ASTM E939-94(2006)

Standard Test Method of Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods (Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites):I Mosquitoes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is an important part of the final phase of study in the development of mosquito repellents for personal use.  
This test method is primarily designed to simulate a situation in which a person treated with a repellent is exposed to natural populations of attacking mosquitoes.
The simplicity of the test offers flexibility under a relatively wide range of circumstances and geographical locations. By following this test method, international testing with a variety of vector mosquito populations is no more difficult to accomplish than tests with various domestic species.
A number of people test topical applications of a repellent for the following reasons:
4.4.1 To determine how long the repellent is effective;
4.4.2 To establish the effective dosage range;
4.4.3 To establish the range of effectiveness on several mosquito genera and species in a number of geographical areas; and
4.4.4 To identify the material in terms of odor, staining capability, plasticizing effect, and oiliness or greasiness.
No repellent should be tested on humans without the written consent of the test volunteers (hereafter referred to as test subjects) and prior approval of competent authority, as designated in applicable laws and regulations governing experimentation on humans.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the repellency of promising compounds that have undergone primary laboratory studies and have been approved for skin application for secondary testing.
1.2 This test method is designed for the study of mosquito repellents, but with some modifications this test method can be used to determine the repellency of candidate compounds for other flying insects that attack humans.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2006
• ICS: 71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
• Technical Committee: E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E939-94(2005) - Standard Test Method of Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods (Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites):I Mosquitoes
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2006
• Replaced By: ASTM E939-94(2012) - Standard Test Method of Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods (Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites):I Mosquitoes (Withdrawn 2017)
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E939 – 94 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method of
Field Testing Topical Applications of Compounds as
Repellents for Medically Important and Pest Arthropods
1
(Including Insects, Ticks, and Mites):I Mosquitoes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4.2 This test method is primarily designed to simulate a
situation in which a person treated with a repellent is exposed
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the repellency of
to natural populations of attacking mosquitoes.
promising compounds that have undergone primary laboratory
4.3 The simplicity of the test offers flexibility under a
studies and have been approved for skin application for
relatively wide range of circumstances and geographical loca-
secondary testing.
tions. By following this test method, international testing with
1.2 This test method is designed for the study of mosquito
a variety of vector mosquito populations is no more difficult to
repellents, but with some modifications this test method can be
accomplish than tests with various domestic species.
used to determine the repellency of candidate compounds for
4.4 A number of people test topical applications of a
other flying insects that attack humans.
repellent for the following reasons:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.4.1 To determine how long the repellent is effective;
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.4.2 To establish the effective dosage range;
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.4.3 To establish the range of effectiveness on several
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mosquito genera and species in a number of geographical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
areas; and
2. Terminology 4.4.4 To identify the material in terms of odor, staining
capability, plasticizing effect, and oiliness or greasiness.
2.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:
4.5 No repellent should be tested on humans without the
2.1.1 complete protection time (CPT)—the time from appli-
written consent of the test volunteers (hereafter referred to as
cation of the repellent to the time of the first confirmed bite (a
test subjects) and prior approval of competent authority, as
secondbitebythesamespecieswithin30minofthefirst).This
designated in applicable laws and regulations governing ex-
permits any number of unconfirmed bites during the CPT.
perimentation on humans.
3. Summary of Test Method
5. Apparatus
3.1 Ameasured amount of the candidate material is applied
5.1 Insect collection vials.
totheforearmorsometimesthelowerleg.Theseareasarethen
5.2 Aspirator.
protected from rubbing and are continuously exposed to
5.3 Stereoscope (optional).
mosquitoes in the field to determine the length of time the
5.4 Standard References for Mosquito Identification, for
treatment provides either complete protection or a high level of
determining species present in the field (optional).
protection.
5.5 Temperature and Humidity Reading Equipment—
4. Significance and Use
Ideally, a continuous recording device such as a hygrothermo-
graph should be used to record conditions during tests. If such
4.1 This test method is an important part of the final phase
equipment is not available, readings should be made immedi-
ofstudyinthedevelopmentofmosquitorepellentsforpersonal
ately before, midway during, and immediately after the tests
use.
are made, using a sling psychrometer.
5.6 Air Speed Indicator and Light Meter, optional but
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
preferred if equipment is available.
Pesticides and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility of
5.7 Watch.
Subcommittee E35.12 on Insect Control Agents.
5.8 Headnets.
Current edition approved April 1, 2006. Published April 2006. Originally
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E939 – 94 (2005).
5.9 Cotton Gloves.
DOI: 10.1520/E0939-94R06.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E939 – 94 (2006)
5.10 Battery-Operated Head Lamps,withredfiltersfortests sitates the use of the legs instead of the arms as treatment sites.
with nocturnally active species. This can be determined by observation
...