ASTM G105-20

Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test method these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test method does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. The value of the test method lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.  
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2020
• ICS: 83.160.01 - Tyres in general
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.30 - Abrasive Wear

Relations

• Refers: ASTM G40-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Refers: ASTM E177-14 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Refers: ASTM E11-13 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM G40-13 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM E177-13 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM G40-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM E122-09e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2011
• Refers: ASTM G40-10b - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Refers: ASTM E177-10 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Refers: ASTM G40-10a - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Refers: ASTM G40-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Refers: ASTM G40-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2009
• Refers: ASTM E122-09 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2009
• Refers: ASTM E11-09e1 - Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Refers: ASTM E177-08 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008

Overview

ASTM G105-20: Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests is a widely recognized standard from ASTM International that provides laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to abrasive wear. Specifically, this method uses a wet sand and rubber wheel setup to create a reproducible form of scratching abrasion under controlled conditions. The primary objective is to rank materials based on their abrasion resistance by measuring the volume loss after testing, thus providing a reliable comparative assessment among different materials when subjected to abrasive environments.

Key Topics

• Abrasive Wear: This standard simulates wear caused by hard particles or protuberances moving against a solid surface. The controlled test simulates scratching abrasion, a common wear mechanism in industrial environments.
• Uniform Test Conditions: Key factors affecting abrasive wear, such as abrasive size, shape, hardness, applied force, and test frequency, are standardized to achieve consistency across different laboratories.
• Material Ranking: Results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimeters. A lower volume loss correlates with higher abrasion resistance, making comparison straightforward and meaningful.
• Applicability: While the results allow ranking materials in terms of abrasion resistance, the method is not intended to predict lifespan in specific, real-world operating conditions due to the simplified and standardized environment.
• Sample Types: The method is suitable for evaluating wrought metals, castings, weld overlays, thermal spray deposits, powder metals, electroplates, cermets, and more.

Applications

ASTM G105-20 is highly valuable across various industries where metallic materials are exposed to abrasive operating environments. It is especially relevant in:

• Mining and Earthmoving: Equipment components such as liners, crusher parts, and wear plates are subject to significant abrasive wear from mineral or soil particles. This test helps in selecting the most wear-resistant materials for such applications.
• Agricultural Machinery: Plowshares, tillage tools, and other parts benefit from material selection based on abrasion performance, reducing maintenance and replacement costs.
• Manufacturing and Fabrication: Weld overlays, thermal spray coatings, and specialty alloys can be comparatively tested for use in harsh environments.
• Quality Control and R&D: Laboratories and manufacturers use this method to assess new material formulations or to calibrate and qualify processes that affect wear resistance.
• Coatings Evaluation: The test can help determine if thin coatings on substrates have sufficient abrasion resistance, although modified methods may be necessary for particularly thin or soft coatings.

Related Standards

ASTM G105-20 references or is related to several other standards, reinforcing its role in the broader context of materials testing and wear resistance evaluation:

• ASTM D2000 - Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
• ASTM D2240 - Test Method for Rubber Property-Durometer Hardness
• ASTM E11 - Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
• ASTM E122 - Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• ASTM E177 - Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• ASTM G40 - Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion

Practical Value

By standardizing test conditions, ASTM G105-20 ensures that abrasion resistance data are reliable and reproducible, enabling stakeholders to make informed decisions about material selection in abrasive environments. This leads to improved component lifespan, reduced maintenance costs, and optimized performance in service. Understanding and applying this method is essential for industries prioritizing durability and operational efficiency in their material choices. For further details or reference specimens, users should consult the official ASTM publication or related standards.

