in 3.1.7), and the kinetic parameters of the oxidation reaction, namely the apparent activation energy and the logarithm of pre-exponential factor in Arrhenius equation. The kinetic parameters of Arrhenius equation are calculated from the temperature dependence of oxidation rates measured over the temperature range where Arrhenius plots (as defined in 3.1.8) are linear, which is defined as the “kinetic” or “chemical control” oxidation regime. For typical nuclear grade graphite materials it was found that the practical range of testing temperatures is from about 500 °C to 550 °C up to about 700 °C to 750 °C.  
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5.1 The Molten Salt Reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material, and molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it may be necessary to measure the various strengths of the manufactured graphite materials after impregnation with molten salt and before exposure to the reactor environment in a range of test configurations in order for designers or operators to assess their performance.
Note 1: Depending upon the salt selected for the reactor, there may be some chemical reaction between the salt and the graphite that could affect properties. The user should establish, prior to following this guide, that any interactions between the molten salt and graphite are understood and any implications for the validity of the strength tests have been assessed.  
5.2 For gas-cooled reactors, the strength of a graphite specimen is usually measured at room temperature. However, for molten salt reactors, the operating temperature of the reactor must be higher than the melting temperature of the salt, and so the salt will be in solid state at room temperature. Consequently, room temperature measurements may not be representative of the performance of the material at its true operating conditions. It is therefore necessary to measure the strength at an elevated temperature where the salt is in liquid form.
Note 2: Users should be aware that a small increase in graphite strength is expected with increasing temperature. Testing at the plant operating temperature will eliminate this small uncertainty.  
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5.4 For the test results to be meaningful, the...
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1.1 This guide covers the best practice for strength measurements at elevated temperature of graphite impregnated with molten salt.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Guide for Impregnation of Graphite with Molten Salt

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5.1 The molten salt reactor is a nuclear reactor which uses graphite as reflector and structural material and fluoride molten salt as coolant. The graphite components will be submerged in the molten salt during the lifetime of the reactor. The porous structure of graphite may lead to molten salt permeation, which can affect the thermal and mechanical properties of graphite. Consequently, it is important to assess the effect of impregnation of molten salt on the properties of the as-manufactured graphite material.  
5.2 The purpose of this guide is to report considerations that should be included in the preparation of graphite specimens representative of that after exposure to a molten salt environment. The degree to which the molten salt will infiltrate the graphite will depend upon a number of factors, including the type of graphite and the type and extent of porosity, the properties of the molten salt, the impregnation pressure and temperature, and the duration of the exposure of the graphite to the molten salt.  
5.3 The user of this guide will need to select impregnation parameters sufficiently representative of those in a molten salt reactor based on parameters provided by the designer. Alternatively, the user may select a standard set of impregnation conditions to allow comparisons across a range of graphites.  
5.4 This guide is not intended to be prescriptive. A typical apparatus and associated procedure are described. Some indication of the sensitivity of the procedure to graphite type and impregnation conditions is given in He, et al.5  
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Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Carbon and Graphite

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4.1 Carbon and graphite can usually support higher loads in compression than in any other mode of stress. This test, therefore, provides a measure of the maximum load-bearing capability of carbon and graphite objects.
SCOPE
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1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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