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ASTM D7547-09

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for purchases of Grade UL 91 unleaded aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. It does not cover any other gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. The unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified here, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both. Additives for electrical conductivity and corrosion inhibition, as well as certain types of antioxidants may be added separately, or in combination, in specified compositions and concentrations. Properly sampled specimens shall undergo test procedures and conform, accordingly, to the following requirements: knock value (motor octane number); density; distillation (initial boiling point, fuel evaporated, and final boiling point); recovery, residue and loss volumes; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; corrosion (copper strip); oxidation stability (potential gum); water reaction (volume change); and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation gasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2009
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7547-11 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7826-23a - Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4304-22 - Standard Specification for Mineral and Synthetic Lubricating Oil Used in Steam or Gas Turbines
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2245-23 - Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4171-22 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009

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ASTM D7547-09 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation GasolineASTM D7547-09 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
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ASTM D7547-09 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D7547 – 09
Standard Specification for
Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
gasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolines
D2624 TestMethodsforElectricalConductivityofAviation
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-
and Distillate Fuels
ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this
Ignition Engine Fuel
specification.
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
1.3 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
tion of Aviation Fuels
the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
time and place of delivery.
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Petroleum Products
standard.
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Petroleum Products
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
2. Referenced Documents tion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Method)
Atmospheric Pressure
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
ucts (Reid Method)
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels
ucts (Automatic Method)
(Potential Residue Method)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
ucts (Mini Method)
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Fuel Systems
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
Current edition approved July 15, 2009. Published November 2009. DOI:
10.1520/D7547-09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 3. Terminology
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1 Definitions:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7547 – 09
3.2 unleaded aviation gasoline, n—gasolinepossessingspe- 5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used to determine the
cific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by recip- concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.
rocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not intentionally
5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Additive—Stadis 450 in con-
added for the purpose of enhancing octane performance.
centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel
3.2.1 Discussion—Principal properties include volatility
conductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-
limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for
ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximum
which it is intended, and suitability for low temperature 4
cumulative level of 5 mg/L of Stadis 450.
performance.
5.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor Additive—The following corro-
sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrations
4. Classification
not to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)
4.1 One grade of unleaded aviation gasoline is provided,
listed for each additive.
known as: Grade UL 91.
DCI-4A MAC = 22.5 g/m
NOTE 1—Grade UL 91 is based on its octane number as measured by DCI-6A MAC = 9.0 g/m
HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m
Test Method D2700 motor method.
NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m
NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m
5. Materials and Manufacture
PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m
5.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise speci- UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m
SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m
fied in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined
TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m
hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, 3
TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m
or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic
hydrocarbons, or both.
6. Detailed Requirements
5.2 Additives—These may be added to each grade of un-
6.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline shall conform to the
leaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
specified in the following list of approved materials. The
6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less
quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.
than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance
Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also be
shall be made for the precision of the test methods. To
declared.
determine the conformance to the specification requirement, a
5.2.1 Antioxidants—Thefollowingoxidationinhibitorsmay
test result may be rounded to the same number of significant
be added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in total
figures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple
concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including
determinationsaremade,theaverageresult,roundedaccording
weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
to Practice E29, shall be used.
5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.
5.2.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.
5.2.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol. 7. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %
7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified in this speci-
maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.
fication shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, and
5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25
suspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseating
% maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.
or irritating. No substances of known dangerous toxicity under
5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol
usual conditions of handling and use shall be present.
plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary bu-
tylphenols.
8. Sampling
5.2.1.7 N,N’-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.
5.2.1.8 N,N’-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine. 8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-
5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)—One of the fol- dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-
lowing may be used: dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.
5.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance
8.1.1 Although automatic sampling following Practice
with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May
D4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial refinery
be used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-
specification compliance testing shall be performed on a
facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
sample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.
8.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasoline properties,
NOTE 2—Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) can reduce knock ratings
below minimum specification values (see X1.2.3).
including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and others
are very sensitive to trace contamination which can originate
5.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),
from sample containers. For recommended sample containers,
conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type
refer to Practice D4306.