Keywords: abrasive wear test, metallic materials, wet sand, rubber wheel, scratching abrasion, ASTM G105-20, abrasion resistance, material ranking, volume loss, laboratory testing.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G105 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de-
Lot or Process
termining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
abrasion by means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the
ASTM Test Methods
intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under
2.2 SAE Standard:
a specified set of conditions.
SAE J200Classification System for Rubber Materials
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in
cubic millimetres. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will 3. Terminology
have a lower volume loss.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.1.1 abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
protuberancesforcedagainstandmovingalongasolidsurface.
providedforinformationonlyandarenotconsideredstandard. 3.1.1.1 Discussion—This definition covers several different
wear modes or mechanisms that fall under the abrasive wear
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
category. These modes may degrade a surface by scratching,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cutting, deformation, or gouging (1 and 2). G40
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4. Summary of Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The wet sand/rubber wheel abrasion test (Fig. 1) in-
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
volves the abrading of a standard test specimen with a slurry
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
containing grit of controlled size and composition. The abra-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
sive is introduced between the test specimen and a rotating
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
wheel with a neoprene rubber tire or rim of a specified
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
hardness. The test specimen is pressed against the rotating
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
wheel at a specified force by means of a lever arm while the
2. Referenced Documents grit abrades the test surface. The rotation of the wheel is such
that stirring paddles on both sides agitate the abrasive slurry
2.1 ASTM Standards:
through which it passes to provide grit particles to be carried
D2000Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
across the contact face in the direction of wheel rotation.
motive Applications
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard- 4.2 Three wheels are required with nominal Shore A
ness
Durometer hardnesses of 50, 60, and 70, with a hardness
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest toleranceof 62.0.Arun-inisconductedwiththe50Durometer
Sieves
wheel, followed by the test with 50, 60, and 70 Durometer
wheelsinorderofincreasinghardness.Specimensareweighed
before and after each run and the loss in mass recorded. The
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
logarithms of mass loss are plotted as a function of measured
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
rubber wheel hardness and a test value is determined from a
Wear.
least square line as the mass loss at 60.0 Durometer. It is
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as G105–16. DOI:
10.1520/G0105-20.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromSAEInternational(SAE),400CommonwealthDr.,Warrendale,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G105 − 20
holder is not directly in line with the test specimen surface. Unless the
tangent to the wheel at the center point of the area or line of contact
between the wheel and specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the
loading arm, a variable, undefined, and uncompensated torque about the
pivot will be caused by the frictional drag of the wheel against the
specimen. Therefore, the true loading of specimen against the wheel
cannot be known.
6.1.1 Discussion—The location of the pivot point between
the lever arm and the specimen holder must be directly in line
with the test specimen surface. Unless the tangent to the wheel
at the center point of the area or line of contact between the
wheel and specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the
loading arm, a variable, undefined, and uncompensated torque
about the pivot will be caused by the frictional drag of the
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of the Wear Test Apparatus
wheel against the specimen. Therefore, the true loading of
specimen against the wheel cannot be known.
necessary to convert the mass loss to volume loss, due to wide
6.2 Rubber Wheel—Each wheel shall consist of a steel disk
differences in density of materials, in order to obtain a ranking
withanouterlayerofneoprenerubbermoldedtoitsperiphery.
of materials.Abrasion is then reported as volume loss in cubic
The rubber is bonded to the rim and cured in a suitable steel
millimetres.
mold. Wheels are nominally 178 mm (7 in.) diameter by 13
