ASTM D2386-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the temperature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline.
Note 1—The interlaboratory program that generated the precisions for this test method did not include aviation gasoline.
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see 5.4, Section 6, and 7.2
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2386 – 97 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2386; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with
established procedures.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 freezing point—the fuel temperature at which solid
hydrocarbon crystals, formed on cooling, disappear when the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tem-
temperature of the fuel is allowed to rise.
perature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in
aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline.
4. Significance and Use
NOTE 1—The interlaboratory program that generated the precisions for
4.1 The freezing point of an aviation fuel is the lowest
this test method did not include aviation gasoline.
temperature at which the fuel remains free of solid hydrocar-
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be
bon crystals that can restrict the flow of fuel through filters if
regarded as the standard.
present in the fuel system of the aircraft. The temperature of the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
fuel in the aircraft tank normally falls during flight depending
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
on aircraft speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
point of the fuel must always be lower than the minimum
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
operational tank temperature.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
4.2 Freezing point is a requirement in Specifications D 910
statements see Note 3 and Notes 5-9.
and D 1655.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Jacketed Sample Tube—A double-walled, unsilvered
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
vessel, similar to a Dewar flask, the space between the sample
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
tube and the outer glass jacket being filled at atmospheric
D 3117 Test Method for Wax Appearance Point of Distillate
pressure with dry nitrogen or air. The mouth of the tube shall
Fuels
be closed with a cork stopper supporting the thermometer and
D 4305 Test Method for Filter Flow of Aviation Fuels at
moisture proof collar through which the stirrer passes (Fig. 1).
Low Temperatures
5.2 Collars—Moistureproof collars as shown in Fig. 2, Fig.
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
3 may be used instead of the above gland to prevent conden-
E 77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
sation of moisture.
mometers
5.3 Stirrer—Shall be made of 1.6-mm brass rod bent into a
2.2 IP Standard:
smooth three-loop spiral at the bottom.
IP Standards for Petroleum and Its Products, Part 1
NOTE 2—The stirrer may be mechanically actuated as described in the
apparatus section of Test Method D 3117.
3. Terminology
5.4 Vacuum Flask—An unsilvered vacuum flask (see Note
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3) having the minimum dimensions shown in Fig. 1 shall be
used to hold an adequate volume of cooling liquid and permit
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
the necessary depth of immersion of the jacketed sample tube.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
NOTE 3—Warning: Implosion hazard.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1997. Published October 1997. Originally
published as D 2386 – 65 T. Last previous edition D 2386 – 88. 5.5 Thermometer—A total immersion type, having a range
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
from −80 to +20°C, designated as ASTM No. 114C/IP No.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
14C. (See Specification E 1, or Appendix A, IP Standard
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Thermometers, Volume 2, IP Standard Methods for Analysis
Available from: Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish Street, London,
W1M 8AR, U.K.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2386
9)—A commercial grade of dry ice is suitable for use in the
cooling bath.
NOTE 7—Warning: Extremely cold, −78°C.
6.6 Liquid Nitrogen (see Note 8 and Note 9)—A commer-
cial or technical grade of liquid nitrogen is suitable for the
cooling bath when the freezing point is lower than −65°C.
NOTE 8—Warning: Extremely cold, −196°C.
NOTE 9—Carbon dioxide (solid) and liquid nitrogen liberate gasses that
can cause suffocation. Contact with skin causes burns, freezing, or both.
7. Procedure
7.1 Measure out 25 6 1 mL of the fuel and transfer it to the
clean, dry, jacketed sample tube. Close the tube tightly with the
cork holding the stirrer, thermometer, and moisture proof collar
and adjust the thermometer position so that its bulb does not
touch the walls of the tube flask and is approximately in the
center. The bulb of the thermometer should be 10 to 15 mm
from the bottom of the sample tube.
7.2 Clamp the jacketed sample tube so that it extends as far
as possible into the vacuum flask (see Note 3) containing the
cooling medium (Note 10). The surface of the sample should
be approximately 15 to 20 mm below the level of the coolant.
Unless the medium is cooled by mechanical refrigeration, add
solid carbon dioxide as necessary throughout the test to
maintain the coolant level in the vacuum flask.
NOTE 10—Acetone and either methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl alcohols are
suitable. All of these require cautious handling. Liquid nitrogen may also
be used as a coolant instead of liquids cooled with solid carbon dioxide for
fuel samples which have a freezing point below −65°C. Mechanical
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in mm and 60.1 mm glass wall thickness
refrigeration is permitted. Where used the
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