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ASTM C1045-01

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions

Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from data generated by steady state, one dimensional test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in Test Methods C 177, C 335, C 518, C 976, C 1033, C 1114 and C 1363 by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.
1.2 The thermal transmission properties described include: thermal conductance, thermal resistance, apparent thermal conductivity, apparent thermal resistivity, surface conductance, surface resistance, and overall thermal resistance or transmittance.
1.3 This practice provides the method for developing the apparent thermal conductivity as a function of temperature relationship for a specimen from data generated by standard test methods at small or large temperature differences. This relationship can be used to characterize material for comparison to material specifications and for use in calculation programs such as Practice C 680.
1.4 The SI unit values used in this practice are considered standard.
1.5 This practice includes a discussion of the definitions and underlying assumptions for the calculation of thermal transmission properties. Tests to detect deviations from these assumptions are described. This practice also considers the complicating effects of uncertainties due to the measurement processes and material variability. See Section 7.
1.6 This practice is not intended to cover all possible aspects of thermal properties data base development. For new materials, the user should investigate the variations in thermal properties seen in similar materials. The information contained in Section 7, the Appendix and the technical papers listed in the References section of this practice may be helpful in determining whether the material under study has thermal properties that can be described by equations using this practice. Some examples where this method has limited application include: ( 1) the onset of convection in insulation as described in Reference  (21); (2) a phase change of one of the insulation system components such as a blowing gas in foam; and (3) the influence of heat flow direction and temperature difference changes for reflective insulations.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2001
ICS
17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.30 - Thermal Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1045-97 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Replaced By
ASTM C1045-07 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1594-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1086-20 - Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Mechanically Bonded Felt Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C533-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1822-21 - Standard Specification for Insulating Covers on Accessible Lavatory Piping
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1363-19 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C800-19 - Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C553-13(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial Applications
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C612-14(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1676/C1676M-23 - Standard Specification for Microporous Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1667-15 - Standard Test Method for Using Heat Flow Meter Apparatus to Measure the Center-of-Panel Thermal Transmission Properties of Vacuum Insulation Panels
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C578-22 - Standard Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C1919-22 - Standard Practice for Measurement of the Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties of Small Specimens Using the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001
Referred By
ASTM C195-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating Cement
Effective Date
10-Mar-2001

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ASTM C1045-01 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State ConditionsASTM C1045-01 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
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ASTM C1045-01 - Standard Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1045–01
Standard Practice for
Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-
1
State Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ing whether the material under study has thermal properties
that can be described by equations using this practice. Some
1.1 Thispracticeprovidestheuserwithauniformprocedure
examples where this method has limited application include:
forcalculatingthethermaltransmissionpropertiesofamaterial
(1) the onset of convection in insulation as described in
orsystemfromdatageneratedbysteadystate,onedimensional
Reference (21);(2) a phase change of one of the insulation
test methods used to determine heat flux and surface tempera-
system components such as a blowing gas in foam; and (3) the
tures.Thispracticeisintendedtoeliminatetheneedforsimilar
influence of heat flow direction and temperature difference
calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518,
changes for reflective insulations.
C976, C1033, C1114 and C1363 by permitting use of these
standard calculation forms by reference.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 The thermal transmission properties described include:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thermal conductance, thermal resistance, apparent thermal
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulating Materi-
conductivity,apparentthermalresistivity,surfaceconductance,
2
als
surface resistance, and overall thermal resistance or transmit-
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
tance.
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
1.3 This practice provides the method for developing the
2
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
apparent thermal conductivity as a function of temperature
C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Proper-
relationship for a specimen from data generated by standard
2
ties of Horizontal Pipe Insulations
test methods at small or large temperature differences. This
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
relationship can be used to characterize material for compari-
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
son to material specifications and for use in calculation
2
the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
programs such as Practice C680.
C680 Practice for Determination of Heat Gain or Loss and
1.4 The SI unit values used in this practice are considered
the Surface Temperature of Insulated Pipe and Equipment
standard.
2
Surfaces by the Use of a Computer Program
1.5 Thispracticeincludesadiscussionofthedefinitionsand
C976 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Performance
underlying assumptions for the calculation of thermal trans-
2
ofBuildingAssembliesbyMeansofaCalibratedHotBox
mission properties. Tests to detect deviations from these
C1033 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Prop-
assumptions are described. This practice also considers the
2
erties of Pipe Insulation Installed Vertically
complicating effects of uncertainties due to the measurement
C1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating
processes and material variability. See Section 7.
2
and Reporting Properties of Thermal Insulation
1.6 Thispracticeisnotintendedtocoverallpossibleaspects
C1114 TestMethodforSteady-StateThermalTransmission
of thermal properties data base development. For new materi-
2
Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
als, the user should investigate the variations in thermal
C1199 Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Ther-
propertiesseeninsimilarmaterials.Theinformationcontained
malTransmittanceofFenestrationSystemsUsingHotBox
inSection7,theAppendixandthetechnicalpaperslistedinthe
2
Methods
Referencessectionofthispracticemaybehelpfulindetermin-
C1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building
2
Assemblies by Means of a Hot Box Apparatus
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal E122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate the
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurements.
Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published June 2001. Originally
2
published as C1045–85. Last previous edition C1045–97. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1045
3
Average Quality of a Lot or Process
l = meanthermalconductivity,averagedwithrespect
m
to temperature from T to T , W/(m·K), (see
c h
3. Terminology
sections 6.4.1 and Appendix X3).
3.1 Definitions— The definitions and terminol
...