mm ( ⁄2 in.) wide (see Fig. 2). The rubber will conform to
5. Significance and Use (1-7)
Classification D2000 (SAE J200).
5.1 Theseverityofabrasivewearinanysystemwilldepend
6.2.1 The 50 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with
upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the
2BC515K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the
Z1—Elastomer—Neoprene GW,
frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 50 6 2,
method these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform
Z3—Not less than 50% rubber hydrocarbon content, and
condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching
Z4—Medium thermal black reinforcement.
abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test method does not attempt to
6.2.2 The 60 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with
duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape,
2BC615K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
pressure, impact or corrosive elements), it should not be used
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and
to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 60 6 2.
environment.Thevalueofthetestmethodliesinpredictingthe
6.2.3 The 70 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with
ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as
2BC715K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and
obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 70 6 2.
specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared
6.2.4 The compounds suggested for the 50, 60, and 70
with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in
Durometer rubber wheels are as follows:
the same environment. The comparison will provide a general
Content (pph)
indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is
Ingredient 50 60 70
the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
Neoprene GW 100 100 100
A
6. Apparatus
Magnesia 222
B
Zinc Oxide 10 10 10
6.1 Fig. 2 shows a typical design and Figs. 3 and 4 are
Octamine 2 2 2
photographsofatestapparatus.(SeeRef (4).)Severalelements Stearic Acid 0.5 0.5 0.5
C
SRF Carbon Black 20 37 63
are of critical importance to ensure uniformity in test results
ASTM #3 Oil 14 10 10
among laboratories. These are the type of rubber used on the
wheel,thetypeofabrasiveanditsshape,uniformityofthetest
A
Maglite D (Merck)
B
apparatus, a suitable lever arm system to apply the required Kadox 15 (New Jersey Zinc)
C
ASTM Grade N762
force (see Note 1) and test material uniformity.
6.2.5 Wheels are molded under pressure. Cure times of 40
NOTE1—Anapparatusdesignthatiscommerciallyavailableisdepicted
both schematically and in photographs in Figs. 1-4.Although it has been
to 60 min at 153°C (307°F) are used to minimize “heat-to-
usedbyseverallaboratories(includingthoserunninginterlaboratorytests)
heat’’ variations.
toobtainweardata,itincorporateswhatmaybeconsideredadesignflaw.
The location of the pivot point between the lever arm and the specimen
6.3 Motor Drive—The wheel is driven by a 0.75kw (1hp)
electric motor and suitable gear box to ensure that full torque
is delivered during the test. The rate of revolution (245rpm 6
Present users of this test method may have constructed their own equipment.
5 rpm) must remain constant under load. Other drives produc-
Rubberwheelabrasiontestingequipmentiscommerciallyavailable.Rubberwheels
or remolded rims on wheel hubs can be obtained through the manufacturer(s). ing 245 rpm under load are suitable.
G105 − 20
FIG. 2 Rubber Wheel
FIG. 3 Test Apparatus with Slurry Chamber Cover Removed
6.4 Wheel Revolution Counter—The machine shall be rubber wheel at rest has a value of 222.4N 6 3.6 N (50.0lbf
equipped with a revolution counter that will monitor the 6 0.8 lbf).This force may be determined by calculation of the
numberofwheelrevolutionsasspecifiedintheprocedure.Itis moments acting around the pivot point for the lever arm or by
recommended that the incremental counter have the ability to direct measurement, for example, by noting the load required
shut off the machine after a preselected number of wheel to pull the specimen holder away from the wheel, or with a
revolutions or increments up to 5000 revolutions is attained. proving ring.
6.5 Specimen Holder and Lever Arm—The specimen holder 6.6 Analytical Balance—The balance used to measure the
is attached to the lever arm to which weights are added so that loss in mass of the test specimen shall have a sensitivity of
a force is applied along the horizontal diametral line of the 0.0001 g. A 150 g capacity balance is recommended to
wheel.An appropriate weight must be used to apply a force of accommodate thicker or high density specimens.
222 N (50 lbf) between the test specimen positioned in the
7. Reagents and Materials
specimen holder and the wheel. The weight has a mass of
approximately 9.5 kg (21 lb) and must be adjusted so that the 7.1 Abrasive Slurry—The abrasive slurry used in the test
force exerted by the rubber wheel on the specimen with the shall consist of a mixture of 0.940 kg of deionized water and
G105 − 20
FIG. 4 Test Apparatus in Operation
