ASTM E1260-03(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
Standard Test Method for Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide data on liquid drop-size characteristics for sprays, as indicated by optical nonimaging light-scattering instruments. The results obtained generally will be statistical in nature. The number of variables concerned in the production of liquid spray, together with the variety of optical, electronic, and sampling systems used in different instruments, may contribute to variations in the test results. Care must be exercised, therefore, when attempting to compare data from samples obtained by different means.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain data which characterize the sizes of liquid particles or drops such as are produced by a spray nozzle or similar device under specified conditions using a specified liquid. The drops will generally be in the size range from 5-μm to the order of 1 000-μm diameter; they will occur in sprays which may be as small as a few cubic centimetres or as large as several cubic metres. Typically the number density of the particles can vary significantly from one point to another.
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use in standardizing measurements of the performance of sprayproducing devices. It is limited to those techniques and instruments that operate by passing a beam of light through the spray and analyzing the light scattered by the droplets to derive size information. Such techniques do not produce images of individual drops, and therefore, are known as “optical (nonimaging) instruments.”
1.3 The measurements made, when referred to the entire spray being sampled, may be flux sensitive or spatial, as defined in Practice E799, depending on the techniques used with a particular instrument.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1260 − 03 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Liquid Drop Size Characteristics in a Spray
Using Optical Nonimaging Light-Scattering Instruments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1260; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This standard is one of several describing a different class of test methods for determining liquid
drop size characteristics in a spray. These test methods can be broadly distinguished as “optical” or
“non-optical.” In the optical category there are test methods that essentially make images (such as
photographs) of drops that can be measured either manually or automatically, and test methods that
do not make images but use optical phenomena exhibited by single drops or ensembles of drops which
can be recorded and used to calculate either individual drop sizes or the distribution of drop sizes in
anensemble.Thistestmethoddealswiththelatterclass,andhence,isdescribedas“nonimaging.”The
various optical phenomena involved are commonly described as “light-scattering.” Using any of these
test methods, the spray is observed for a period of time during which a large number of drops is
examined, and the data are treated so as to derive drop-size statistics for the sample investigated.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain data which
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
characterize the sizes of liquid particles or drops such as are
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
produced by a spray nozzle or similar device under specified
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conditions using a specified liquid. The drops will generally be
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
in the size range from 5-µm to the order of 1 000-µm diameter;
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
they will occur in sprays which may be as small as a few cubic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
centimetres or as large as several cubic metres. Typically the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
number density of the particles can vary significantly from one
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
point to another.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This test method is intended primarily for use in
standardizing measurements of the performance of spraypro-
2. Referenced Documents
ducing devices. It is limited to those techniques and instru-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ments that operate by passing a beam of light through the spray
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
and analyzing the light scattered by the droplets to derive size
ASTM Test Methods
information. Such techniques do not produce images of indi-
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
vidual drops, and therefore, are known as “optical (nonimag-
E799 Practice for Determining Data Criteria and Processing
ing) instruments.”
for Liquid Drop Size Analysis
1.3 The measurements made, when referred to the entire
E1088 Definitions of Terms Relating to Atomizing Devices
spray being sampled, may be flux sensitive or spatial, as
(Withdrawn 1997)
defined in Practice E799, depending on the techniques used
E1296 Terminology for Liquid Particle Statistics (With-
with a particular instrument.
drawn 1997)
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E29 on Particle For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Spray Characterization and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E29.02 contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
on Non-Sieving Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1260 – 03 (2015). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/E1260-03R20. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1260 − 03 (2020)
E1620 Terminology Relating to Liquid Particles andAtomi- addition, however, occasionally a problem may occur due to
zation differences in wetting the surfaces, for example, a nozzle tested
2.2 NFPA Standards: previously in fuel (or other hydrocarbon) may exhibit a poor
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code quality spray when first tested with water and may require the
NFPA33 SprayApplication Using Flammable and Combus- use of a degreasing agent to remove traces of hydrocarbon
tible Materials from the surfaces containing the liquid.
