ASTM D381-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The true significance of this test method for determining gum in motor gasoline is not firmly established. It has been proved that high gum can cause induction-system deposits and sticking of intake valves, and in most instances, it can be assumed that low gum will ensure absence of induction-system difficulties. The user should, however, realize that the test method is not of itself correlative to induction-system deposits. The primary purpose of the test method, as applied to motor gasoline, is the measurement of the oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during the comparatively mild conditions of the test procedure. Since many motor gasolines are purposely blended with nonvolatile oils or additives, the heptane extraction step is necessary to remove these from the evaporation residue so that the deleterious material, gum, may be determined. With respect to aviation turbine fuels, large quantities of gum are indicative of contamination of fuel by higher boiling oils or particulate matter and generally reflect poor handling practices in distribution downstream of the refinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D381 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheexistent
gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor
2. Referenced Documents
gasolines or other volatile distillates in their finished form,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates
D1655Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
and deposit control additives—see Note 7 for additional
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
information) at the time of test.
Petroleum Products
1.2 Provisionsaremadeforthedeterminationoftheheptane
D4175Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
Fuels, and Lubricants
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
standard.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
1.3.1 TheacceptedSIunitofpressureisthePascal(Pa);the 3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
IP Standard Methods forAnalysis and Testing of Petroleum
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many Products
IP540Determinationoftheexistentgumcontentofaviation
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem- turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
3. Terminology
Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
3.1 Definitions:
for additional information. The potential exists that selling
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
mercuryormercury-containingproducts,orboth,isprohibited
to Terminology D4175.
bylocalornationallaw.Usersmustdeterminelegalityofsales
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
in their location.
3.2.1 existent gum, n—the evaporation residue of aviation
fuels, without any further treatment.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 solvent washed gum content, n—theresidueremaining
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
whentheevaporationresidue(see3.2.3)hasbeenwashedwith
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
heptane and the washings discarded.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—For motor gasoline or non-aviation
For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
gasoline, solvent washed gum content was previously referred
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
to as existent gum.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.3 unwashed gum content, n—the evaporation residue of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the product or component under test, without any further
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
treatment.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D381–19. DOI: Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,
10.1520/D0381-22. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D381 − 19 D381 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D381; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the existent gum content of aviation fuels, and the gum content of motor gasolines
or other volatile distillates in their finished form, (including those containing alcohol and ether type oxygenates and deposit control
additives—see Note 7 for additional information) at the time of test.
1.2 Provisions are made for the determination of the heptane insoluble portion of the residue of non-aviation fuels.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 The accepted SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa); the accepted SI unit for temperature is degrees Celsius.
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use
Cautioncaution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for
additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or
national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.4, and 9.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019April 1, 2022. Published December 2019May 2022. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 20172019 as
D381 – 12 (2017).D381 – 19. DOI: 10.1520/D0381-19.10.1520/D0381-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D381 − 22
TABLE 1 Schedule of Test Conditions
Vaporizing Operating Temperature
Sample Type
Medium
Bath Test Well
Aviation and motor gasoline air 160 °C to 150 °C to
165 °C 160 °C
Aviation turbine fuel steam 232 °C to 229 °C to
246 °C 235 °C
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum Products
IP 540 Determination of the existent gum content of aviation turbine fuel – jet evaporation method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 existent gum, n—the evaporation residue of aviation fuels, without any further treatment.
3.2.2 solven
...
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