1.500 kg of a rounded grain quartz sand as typified by AFS inputofwelds,andtheflameadjustmentofgasweldswillhave
50/70TestSand(−50/+70mesh,or−230⁄+270µm)furnished an effect on the abrasion resistance of the weld deposit. Weld
by the qualified source. deposits should be made on a thick enough substrate, 12.7 mm
(0.5in.)minimumsuggested,topreventdistortion.Ifdistortion
7.2 AFS50/70testsandiscontrolledbythequalifiedsource
occurs, the specimen may be mechanically straightened or
to the following size range using U.S. Sieves (Specification
ground or both.
E11).
8.4.1 In order to develop a suitable wear scar, the surface to
U.S. Sieve Size Sieve Opening %Retained on Sieve
be abraded must be ground flat to produce a smooth, level
40 425 µm (0.0165 in.) None
50 300 µm (0.0117 in.) 5 max
surface. A test surface without square (90°) edges, having a
70 212 µm (0.0083 in.) 95 min
level surface at least 50.8 mm (2.00 in.) long and 19.1 mm
100 150 µm (0.0059 in.) None Passing
(0.75in.)wide,isacceptableifitcanbepositionedtoshowthe
7.2.1 Multiple use of the sand may affect the test compari-
full length and width of the wear scar developed by the test.
sons.
8.5 Coatings—This test may be unsuitable for some
8. Sampling, Test Specimen, and Test Units
coatings, depending on their thickness, wear resistance, bond
to the substrate, and other factors.The criterion for acceptabil-
8.1 Test Unit—Use any metallic material form for abrasion
ity is the ability of the coating to resist penetration to its
testingbythismethod.Thisincludeswroughtmetals,castings,
substrate during conduct of the test. Modified procedures for
forgings, weld overlays, thermal spray deposits, powder
coatings may be developed based on this procedure.
metals, electroplates, cermets, etc.
8.2 Test Specimen—The test specimens are rectangular in
8.6 Finish—Test specimens should be smooth, flat and free
shape, 25.4mm 6 0.8 mm (1.00in. 6 0.03 in.) wide by
of scale. Surface defects such as porosity and roughness may
57.2mm 6 0.8 mm (2.25in. 6 0.03 in.) long by 6.4mm to
bias the test results, and such specimens should be avoided
15.9mm(0.25in.to0.625in.)thick.Thetestsurfaceshouldbe
unless the surface itself is under investigation. Excepting
flat within 0.125 mm (0.005 in.) maximum. coatings, the last 0.3 mm (0.01 in.) of stock on the test surface
8.2.1 For specimens less than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) thick, use
(orsurfacesincaseswherebothmajorsurfacesaretobetested)
ashiminthespecimenholdertobringthespecimentoaheight should be carefully wet ground to a surface finish of about
of 9.5 mm.
0.5µm to 0.75 µm (20µin. to 30 µin.) arithmetic average as
measured across the direction of grinding.The direction of the
8.3 Wrought and Cast Metal—Specimens may be machined
grinding should be parallel to the longest axis of the specimen.
to size directly from raw material.
The finished surface should be free of artifacts of specimen
8.4 Weld deposits are applied to one flat surface of the test
heat treatment or preparation such as unintentional carburiza-
piece. Double-weld passes are recommended to prevent weld
tion or decarburization, heat checks, porosity, slag inclusions,
dilution by the base metal. Note that welder technique, heat
gas voids, etc.
8.6.1 Thincoatingsmaybetestedintheas-coatedcondition
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
since surface grinding, especially of those less than about 0.3
isOttawaSilicaCo.,P.O.Box577,Ottawa,IL61350.Ifyouareawareofalternative
mm (0.01 in.) thick, can penetrate the coating or cause it to be
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
sothinthatitwillnotsurvivethattestwithoutpenetration.The
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. finish of the substrate test surface prior to coating should be
G105 − 20
FIG. 5 Typical Uniform Wear Scar
such to minimize irregularities in the coated surface. Grinding ft) of lineal abrasion assuming a 177.8 m diameter wheel. The
of this surface as directed in 8.6 is suggested for coatings less run-in removes the surface layer and exposes fresh material
than 0.15 mm (0.005 in.) thick. that is not affected by the surface preparation. Note: ensure
8.6.2 The type of surface or surface preparation shall be wheel rotation and slurry mixing has started prior to loading
stated in the data sheet. specimen against wheel.
9.9 Following the run-in, remove the specimen from the
9. Procedure
slurry chamber. Clean, dry, and reweigh the specimen to the
9.1 Thoroughly rinse the slurry chamber before the test to
nearest 0.0001 g. Drain the slurry from the chamber and
eliminate any remnants of slurry from a previous test.
discard it.
9.2 Install the rubber wheel of nominal 50 Durometer and
9.10 Theactualabrasiontestisconductedonthesamewear
measure and record its hardness.
scar starting with either the same 50 Durometer rubber wheel
9.2.1 Take at least four (preferably eight) hardness readings
used for the run-in, or with another 50 Durometer rubber
at equally spaced locations around the periphery of the rubber
wheel. It is essential to install the specimen in the specimen