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4.1 ASTM thermal test method descriptions are complex because of added apparatus details necessary to ensure accurate results. As a result, many users find it difficult to locate the data reduction details necessary to reduce the data obtained from these tests. This practice is designed to be referenced in the thermal test methods, thus allowing those test methods to concentrate on experimental details rather than data reduction.  
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1.1 This practice provides the user with a uniform procedure for calculating the thermal transmission properties of a material or system from data generated by steady state, one dimensional test methods used to determine heat flux and surface temperatures. This practice is intended to eliminate the need for similar calculation sections in Test Methods C177, C335, C518, C1033, C1114 and C1363 and Practices C1043 and C1044 by permitting use of these standard calculation forms by reference.  
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ASTM C1114-06(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Factors that may influence the thermal-transmission properties of a specimen of material are described in Practice C1045 and the Precision and Bias section of Test Method C177.  
5.2 Because of the required test conditions prescribed by this test method, it shall be recognized that the thermal properties obtained will not necessarily apply without modification to all conditions of service. As an example, this test method normally provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain moisture, although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables such as mean temperature and temperature difference.  
5.3 When a new or modified design of apparatus is evolved, tests shall be made on at least two sets of differing material of known long-term thermal stability. Tests shall be made for each material at a minimum of two different mean temperatures within the operating range of each. Any differences in results should be carefully studied to determine the cause and then be removed by appropriate action. Only after a successful verification study on materials having known thermal properties traceable to a recognized national standards laboratory shall test results obtained with this apparatus be considered to conform with this test method. Periodic checks of apparatus performance are recommended.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the steady-state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of thermal insulation using a thin heater of uniform power density having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral thermal conductance can reduce unwanted lateral heat flow and avoid the need for active-edge guarding.  
1.2 This primary test method of thermal-transmission measurement describes a principle, rather than a particular apparatus. The principle involves determination of the thermal flux across a specimen of known thickness and the temperatures of the hot and cold faces of the specimen.  
1.3 Considerable latitude is given to the designer of the apparatus in this test method; since a variety of designs is possible, a procedure for qualifying an apparatus is given in 5.3.  
1.4 The specimens must meet the following conditions if thermal resistance or thermal conductance of the specimen is to be determined by this test method2:  
1.4.1 The portion of the specimen over the isothermal area of the heater must accurately represent the whole specimen.  
1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in 1.4.1.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the design of a guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources and provides guidance in determining the mean temperature of the meter plate. It provides information and calculation procedures for: (1) control of edge heat loss or gain (Annex A1); (2) location and installation of line-heat sources (Annex A2); (3) design of the gap between the meter and guard plates (Appendix X1); and (4) location of heater leads for the meter plate (Appendix X2).  
4.2 A circular guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources is amenable to mathematical analysis so that the mean surface temperature is calculated from the measured power input and the measured temperature(s) at one or more known locations. Further, a circular plate geometry simplifies the mathematical analysis of errors resulting from heat gains or losses at the edges of the specimens (see Refs (10, 11)).  
4.3 The line-heat source(s) is (are) placed in the meter plate at a prescribed radius such that the temperature at the outer edge of the meter plate is equal to the mean surface temperature over the meter area. Thus, the determination of the mean temperature of the meter plate is accomplished with a small number of temperature sensors placed near the gap.  
4.4 A guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources will have a radial temperature variation, with the maximum temperature differences being quite small compared to the average temperature drop across the specimens. Provided guarding is adequate, only the mean surface temperature of the meter plate enters into calculations of thermal transmission properties.  
4.5 Care shall be taken to design a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate so that the electric-current leads to each heater either do not significantly alter the temperature distributions in the meter and guard plates or else affect these temperature distributions in a known way so that appropriate corrections are applied.  
4.6 The use of one or a few ...
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1.1 This practice covers the design of a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate for use in accordance with Test Method C177.  
Note 1: Test Method C177 describes the guarded-hot-plate apparatus and the application of such equipment for determining thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, the test method includes apparatus designed with guarded hot plates having either distributed- or line-heat sources.  
1.2 The guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources is a design in which the meter and guard plates are circular plates having a relatively small number of heaters, each embedded along a circular path at a fixed radius. In operation, the heat from each line-heat source flows radially into the plate and is transmitted axially through the test specimens.  
1.3 The meter and guard plates are fabricated from a continuous piece of thermally conductive material. The plates are made sufficiently thick that, for typical specimen thermal conductances, the radial and axial temperature variations in the guarded hot plate are quite small. By proper location of the line-heat source(s), the temperature at the edge of the meter plate is made equal to the mean temperature of the meter plate, thus facilitating temperature measurements and thermal guarding.  
1.4 The line-heat-source guarded hot plate has been used successfully over a mean temperature range from − 10 to + 65°C, with circular metal plates and a single line-heat source in the meter plate. The chronological development of the design of circular line-heat-source guarded hot plates is given in Refs (1-9).2
Note 2: Detailed drawings and descriptions for the construction of two line-heat-source guarded-hot-plate apparatuses are available in the adjunct.3  
1.5 This practice does not preclude (1) lower or higher temperatures; (2) plate geometries other than circular; (3) line-heat-source geometries other than circular; (4) the use of...