III) may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %
when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
3 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec, Inc., Innospec Manu-
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1526. facturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.
D7547 – 09
A
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
B
Octane Ratings Grade 91 ASTM Test Method
C
Knock value, Motor Octane Number min 91.0 D2700
Density at 15°C, kg/m Report D1298 or D4052
Distillation D86
Initial boiling point, °C Report
Fuel Evaporated
10 volume % at °C max 75
40 volume % at °C min 75
50 volume % at °C max 105
90 volume % at °C max 135
Final boiling point, °C max 170
Sum of 10% + 50% evaporated temperatures, °C min 135
Recovery volume % min 97
Residue volume % max 1.5
Loss volume % max 1.5
D
Vapor pressure 38°C, kPa min 38.0 D323, D5190,or D5191
max 49.0
E
Freezing point, °C max –58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D2622
F
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 43.5 D4529 or D3338
Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100°C max No. 1 D130
G
Oxidation stability (5 h aging) D873
Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6
Water reaction D1094
Volume change, mL max 62
H
Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450 D2624
A
For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.
C
Knock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane number.
D
Test Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.
E
If no crystals have appeared on cooling to –58°C, the freezing point may be reported as less than –58°C.
F
For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,
Test Method D4809 shall be used.
G
If mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case the
gum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24 mg/L.
H
Applies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall apply
under the condition at point of use:
Minimum 50 pS/m
Maximum 450 pS/m.
The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.
9. Report 10.1.6 Sulfur—Test Method D2622.
10.1.7 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Methods D4529 or
9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance
D3338.
with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually
agreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleaded
10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)——Test Method D130,
aviation gasoline. 2 h test at 100°C in bomb.
10.1.9 Potential Gum—Test Method D873 except that
10. Test Methods
wherevertheletterXoccurs(referringtooxidationtime)insert
10.1 Therequirementsenumeratedinthisspecificationshall
the number 5, designating the number of hours prescribed in
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
this specification.
methods:
10.1.10 Water Reaction—Test Method D1094.
10.1.1 Knock Value (MON)—Test Method D2700.
10.1.11 Electrical Conductivity—Test Method D2624.
10.1.2 Density—Test Methods D1298 or D4052.
10.1.3 Distillation—Test Method D86.
11. Keywords
10.1.4 Vapor Pressure—Test Methods D323, D5190,or
D5191. 11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas;
10.1.5 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386. unleaded aviation gasoline
D7547 – 09
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINE
X1.1 Introduction scribedconditions.Resultsareexpressedasoctanenumbersup
to 100. Octane number is defined arbitrarily as the percentage
X1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline is a complex mixture of
of isooctane in that blend of isooctane and n-heptane that the
relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in their
gasoline matches in knock characteristics when compared by
physical and chemical properties. The engines and aircraft
the procedure specified. The MON of the gasoline can be used
impose a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical envi-
as a guide to the amount of knock-limited power that may be
ronments. The properties of unleaded aviation gasoline (Table
obtained in a full-scale engine under take-off, climb and cruise
X1.1) shall be properly balanced to give satisfactory engine
conditions.
performance over an extremely wide range of conditions.
X1.2.3 Since isopropyl alcohol is normally added in the
X1.1.2 TheASTM requirements summarized in Table 1 are
field at the point of use, the operator is cautioned that it may
quality limits established on the basis of the broad experience
impact octane performance. Depending on octane grade, the
and close cooperation of producers of unleaded aviation
additionoftheIPAadditivemayincreaseordecreasethemotor
gasoline, manufacturers of aircraft engines, and users of both
octane rating.
commodities.The values given are intended to define unleaded
X1.2.4 Knock Value, MON (Test Method D2700)—The
aviation gasoline suitable for most types of spark-ignition
specification parameter knock value, lists “Motor Octane
aviation engines; however, certain equipment or conditions of
Number” (MON) as determined by Test Method D2700.
use may require fuels having other characteristics.
H
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
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This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1322-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.  
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.  
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8147-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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