wheel using a Shore A Durometer tester in accordance with
holder with the same orientation and position each time.
Test Method D2240. Take gage readings after a dwell time of
9.11 Follow the same procedure as used for the run-in,
5 s. Report average hardness in the form:A/48.6/5, whereAis
repeating steps 9.1 – 9.9 with the normally 50, 60, and 70
the type of Durometer, 48.6 the average of the readings, and 5
Durometer rubber wheels, in order of increasing hardness.
thetimeinsecondsthatthepressurefootofthetesterisinfirm
contact with the rubber rim surface. The 5s dwell time for the
9.12 Preparation and Care of Rubber Wheels—Dress the
pressure foot in contact with the rubber rim should be
periphery of all new rubber wheels and make concentric to the
rigorously adhered to.
bore of the steel disk upon which the rubber is mounted. The
9.3 Prior to testing, demagnetize each steel specimen. Then concentricity of the rim shall be within 0.05 mm (0.002 in.)
totalindicatorreadingonthediameter.Theintentistoproduce
cleaneachspecimenofalldirtandforeignmatter,anddegrease
in acetone immediately prior to weighing. Materials with a uniform surface that will run tangent to the test specimen
without causing vibration or hopping of the lever arm. The
surface porosity (some powder metals or ceramics) must be
dried to remove all traces of the cleaning agents that may have wear scars shall be rectangular in shape and of uniform depth
at any section across the width (Fig. 5).
been entrapped in the material.
9.12.1 It is recommended that rubber wheels be dressed
9.4 Weigh the specimen to the nearest 0.0001 g.
again after accumulating approximately 6000 revolutions dur-
9.5 Settherevolutioncountertoshutoffautomaticallyafter
ing testing. Experience has shown that more than 6000
1000 wheel revolutions.
revolutions may have an adverse effect on the reproducibility
9.6 Install the specimen in the specimen holder, using an
of results.
appropriate shim if the specimen surface is less than 9.5 mm
9.12.2 Dress rubber wheels whenever they develop grooves
abovetheholderseatsurface;theninstalltheholderinposition
or striations, or when they wear unevenly so as to develop
for testing. Fill the slurry chamber with 1.500 kg of the quartz
trapezoidal or uneven wear scars on the test specimen.
sandand0.940kgofdeionizedwateratroomtemperature,and
9.12.3 The rubber wheel may be used until the diameter is
place a cover over the top of the slurry chamber to prevent the
reduced to 165 mm (6.50 in.). The shelf life of the rubber rim
slurry from splashing out.
may not exceed two years. Store wheels so that there is no
force on the rubber surface. New rubber rims may be mounted
9.7 Start wheel rotation. The rubber wheels are rotated at
on steel disks by the qualified source.
245 rpm, or 2.28 m/s (449 ft/min) peripheral surface speed.
9.8 Lower the specimen holder carefully against the wheel 9.13 Wheel Dressing Procedure—Arecommended dressing
to prevent bouncing and to apply a force of 222 N (50 lb) procedure for t
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G105 − 16 G105 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by
means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly rank materials in
their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower
volume loss.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. after
SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
2.2 SAE Standard:
SAE J200 Classification System for Rubber Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive Wear.
Current edition approved June 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2020. Published June 2016December 2020. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20072016 as
G105 – 02 (2007)G105 – 16. which was withdrawn January 2016 and reinstated in June 2016. DOI: 10.1520/G0105-16.DOI: 10.1520/G0105-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.15096, http://www.sae.org.
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FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of the Wear Test Apparatus
3.1.1 abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
This definition covers several different wear modes or mechanisms that fall under the abrasive wear category. These modes may
degrade a surface by scratching, cutting, deformation, or gouging (1 and 2). G40
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The wet sand/rubber wheel abrasion test (Fig. 1) involves the abrading of a standard test specimen with a slurry containing
grit of controlled size and composition. The abrasive is introduced between the test specimen and a rotating wheel with a neoprene
rubber tire or rim of a specified hardness. The test specimen is pressed against the rotating wheel at a specified force by means
of a lever arm while the grit abrades the test surface. The rotation of the wheel is such that stirring paddles on both sides agitate
the abrasive slurry through which it passes to provide grit particles to be carried across the contact face in the direction of wheel
rotation.
