ASTM F3045-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures which may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: F3045 − 15
StandardTest Method for
Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-
oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
1
Mixed with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is charac-
terizedvisually,bymeasuringwatercontentandbyrheological
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the
measurements. The mixture is then classified as a stable,
water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the
meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water mixture.
laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil
Each of these four types of mixtures has different characteris-
behavior data for input into oil spill models.
tics affecting the oils behavior once spilled.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determin-
ing emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures 3. Terminology
which may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are 3.1.1 complex modulus—One of the results of viscoelastic
intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and
measurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelastic
petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models. substance to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combining
both the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance and
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be
the reversible (elastic) deformation of the test substance.
used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as
3.1.2 emulsion—Atype of colloid, specifically, a dispersion
input to oil spill models.
of small droplets of one liquid in another.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on
3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsions—Emulsions which lack one
the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils
or more of the compositional factors necessary to form a stable
can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their
emulsion, but which are sufficiently stable to persist for short
chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils
periods, typically a few days.
are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
3.1.2.2 stable emulsions—Emulsions that persist
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
indefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid film
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
interface which resists coalescence.
standard.
3.1.2.3 unstable emulsions—Mixtures of water and oil
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
which resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a few
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
minutes to hours. There may be residual water remaining in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
low percentages.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2.4 water-in-oil emulsion—An emulsion consisting of a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
continuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.
2. Summary of Test Method
3.1.3 entrained water—This is not an emulsion but a me-
chanical mixture of oil and water which has not separated due
2.1 Oil is mixed with 33‰ (3.3%) saline water for 12 h in
to the physical properties of the water and oil.
a standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixture is charac-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Typically, the oil and water have simi-
terized after this shaking period.
lar densities and the oil phase has a high viscosity.rag—The
remnant of a broken water-in-oil emulsion.
1
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Rag will not reform an emulsion. Rag
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on
Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of
is thought to consist of tightly bound asphaltenes and resins.
Subcommittee F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
3.1.4 stability index—Anindexdescribingthestabilityofan
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:
10.1520/F3045–15 emulsion.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F3045 − 15
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In this standard, it is calculated using 5.8 Additives introduced in the production and transport of
data derived from rheological measurements. oils can change their emulsification behavior. Som
...
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