ASTM E345-93(2008)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
Standard Test Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design.
The results of tension tests from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductility of the entire end product of its in-service behavior in different environments.
These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the methods have been used extensively for these purposes.
Tension tests provide a means to determine the ductility of materials through the measurement either of elongation or reduction of area. However, as specimen thickness is reduced, tension tests may become less useful for the determination of ductility. For these purposes Test Method E 796 presents an alternative procedure for measuring ductility.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic foil at room temperature in thicknesses less than 0.006 in. (0.150 mm).
Note 1—Exception to these methods may be necessary in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E345 − 93 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Methods of
Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic 3.1 The definitions of terms relating to tension testing
foil at room temperature in thicknesses less than 0.006 in. appearing in Terminology E6 apply to the terms used in these
(0.150 mm). methods of tension testing.
NOTE 1—Exception to these methods may be necessary in individual
4. Significance and Use
specifications or test methods for a particular material.
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
development, quality control, and design.
information only and are not considered standard.
4.2 The results of tension tests from selected portions of a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
part or material may not totally represent the strength and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ductility of the entire end product of its in-service behavior in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
different environments.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for ac-
ceptance testing of commercial shipments since the methods
2. Referenced Documents
have been used extensively for these purposes.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.4 Tension tests provide a means to determine the ductility
B193Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor
of materials through the measurement either of elongation or
Materials
reduction of area. However, as specimen thickness is reduced,
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
tension tests may become less useful for the determination of
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
ductility. For these purposes Test Method E796 presents an
E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
alternative procedure for measuring ductility.
terials
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to 5. Apparatus
Determine Conformance with Specifications
5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for tension testing
E252Test Method for Thickness of Foil, Thin Sheet, and
shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The loads
Film by Mass Measurement
used in determining tensile strength, yield strength, and yield
E796Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil
point shall be within the verified loading range of the testing
(Withdrawn 2009)
machine as defined in Practices E4.
5.2 Gripping Devices:
5.2.1 General—Various types of gripping devices may be
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
used to transmit the measured load applied by the testing
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on
Uniaxial Testing.
machine to the test specimen. To ensure axial tensile stress
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
within the gage length, the axis of the test specimen must
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E345–87(2002).
coincide with the center line of the heads of the testing
DOI: 10.1520/E0345-93R08.
machine. Any departure from this center line may introduce
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
bending stresses that are not included in the usual stress
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
computation (load divided by cross-sectional area).
the ASTM website.
5.2.2 Wedge Grips—Testing machines usually are equipped
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. with wedge grips. These wedge grips generally furnish a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E345 − 93 (2008)
Dimensions
Specimen
Type A Type B
in. mm in. mm
G—Gage length 2.000 ± 0.005 50.0 ± 0.1 5 125
W—Width 0.500 ± 0.010 12.50 ± 0.25 0.500 12.5
T—Thickness thickness of foil thickness of foil
R—Radius of fillet, min ⁄4 19 . .
L—Overall Length, min 8 200 9 230
A—Length of reduced section, min 2 ⁄4 60 . .
B—Length of grip section, min 2 50 . .
C—Width of grip section, approx. ⁄4 20 0.500 12.5
NOTE1—ForTypeAspecimens,theendsofthereducedsectionshallnotdifferinwidthbymorethan0.002in.(0.05mm).Also,theremaybeagradual
decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at either end shall not be more than 0.005 in. (0.10 mm) larger than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications.
FIG. 1 Foil Tension Test Specimen
satisfactory means of gripping long specimens of ductile 7. Procedures
materials in the thicker foil gages. If, for any reason, one grip
7.1 Type A Specimen Preparation—The specimens can be
ofapairadvancesfartherthantheotherasthegripstighten,an
machined in packs by use of a milling-type cutter. The
undesirable bending stress may be introduced.When liners are
machined specimens shall be examined under about 20×
used behind the wedges, they must be of the same thickness
magnification to determine that the edges are smooth and that
andtheirfacesmustbeflatandparallel.Forpropergripping,it
there are no surface scratches or creases. Specimens showing
is desirable that the entire length of the serrated face of each
discernible scratches, creases, or edge discontinuities shall be
wedge be in contact with the specimen.Abuffer material such
rejected. The milling cutter shall be sharpened or renewed
as 320-grit silicon carbide paper may be inserted between the
when necessary. When machining some thicknesses and tem-
specimen and serrated faces to minimize tearing of specimens.
pers of material it may be necessary to interleave the samples
5.2.3 Smooth Face Grips—For foils less than 0.003 in.
with hard aluminum sheet, a plastic, or other suitable material.