4.2 Three wheels are required with nominal Shore A Durometer hardnesses of 50, 60, and 70, with a hardness tolerance of 62.0.
A run-in is conducted with the 50 Durometer wheel, followed by the test with 50, 60, and 70 Durometer wheels in order of
increasing hardness. Specimens are weighed before and after each run and the loss in mass recorded. The logarithms of mass loss
are plotted as a function of measured rubber wheel hardness and a test value is determined from a least square line as the mass
loss at 60.0 Durometer. It is necessary to convert the mass loss to volume loss, due to wide differences in density of materials, in
order to obtain a ranking of materials. Abrasion is then reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres.
5. Significance and Use (1-7)
5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the magnitude
of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test method these conditions are
standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test
method does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact or corrosive elements),
it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. The value of the test method
lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume
loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with
test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication
of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Fig. 2 shows a typical design and Figs. 3 and 4 are photographs of a test apparatus. (See Ref (4).) Several elements are of
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
Present users of this test method may have constructed their own equipment. Rubber wheel abrasion testing equipment is commercially available. Rubber wheels or
remolded rims on wheel hubs can be obtained through the manufacturer(s).
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FIG. 2 Rubber Wheel
FIG. 3 Test Apparatus with Slurry Chamber Cover Removed
critical importance to ensure uniformity in test results among laboratories. These are the type of rubber used on the wheel, the type
of abrasive and its shape, uniformity of the test apparatus, a suitable lever arm system to apply the required force (see Note 1) and
test material uniformity.
NOTE 1—An apparatus design that is commercially available is depicted both schematically and in photographs in Figs. 1-4. Although it has been used
by several laboratories (including those running interlaboratory tests) to obtain wear data, it incorporates what may be considered a design flaw. The
location of the pivot point between the lever arm and the specimen holder is not directly in line with the test specimen surface. Unless the tangent to the
wheel at the center point of the area or line of contact between the wheel and specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the loading arm, a variable,
undefined, and uncompensated torque about the pivot will be caused by the frictional drag of the wheel against the specimen. Therefore, the true loading
of specimen against the wheel cannot be known.
6.1.1 Discussion—The location of the pivot point between the lever arm and the specimen holder must be directly in line with
the test specimen surface. Unless the tangent to the wheel at the center point of the area or line of contact between the wheel and
specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the loading arm, a variable, undefined, and uncompensated torque about the pivot
will be caused by the frictional drag of the wheel against the specimen. Therefore, the true loading of specimen against the wheel
cannot be known.
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FIG. 4 Test Apparatus in Operation
6.2 Rubber Wheel—Each wheel shall consist of a steel disk with an outer layer of neoprene rubber molded to its periphery. The
rubber is bonded to the rim and cured in a suitable steel mold. Wheels are nominally 178 mm (7 in.) diameter by 13 mm ( ⁄2 in.)
wide (see Fig. 2). The rubber will conform to Classification D2000 (SAE J200).
6.2.1 The 50 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with 2BC515K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
Z1—Elastomer—Neoprene GW,
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 50 6 2,
Z3—Not less than 50 % rubber hydrocarbon content, and
Z4—Medium thermal black reinforcement.
6.2.2 The 60 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with 2BC615K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 60 6 2.
6.2.3 The 70 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with 2BC715K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 70 6 2.
6.2.4 The compounds suggested for the 50, 60, and 70 Durometer rubber wheels are as follows:
Content (pph)
Ingredient 50 60 70
Neoprene GW 100 100 100
A
Magnesia 2 2 2
B
Zinc Oxide 10 10 10
Octamine 2 2 2
Stearic Acid 0.5 0.5 0.5
C
SRF Carbon Black 20 37 63
ASTM #3 Oil 14 10 10
A
Maglite D (Merck)
B
Kadox 15 (New Jersey Zinc)
C
ASTM Grade N762
6.2.5 Wheels are molded under pressure. Cure times of 40 to 60 min at 153°C (307°F) are used to minimize “heat-to-heat’’
variations.
