ASTM E837-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
Standard Test Method for Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-Gage Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Summary:
5.1.1 Residual stresses are present in almost all materials. They can be created during the manufacture or during the life of the material. Residual stresses can be a major factor in the failure of a material, particularly one subjected to alternating service loads or corrosive environments. Residual stress may also be beneficial, for example, the compressive stresses produced by shot peening. The hole-drilling strain-gage technique is a practical general-purpose method for determining residual stresses.
SCOPE
1.1 Residual Stress Determination:
1.1.1 This test method specifies a hole-drilling procedure for determining in-plane residual stresses near the surface of an isotropic linearly elastic material. It is applicable to residual stress determinations where the stresses do not vary significantly across the diameter of the drilled hole. The measured stresses are the in-plane residual stresses that exist within the depth of the drilled hole. Stress sensitivity rapidly decreases with depth from the measured surface and deep interior stresses cannot be evaluated. The measured residual stresses are described as “uniform” if they remain approximately constant within the hole depth, “non-unifom” if they vary significantly.
1.1.2 In general, “blind” holes are used, where the depth of the drilled hole and therefore the depth of the residual stress evaluation is less than the workpiece thickness. However, for a thin workpiece, it is also possible to do through-thickness measurements of uniform (membrane) stresses using a through-hole.
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
1.2.1 This test method applies in cases where material behavior is linear-elastic. When near-yeild residual stresses are present, it is possible for local yielding to occur due to the stress concentration around the drilled hole. Satisfactory measurement results can be achieved providing the residual stresses do not exceed about 80 % of the material yield stress for blind-hole drilling and about 50 % of the material yield stress for through-hole drilling.
1.3 Workpiece Damage:
1.3.1 The hole-drilling method is often described as “semi-destructive” because the damage that it causes is localized and often does not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measuring residual stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should be applied only in those cases either where the workpiece is expendable, or where the introduction of a small shallow hole will not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E837 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-
1
Gage Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The hole-drilling strain-gage method determines residual stresses near the surface of an isotropic
linear-elastic material. It involves attaching a strain rosette to the surface, drilling a hole at the
geometric center of the rosette, and measuring the resulting relieved strains. The residual stresses
withintheremovedmaterialarethendeterminedfromthemeasuredstrainsusingaseriesofequations.
1. Scope 1.3 Workpiece Damage:
1.3.1 The hole-drilling method is often described as “semi-
1.1 Residual Stress Determination:
destructive” because the damage that it causes is localized and
1.1.1 This test method specifies a hole-drilling procedure
often does not significantly affect the usefulness of the work-
fordeterminingin-planeresidualstressesnearthesurfaceofan
piece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measur-
isotropic linearly elastic material. It is applicable to residual
ing residual stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since
stress determinations where the stresses do not vary signifi-
hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should
cantly across the diameter of the drilled hole. The measured
be applied only in those cases either where the workpiece is
stresses are the in-plane residual stresses that exist within the
expendable, or where the introduction of a small shallow hole
depth of the drilled hole. Stress sensitivity rapidly decreases
will not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece.
withdepthfromthemeasuredsurfaceanddeepinteriorstresses
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cannot be evaluated. The measured residual stresses are de-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
scribed as “uniform” if they remain approximately constant
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
within the hole depth, “non-unifom” if they vary significantly.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1.2 In general, “blind” holes are used, where the depth of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the drilled hole and therefore the depth of the residual stress
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
evaluation is less than the workpiece thickness. However, for a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
thin workpiece, it is also possible to do through-thickness
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
measurements of uniform (membrane) stresses using a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
through-hole.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2.1 This test method applies in cases where material
behavior is linear-elastic.When near-yeild residual stresses are
2. Referenced Documents
present, it is possible for local yielding to occur due to the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
stress concentration around the drilled hole. Satisfactory mea-
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
surement results can be achieved providing the residual
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
stresses do not exceed about 80% of the material yield stress
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
for blind-hole drilling and about 50% of the material yield
stress for through-hole drilling.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of terms common to mechanical testing:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on
2
Residual Stress Measurement. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2020. Published November 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E837–13a DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0837-20. theASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E837 − 20
3.1.1 The terms accura
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E837 − 13a E837 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determining Residual Stresses by the Hole-Drilling Strain-
1
Gage Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E837; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The hole-drilling strain-gage method determines residual stresses near the surface of an isotropic
linear-elastic material. It involves attaching a strain rosette to the surface, drilling a hole at the
geometric center of the rosette, and measuring the resulting relieved strains. The residual stresses
within the removed material are then determined from the measured strains using a series of equations.
1. Scope
1.1 Residual Stress Determination:
1.1.1 This test method specifies a hole-drilling procedure for determining in-plane residual stress profiles stresses near the surface
of an isotropic linearly elastic material. The test method It is applicable to residual stress profile determinations where in-plane
stress gradients are small. The stresses may remain approximately constant with depth (“uniform” stresses) or they may vary
significantly with depth (“non-uniform” stresses). The measured workpiece may be “thin” with thickness much less than the
stresses do not vary significantly across the diameter of the drilled hole or “thick” with thickness much greater than the diameter
hole. The measured stresses are the in-plane residual stresses that exist within the depth of the drilled hole. Only uniform stress
measurements are specified for thin workpieces, while both uniform and non-uniform stress measurements are specified for thick
workpieces.Stress sensitivity rapidly decreases with depth from the measured surface and deep interior stresses cannot be
evaluated. The measured residual stresses are described as “uniform” if they remain approximately constant within the hole depth,
“non-unifom” if they vary significantly.
1.1.2 In general, “blind” holes are used, where the depth of the drilled hole and therefore the depth of the residual stress evaluation
is less than the workpiece thickness. However, for a thin workpiece, it is also possible to do through-thickness measurements of
uniform (membrane) stresses using a through-hole.
1.2 Stress Measurement Range:
1.2.1 The hole-drilling method can identify in-plane residual stresses near the measured surface of the workpiece material. The
method gives localized measurements that indicate the residual stresses within the boundaries of the drilled hole.
1.2.1 This test method applies in cases where material behavior is linear-elastic. In theory, When near-yeild residual stresses are
present, it is possible for local yielding to occur due to the stress concentration around the drilled hole. Satisfactory measurement
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on Residual Stress
Measurement.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013Oct. 1, 2020. Published October 2013November 2020. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
E837 – 13E837 – 13a DOI: 10.1520/E0837-13A.10.1520/E0837-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E837 − 20
results can be achieved providing the residual stresses do not exceed about 80 % of the material yield stress for hole drilling in
a “thick” material blind-hole drilling and about 50%50 % of the material yield stress in a “thin” material.for through-hole drilling.
1.3 Workpiece Damage:
1.3.1 The hole-drilling method is often described as “semi-destructive” because the damage that it causes is localized and often
does not significantly affect the usefulness of the workpiece. In contrast, most other mechanical methods for measuring residual
stresses substantially destroy the workpiece. Since hole drilling does cause some damage, this test method should be applied only
in those cases either where the workpiece is expendable, or where the introduction of a small shallow hole will not significantly
affect the usefulness of the workpiece.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
...
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