6.1.2 It is very important to protect the edges of the
3. Terminology
discharge orifice of a spray nozzle from accidental damage
prior to testing.This protection is best accomplished by the use
3.1 Definitions—For terminology pertaining to this test
of a cover over the discharge orifice of the nozzle during
method, refer to Terminology E456, Practice E799, Definitions
storage and installation on the test stand.
E1088, and Terminology E1296.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 6.2 Care must be exercised to prevent the ingress of liquid
drops into the instrument. The surfaces of lenses, mirrors, and
3.2.1 spray—the term “spray” in this test method includes
windows should be inspected at frequent intervals for cleanli-
all ensembles, arrays, or clouds composed of liquid particles or
ness or damage and the manufacturer’s recommendations
drops whether produced artificially or naturally. Although it is
followed.
usual to consider a spray as implying significant motion of the
drops relative to the atmosphere there are situations in which
7. Apparatus
the relative velocity is or becomes sufficiently low to be
negligible. In this case, a “spray” is indistinguishable from a
7.1 Light Source, (including lasers),
“cloud” which implies a static ensemble of drops.
7.1.1 Optical Means, for producing a suitable beam that
passes through a region of the spray,
4. Summary of Test Method
7.1.2 Detecting Means, for recording light-scattering phe-
4.1 The spray is examined by a means whereby a beam of
nomena resulting from the liquid drops and means for trans-
light passes through local regions, which make a representative forming the observations into statistical estimates of drop size
sample, and one of the forms of light-scattering phenomena
and dispersion characteristics, as shown in Fig. 1.
that occur is detected by the instrument. The data are recorded,
7.2 Spray Chamber, preferably without components that
usually by data-processing equipment, and are transformed
could affect the optical behavior of the incident/scattered light
mathematically into statistics characterizing the size distribu-
(or have known effect thereon). It is convenient to employ this
tionThese operations may be performed manually or automati-
when the spray or spray-producing device to be tested is small
cally and the instrument may provide a visual display or a
in size relative to the apparatus. Use of this chamber may be
printed report.
desirable to protect the optical and electronic components of
the apparatus from damage by the liquid spray (see also
5. Significance and Use
Section 8). In this case the apparatus is preferably securely
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide data on
installed in a suitable location. The chamber should not affect
liquid drop-size characteristics for sprays, as indicated by
the normal formation of the spray.
optical nonimaging light-scattering instruments. The results
7.2.1 In cases where there are known or suspected steep
obtained generally will be statistical in nature. The number of
drop concentration gradients or variations in the spray, for
variables concerned in the production of liquid spray, together
with the variety of optical, electronic, and sampling systems
used in different instruments, may contribute to variations in
the test results. Care must be exercised, therefore, when
attempting to compare data from samples obtained by different
means.
6. Interferences
6.1 Spray Nozzle—Many spray nozzles are designed with
internal liquid passages of small dimensions and it is important
to ensure that these passages do not become blocked with
foreign matter. Some nozzles have built-in filters or screens but
in all cases it is advisable to fit a filter in the liquid supply line
immediately upstream of the nozzle inlet to remove any solid
particles that are considered likely to cause problems.
6.1.1 The use of one liquid to simulate another fuel may
affect the performance of certain types of nozzle due to
differences in density, viscosity, and surface tension. In
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org. FIG. 1 Diagram of Test Arrangement
E1260 − 03 (2020)
example, in hollow-cone spray patterns, means shall be pro- preliminary tests, a sufficient number of sampling locations
vided for accurately locating the spraying device relative to the shall be selected to allow an averaging procedure to be
light beam source and sensor. Provision should also be made employed.
for selectively examining a number of different locations or
9.3 Where previously observed data exist relative to the
regions in the spray.
device under test or where operating circumstances dictate it
7.3 Operating instructions shall be supplied by the manu-
shall be permissible to take observations at a single location in
facturer or contractor of the apparatus or instrument. The
the spray and to report the result as a “standardized repr
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