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6.3 Motor Drive—The wheel is driven by a 0.75-kw (1-hp)0.75 kw (1 hp) electric motor and suitable gear box to ensure that full
torque is delivered during the test. The rate of revolution (245(245 rpm 6 5 rpm) must remain constant under load. Other drives
producing 245 rpm under load are suitable.
6.4 Wheel Revolution Counter—The machine shall be equipped with a revolution counter that will monitor the number of wheel
revolutions as specified in the procedure. It is recommended that the incremental counter have the ability to shut off the machine
after a preselected number of wheel revolutions or increments up to 5000 revolutions is attained.
6.5 Specimen Holder and Lever Arm—The specimen holder is attached to the lever arm to which weights are added so that a force
is applied along the horizontal diametral line of the wheel. An appropriate weight must be used to apply a force of 222 N (50 lbf)
between the test specimen positioned in the specimen holder and the wheel. The weight has a mass of approximately 9.5 kg (21
lb) and must be adjusted so that the force exerted by the rubber wheel on the specimen with the rubber wheel at rest has a value
of 222.4222.4 N 6 3.6 N (50.0(50.0 lbf 6 0.8 lbf). This force may be determined by calculation of the moments acting around
the pivot point for the lever arm or by direct measurement, for example, by noting the load required to pull the specimen holder
away from the wheel, or with a proving ring.
6.6 Analytical Balance—The balance used to measure the loss in mass of the test specimen shall have a sensitivity of 0.0001 g.
A 150 g capacity balance is recommended to accommodate thicker or high density specimens.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Abrasive Slurry—The abrasive slurry used in the test shall consist of a mixture of 0.940 kg of deionized water and 1.500 kg
of a rounded grain quartz sand as typified by AFS 50/70 Test Sand (−50/ +70 mesh, or −230 ⁄ +270 μm) furnished by the qualified
source.
7.2 AFS 50/70 test sand is controlled by the qualified source to the following size range using U.S. Sieves (Specification E11).
U.S. Sieve Size Sieve Opening %Retained on Sieve
40 425 μm (0.0165 in.) None
50 300 μm (0.0117 in.) 5 max
70 212 μm (0.0083 in.) 95 min
100 150 μm (0.0059 in.) None Passing
7.2.1 Multiple use of the sand may affect the test comparisons.
8. Sampling, Test Specimen, and Test Units
8.1 Test Unit—Use any metallic material form for abrasion testing by this method. This includes wrought metals, castings,
forgings, weld overlays, thermal spray deposits, powder metals, electroplates, cermets, etc.
8.2 Test Specimen—The test specimens are rectangular in shape, 25.425.4 mm 6 0.8 mm (1.00(1.00 in. 6 0.03 in.) wide by
57.257.2 mm 6 0.8 mm (2.25(2.25 in. 6 0.03 in.) long by 6.46.4 mm to 15.9 mm (0.25(0.25 in. to 0.625 in.) thick. The test surface
should be flat within 0.125 mm (0.005 in.) maximum.
8.2.1 For specimens less than 9.5 mm thick (0.375 in.), in.) thick, use a shim in the specimen holder to bring the specimen to a
height of 9.5 mm.
8.3 Wrought and Cast Metal—Specimens may be machined to size directly from raw material.
8.4 Weld deposits are applied to one flat surface of the test piece. Double-weld passes are recommended to prevent weld dilution
by the base metal. Note that welder technique, heat input of welds, and the flame adjustment of gas welds will have an effect on
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Ottawa Silica Co., P.O. Box 577, Ottawa, IL 61350. If you are aware of alternative
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical
committee, which you may attend.
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the abrasion resistance of the weld deposit. Weld deposits should be made on a thick enough substrate, 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) minimum
suggested, to prevent distortion. If distortion occurs, the specimen may be mechanically straightened or ground or both.
8.4.1 In order to develop a suitable wear scar, the surface to be abraded must be ground flat to produce a smooth, level surface.
A test surface without square (90°) edges, having a level surface at least 50.8 mm (2.00 in.) long and 19.1 mm (0.75 in.) wide,
is acceptable if it can be positioned to show the full length and width of the wear scar developed by the test.
8.5 Coatings—This test may be unsuitable for some coatings, depending on their thickness, wear resistance, bond to the substrate,
and other factors. The criterion for acceptability is the ability of the coating to resist penetration to its substrate during conduct
of the test. Modified procedures for coatings may be developed based on this procedure.
8.6 Finish—Test specimens should be smooth, flat and free of scale. Surface defects such as porosity and roughness may bias the
test results, and such specimens should be avoided unless the surface itself is under investigation. Excepting coatings, the last 0.3
mm (0.01 in.) of stock on the test surface (or surfaces in cases where both major surfaces are to be tested) should be carefully wet