(0.076 mm) thickness, it may be desirable that the grips have
For some materials it may be desirable to polish the edges of
smooth faces and that the gripping pressure be about 100 psi
the specimens, either mechanically or by electropolishing.
(0.7 MPa) for each 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) of specimen thick-
7.2 Type B Specimen Preparation—The specimens, particu-
ness.
larly of soft and of thin hard metals, may be prepared by
shearing,forexample,byuseofadouble-bladedcutter(Fig.2)
6. Test Specimen
or by slitting. The cutting edges should be lubricated, if
6.1 General—Test specimens shall be prescribed in the
necessary with a material such as stearic acid in alcohol or
product specification for the material being tested. If a TypeA
another suitable material. The finished specimens shall be
specimen is used, all specimen dimensions, test procedures,
examined under about 20× magnification to determine that the
and calculations shall be in compliance with those shown in
edgesaresmoothandtherearenosurfacescratchesorcreases.
Test Methods E8/E8M.
Specimens showing discernible surface scratches, creases, or
edge discontinuities shall be rejected.
6.2 Type A Specimen—TypeAspecimens shall be in accor-
dance with the ⁄2-in. (12.5-mm) sheet-type specimen shown in
7.3 Specimen Measurement:
Fig. 1.To avoid lateral buckling in tests of some materials, the
7.3.1 Thickness:
minimum radius of the fillet should be ⁄4 in. (19 mm), or the
width of the grip ends should be only slightly larger than the
width of the reduced section, or both; and the reduced section
ThesolesourceofsupplyoftheThwing-AlbertJDC-50precisioncutterknown
should be at least 20% longer than the gage length.
to the committee at this time is Thwing-Albert Instrument Co., 10960 Dutton Rd.,
Philadelphia,PA19154.Ifyouareawareofalternativesuppliers,pleaseprovidethis
6.3 Type B Specimens—Type B specimens shall be in
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
accordance with the ⁄2-in. (12.5-mm) wide parallel sided
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which
specimen shown in Fig. 1. you may attend.
E345 − 93 (2008)
FIG. 2 Double-Bladed Cutter for Making Type B Specimens
7.3.1.1 Thicknessofspecimenstakenfromsoftfoilsorfrom stated in the product specification. In the absence of any
foils 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) and thinner shall be determined to an specified limitations on the speed of testing the following
accuracy of 2% of the thic
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E345–93(Reapproved 2002) Designation:E345–93(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Test Methods of
Tension Testing of Metallic Foil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 345; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic foil at room temperature in thicknesses less than 0.006 in. (0.150
mm).
NOTE 1—Exception to these methods may be necessary in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values in parentheses are for information
only.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B 193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor Materials
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E8Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (Metric) 8/E 8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic
Materials
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E 252 Test Method for Thickness of Foil, Thin FoilSheet, and Film by WeighingMass Measurement
E 796 Test Method for Ductility Testing of Metallic Foil
3. Terminology
3.1 The definitions of terms relating to tension testing appearing in Terminology E 6 apply to the terms used in these methods
of tension testing.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information
may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design.
4.2 The results of tension tests from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductility
of the entire end product of its in-service behavior in different environments.
4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the methods have been
used extensively for these purposes.
4.4 Tension tests provide a means to determine the ductility of materials through the measurement either of elongation or
reduction of area. However, as specimen thickness is reduced, tension tests may become less useful for the determination of
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on Uniaxial
Testing.
´1
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1993. Published October 1993. Originally published as E345–68T. Last previous edition E345–87(1992) .
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 345 – 87 (2002).
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
, Vol 02.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E345–93 (2008)
ductility. For these purposes Test Method E 796 presents an alternative procedure for measuring ductility.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for tension testing shall conform to the requirements of Practices E 4. The loads used
in determining tensile strength, yield strength, and yield point shall be within the verified loading range of the testing machine as
defined in Practices E 4.
5.2 Gripping Devices:
5.2.1 General—Various types of gripping devices may be used to transmit the measured load applied by the testing machine
tothetestspecimen.Toensureaxialtensilestresswithinthegagelength,theaxisofthetestspecimenmustcoincidewiththecenter
line of the heads of the testing machine.Any departure from this center line may introduce bending stresses that are not included
in the usual stress computation (load divided by cross-sectional area).