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ASTM
ASTM C177-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness.  
5.2 Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies.  
5.3 Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is due to the fact heat transmission through a specimen occurs by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection). It is possible that any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen will require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat. In some cases it is possible that hours or even days will be required to achieve the thermal steady-state. No guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured. It is possible that moisture content within the material will cause transient behavior. It is also possible that and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition will permanently alter the specimen.  
5.4 Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus it is possible that there will be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range,...
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1.1 This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.  
1.2 The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.  
1.3 This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).2  
1.4 This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.  
1.5 The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.  
1.6 Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).  
1.7 This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of sp...

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ASTM E473-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology

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1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and rheology. This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.  
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoanalytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. This terminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or thermalmagnetometry.  
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2070-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 These test methods are useful for research and development, quality assurance, regulatory compliance, and specification acceptance purposes.  
6.2 The determination of the order of a chemical reaction or transformation at specific temperatures or time conditions is beyond the scope of these test methods.  
6.3 The activation energy results obtained by these test methods may be compared with those obtained from Test Method E698 for nth order and accelerating reactions. Activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order results by these test methods may be compared to those for Test Method E2041 for nth order reactions.
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1.1 Test Methods A, B, and C determine kinetic parameters for activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from a series of isothermal experiments over a small (≈10 K) temperature range. Test Method A is applicable to low nth order reactions. Test Methods B and C are applicable to accelerating reactions such as thermoset curing or pyrotechnic reactions and crystallization transformations in the temperature range from 300 K to 900 K (nominally 30 °C to 630 °C). These test methods are applicable only to these types of exothermic reactions when the thermal curves do not exhibit shoulders, double peaks, discontinuities or shifts in baseline.  
1.2 Test Methods D and E also determines the activation energy of a set of time-to-event and isothermal temperature data generated by this or other procedures  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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