ground to a surface finish of about 0.50.5 μm to 0.75 μm (20(20 μin. to 30 μin.) arithmetic average as measured across the direction
of grinding. The direction of the grinding should be parallel to the longest axis of the specimen. The finished surface should be
free of artifacts of specimen heat treatment or preparation such as unintentional carburization or decarburization, heat checks,
porosity, slag inclusions, gas voids, etc.
8.6.1 Thin coatings may be tested in the as-coated condition since surface grinding, especially of those less than about 0.3 mm
(0.01 in.) thick, can penetrate the coating or cause it to be so thin that it will not survive that test without penetration. The finish
of the substrate test surface prior to coating should be such to minimize irregularities in the coated surface. Grinding of this surface
as directed in 8.6 is suggested for coatings less than 0.15 mm (0.005 in.) thick.
8.6.2 The type of surface or surface preparation shall be stated in the data sheet.
9. Procedure
9.1 Thoroughly rinse the slurry chamber before the test to eliminate any remnants of slurry from a previous test.
9.2 Install the rubber wheel of nominal 50 Durometer and measure and record its hardness.
9.2.1 Take at least four (preferably eight) hardness readings at equally spaced locations around the periphery of the rubber wheel
using a Shore A Durometer tester in accordance with Test Method D2240. Take gage readings after a dwell time of 5 s. Report
average hardness in the form: A/48.6/5, where A is the type of Durometer, 48.6 the average of the readings, and 5 the time in
seconds that the pressure foot of the tester is in firm contact with the rubber rim surface. The 5-s5 s dwell time for the pressure
foot in contact with the rubber rim should be rigorously adhered to.
9.3 Prior to testing, demagnetize each steel specimen. Then clean each specimen of all dirt and foreign matter, and degrease in
acetone immediately prior to weighing. Materials with surface porosity (some powder metals or ceramics) must be dried to remove
all traces of the cleaning agents that may have been entrapped in the material.
9.4 Weigh the specimen to the nearest 0.0001 g.
9.5 Set the revolution counter to shut off automatically after 1000 wheel revolutions.
9.6 Install the specimen in the specimen holder, using an appropriate shim if the specimen surface is less than 9.5 mm above the
holder seat surface; then install the holder in position for testing. Fill the slurry chamber with 1.500 kg of the quartz sand and 0.940
kg of deionized water at room temperature, and place a cover over the top of the slurry chamber to prevent the slurry from
splashing out.
9.7 Start wheel rotation. The rubber wheels are rotated at 245 rpm, or 2.28 m/s (449 ft/min) peripheral surface speed.
9.8 Lower the specimen holder carefully against the wheel to prevent bouncing and to apply a force of 222 N (50 lb) against the
test specimen. A wear scar is run-in for 1000 wheel revolutions. Each 1000 revolutions produces 558.6 m (1832.6 ft) of lineal
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FIG. 5 Typical Uniform Wear Scar
abrasion assuming a 177.8 m diameter wheel. The run-in removes the surface layer and exposes fresh material that is not affected
by the surface preparation. Note: ensure wheel rotation and slurry mixing has started prior to loading specimen against wheel.
9.9 Following the run-in, remove the specimen from the slurry chamber. Clean, dry, and reweigh the specimen to the nearest
0.0001 g. Drain the slurry from the chamber and discard it.
9.10 The actual abrasion test is conducted on the same wear scar starting with either the same 50 Durometer rubber wheel used
for the run-in, or with another 50 Durometer rubber wheel. It is essential to install the specimen in the specimen holder with the
same orientation and position each time.
9.11 Follow the same procedure as used for the run-in, repeating steps 9.1 – 9.9 with the normally 50, 60, and 70 Durometer rubber
wheels, in order of increasing hardness.
9.12 Preparation and Care of Rubber Wheels—Dress the periphery of all new rubber wheels and make concentric to the bore of
the steel disk upon which the rubber is mounted. The concentricity of the rim shall be within 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) total indicator
reading on the diameter. The intent is to produce a uniform surface that will run tangent to the test specimen without causing
vibration or hopping of the lever arm. The wear scars shall be rectangular in shape and of uniform depth at any section across the
width (Fig. 5).
9.12.1 It is recommended that rubber wheels be dressed again after accumulating approximately 6000 revolutions during testing.
Experience has shown that more than 6000 revolutions may have an adverse effect on the reproducibility of results.
9.12.2 Dress rubber wheels whenever they develop grooves or striations, or when they wear unevenly so as to develop trapezoidal
or uneven wear scars on the test specimen.
9.12.3 The rubber wheel may be used until the diameter is
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