Dimensions
Specimen
Type A Type B
in. mm in. mm
G—Gage length 2.000 6 0.005 50.0 6 0.1 5 125
W—Width 0.500 6 0.010 12.50 6 0.25 0.500 12.5
T—Thickness thickness of foil thickness of foil
R—Radius of fillet, min ⁄4 19 . .
L—Overall Length, min 8 200 9 230
A—Length of reduced section, min 2 ⁄4 60 . .
B—Length of grip section, min 2 50 . .
C—Width of grip section, approx. ⁄4 20 0.500 12.5
NOTE 1—ForTypeAspecimens,theendsofthereducedsectionshallnotdifferinwidthbymorethan0.002in.(0.05mm).Also,theremaybeagradual
decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at either end shall not be more than 0.005 in. (0.10 mm) larger than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications.
FIG. 1 Foil Tension Test Specimen
5.2.2 Wedge Grips—Testing machines usually are equipped with wedge grips. These wedge grips generally furnish a
satisfactory means of gripping long specimens of ductile materials in the thicker foil gages. If, for any reason, one grip of a pair
advances farther than the other as the grips tighten, an undesirable bending stress may be introduced. When liners are used behind
the wedges, they must be of the same thickness and their faces must be flat and parallel. For proper gripping, it is desirable that
the entire length of the serrated face of each wedge be in contact with the specimen. A buffer material such as 320-grit silicon
carbide paper may be inserted between the specimen and serrated faces to minimize tearing of specimens.
5.2.3 Smooth Face Grips—For foils less than 0.003 in. (0.076 mm) thickness, it may be desirable that the grips have smooth
faces and that the gripping pressure be about 100 psi (0.7 MPa) for each 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) of specimen thickness.
6. Test Specimen
6.1 General—Test specimens shall be prescribed in the product specification for the material being tested. If aTypeAspecimen
is used, all specimen dimensions, test procedures, and calculations shall be in compliance with those shown in Test Methods E8
or E8ME 8/E 8M.
6.2 Type A Specimen—Type A specimens shall be in accordance with the ⁄2-in. (12.5-mm) sheet-type specimen shown in Fig.
1. To avoid lateral buckling in tests of some materials, the minimum radius of the fillet should be ⁄4 in. (19 mm), or the width of
the grip ends should be only slightly larger than the width of the reduced section, or both; and the reduced section should be at
least 20 % longer than the gage length.
6.3 TypeBSpecimens—TypeBspecimensshallbeinaccordancewiththe ⁄2-in.(12.5-mm)wideparallelsidedspecimenshown
in Fig. 1.
7. Procedures
7.1 Type A Specimen Preparation—The specimens can be machined in packs by use of a milling-type cutter. The machined
specimens shall be examined under about 203 magnification to determine that the edges are smooth and that there are no surface
E345–93 (2008)
scratches or creases. Specimens showing discernible scratches, creases, or edge discontinuities shall be rejected.The milling cutter
shall be sharpened or renewed when necessary. When machining some thicknesses and tempers of material it may be necessary
to interleave the samples with hard aluminum sheet, a plastic, or other suitable material. For some materials it may be desirable
to polish the edges of the specimens, either mechanically or by electropolishing.
7.2 Type B Specimen Preparation—The specimens, particularly of soft and of thin hard metals, may be prepared by shearing,
for example, by use of a double-bladed cutter (Fig. 2) or by slitting. The cutting edges should be lubricated, if necessary with a
material such as stearic acid in alcohol or another suitable material. The finished specimens shall be examined under about 203
magnification to determine that the edges are smooth and there are no surface scratches or creases. Specimens showing discernible
surface scratches, creases, or edge discontinuities shall be rejected.
7.3 Specimen Measurement:
7.3.1 Thickness:
7.3.1.1 Thickness of specimens taken from soft foils or from foils 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) and thinner shall be determined to an
accuracy of 2 % of the thickness by weighing in accordance with Test Method E 252 or by measuring devices. When using Test
Method E 252, the specimens themselves shall be weighed when it is practical.At least two specimens shall be weighed together.
WhenType B specimens are not used for weighing, a sample in accordance withTest Method E 252 may be used when taken from
...
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