ASTM C181-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Plastics
Standard Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Plastics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which refractory plastic materials can be rammed, gunned, or vibrated into place.
Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found useful for specification acceptance by the consumer.
The workability index determination can provide information for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under impact at various water contents, it is an indication that the material is “short” or lacking in plasticity.
Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in the report.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the workability index of fireclay and high-alumina refractory plastics by measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C181 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory
1
Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.3 The workability index determination can provide infor-
mation for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the work-
under impact at various water contents, it is an indication that
ability index of fireclay and high-alumina refractory plastics by
the material is “short” or lacking in plasticity.
measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen
3.4 Determinations on samples that split during impact will
when subjected to impacts.
be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
is not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
the report.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
4. Apparatus
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Rammer—The apparatus shall consist of the device
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
known as the sand rammer for refractories (see Fig. 1). It shall
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
consist essentially of a steel cylindrical mold (specimen tube)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2.00 in. (50.8 mm) in inside diameter and 4.75 in. (120.6 mm)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in length, supported in a vertical position on the same axis as
a shaft to which shall be fastened a plunger that fits inside the
2. Referenced Documents
mold. A 14-lb (6.4-kg) cylindrical weight slides on the same
2
shaft and is arranged to fall a distance of 2 in. (51 mm) before
2.1 ASTM Standards:
engaging a collar fastened to the shaft.As shown in Fig. 1, the
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
3
weight may be raised by a manually rotated cam. Provision
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
shall be made by the equipment manufacturer to support the
3. Significance and Use
weight, thereby removing the load from the vertical shaft
(example shown in Fig. 2). The sand rammer will include a
3.1 Workability index serves as a measure of the facility
linear scale capable of measuring sample height to 0.02 in. (0.5
with which refractory plastic materials can be rammed,
mm) with a typical range of 1.7–2.5 in. (Note 1). The portion
gunned, or vibrated into place.
of the scale to be used shall be adjusted so that when the
3.2 Workability index is commonly used to control consis-
vertical shaft is measuring a 3.00 in. standard, 3.00 in. is read
tency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found
on the scale.
useful for specification acceptance by the consumer.
NOTE 1—The apparatus as described in this section is capable of
measuring workabilities up to about 32 %. For products of higher
workability a suitable spacer block may be installed under the specimen.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
4.1.1 Mounting for Rammer—It is recommended the ram-
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith-
ics.
merbemountedonsandrammerbasesoldbythemanufacturer
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally
or a concrete column to isolate the rammer from vibration
approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C181 – 09. DOI:
variations. The rammer is to be secured onto the base or
10.1520/C0181-11.
2
column using steel bolts.Variable results are obtained from the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
test unless the described mounting or an acceptable alternative
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
mounting is used for the rammer. An acceptable mounting
the ASTM website.
3
method is one that can be calibrated using the manufacturer’s
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. calibration rings described below in 4.1.2.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C181 − 11
FIG. 1 Apparatus for Workability-Index Test
producing full ramming energy. This is accomplished b
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C181–09 Designation:C181–11
Standard Test Method for
Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Plastic
1
RefractoriesRefractory Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheworkabilityindexoffireclayandhigh-aluminaplasticrefractoriesrefractory
plastics by measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which plastic refractory plastic materials can be rammed, gunned,
or vibrated into place.
3.2 Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found useful
for specification acceptance by the consumer.
3.3 The workability index determination can provide information for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under
impact at various water contents, it is an indication that the material is “short” or lacking in plasticity.
3.4 Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is
not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in the report.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Rammer—The apparatus shall consist of the device known as the sand rammer for refractories (see Fig. 1). It shall consist
essentially of a steel cylindrical mold (specimen tube) 2.00 in. (50.8 mm) in inside diameter and 4.75 in. (120.6 mm) in length,
supported in a vertical position on the same axis as a shaft to which shall be fastened a plunger that fits inside the mold. A 14-lb
(6.4-kg) cylindrical weight slides on the same shaft and is arranged to fall a distance of 2 in. (51 mm) before engaging a collar
fastened to the shaft. As shown in Fig. 1, the weight may be raised by a manually rotated cam. Provision shall be made by the
equipment manufacturer to support the weight, thereby removing the load from the vertical shaft (example shown in Fig. 2). The
sand rammer will include a linear scale capable of measuring sample height to 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) with a typical range of 1.7–2.5
in. (Note 1). The portion of the scale to be used shall be adjusted so that when the vertical shaft is measuring a 3.00 in. standard,
3.00 in. is read on the scale.
NOTE 1—The apparatus as described in this section is capable of measuring workabilities up to about 32 %. For products of higher workability a
suitable spacer block may be installed under the specimen.
4.1.1 Mounting for Rammer—It is recommended the rammer be mounted on sand rammer base sold by the manufacturer or a
concrete column to isolate the rammer from vibration variations. The rammer is to be secured onto the base or column using steel
bolts. Variable results are obtained from the test unless the described mounting or an acceptable alternative mounting is used for
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.
Current edition approved Sept.Oct. 1, 2009.2011. Published October 2009.November 2011. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
C181 – 039. DOI: 10.1520/C0181-09.10.1520/C0181-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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