ASTM E2558-13(2021)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in Wood-Burning Fireplaces
Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in Wood-Burning Fireplaces
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission factors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fireplaces.
5.1.1 The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patterns must be factored into any prediction of atmospheric particulate matter impacts from fireplaces based on results from this method.
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per hour.
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from non-heating appliances: grams per kilogram.
5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in: grams per hour.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from wood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces. The fueling and operating protocol for determining particular matter emissions from masonry or other high mass fireplaces is covered in Annex A1 of this test method.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2558 − 13 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires in
Wood-Burning Fireplaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
3. Terminology
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
wood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces. The fueling
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
and operating protocol for determining particular matter emis-
in Terminology E631.
sions from masonry or other high mass fireplaces is covered in
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Annex A1 of this test method.
3.2.1 base of fireplace, n—the lowest part of the fireplace
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
assembly that would normally be in contact with the floor of
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
the dwelling or structure in which it is installed.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2.2 Douglas fir, n—untreated, standard, or better grade
and are not considered standard.
Douglasfirlumberwithagencygradestamp:D.FirorDouglas
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Fir.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 firebox, n—the volume within the fireplace where logs
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are burned.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.4 first fuel crib, n—the first fuel load (including fuel
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on the residual
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
fuel from the kindling brands. The specific configuration is
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
described in 9.3.5.1.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.5 fuel piece, n—2×4or4×4 wood pieces used to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
construct fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
depthdimensionsforcommonlyavailabledimensionallumber.
1 1
The actual dimensions are 1 ⁄2 in. ×3 ⁄2 in. (38mm × 89mm)
2. Referenced Documents
1 1
and 3 ⁄2in.×3 ⁄2 in. (89mm×89mm).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.6 grate, n—any device included with the fireplace or
E631Terminology of Building Constructions
specified by the fireplace manufacturer for the purpose of
E2515Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
elevatingthefuelloadabovethehearthorforconstrainingfuel
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
pieces from falling outside the intended burning area, or both.
2.2 NIST Document:
This includes basket grates and andirons.
Monograph 175Temperature-Electromotive Force Refer-
ence Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated
3.2.7 hearth, n—the footprint of the fireplace firebox.
3.2.8 kindling brands, n—the initial fuel load or loads
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
placedabovecrumplednewspapertoinitiatecombustioninthe
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54
fireplace and to establish a charcoal bed that will become the
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
ignition source for subsequent fuel loads.These are comprised
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2558–13. DOI:
offuelstripsseparatedbyairspaces.Thespecificconfiguration
10.1520/E2558-13R21.
is described in 9.3.4.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.9 low mass fireplace, n—any fireplace and attached
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
chimney that can be weighed (including the weight of the test
the ASTM website.
3 fuel) on a platform scale that meets the requirements as
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov. specified in 7.3 and 8.2.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2558 − 13 (2021)
3.2.10 nominal fuel length, n—the Nominal Fuel Length the home.An algorithm that uses the specific configuration of
(NFL) is one of five incremental nominal fuel piece lengths the test fireplace, including hearth and grate dimensions, is
that simulates real-world firewood five piece lengths. These used to determine the kindling and fuel crib geometry and
lengthsare16in.(406mm),18in.(457mm),20in.(508mm), dimensions. Kindling brands are placed in the fireplace above
22 in. (559mm), and 24 in. (610mm). The NFL is used for
crumpled newspaper and ignited. When the kindling brands
both the kindling brands and fuel cribs. haveburnedtoacertainpoint,thefirstfuelcribisplacedonthe
remains of the kindling. When the first crib is substantially
3.2.11 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
burned, the remaining material is adjusted as needed to form a
resultingfromcombustionofsolidfuel,asspecifiedinthistest
base for the second crib. This process is repeated again before
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
additionofthethirdcrib.Thethirdcribisallowedtoburnuntil
E2515.
all flaming from volatile material in the fuel ceases, at which
3.2.12 second fuel crib, n—the second fuel load (including
point the test is terminated. Burn rate is determined based on
fuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on the
the amount of fuel added less the amount remaining at the end
residual fuel from the first fuel crib.The specific configuration
of the test divided by the length of test and corrected to a dry
is described in 9.3.5.2.
fuelbasis.Particulatesamplingbeginsatthetimeofignitionof
3.2.13 spacers, n—wood pieces used to hold individual fuel
the newspaper and stops when the test terminates. The total
pieces together when constructing the three fuel cribs. Their
particulate emissions are determined over the test period. The
function is to provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and air
particulate emissions factor is then determined from the total
spaces between fuel pieces, as well as to hold the fuel cribs
emissions and the total amount of fuel burned and is reported
together (with nails).
in grams of particulate per dry kilogram of fuel or grams of
3.2.14 standardized fuel retainer, n—any fireplace that particulate per hour.
doesn’t include or specify a grate as defined in 3.2.6 shall use
4.2 Ifthetestfireplaceincludesstandard(oroffersoptional)
astandardizedfuelretainerduringtesting.Theseretainersshall
components that affect particulate emission performance and
include vertical fuel retainer bars that are made from
that have more than one operating position or condition
0.75in.×0.75 in. (19mm×19mm) steel square bar or 0.75
allowed in the owner’s manual that accompanies the fireplace,
in. (19mm) diameter round steel bar and shall be 8in. 62 in.
separateemissionstestsmayberequiredforeachofthevarious
(200mm 650mm) high. They shall be attached to a steel
positions or conditions that are allowed in the manual. This
platethatprojectstowardthefrontofthefireplaceandshallnot
might include things like door open and door closed operation,
interfere with any fireplace function. They shall be spaced so
for example. (See 9.4.14 – 9.4.16.)
they are 12in. 6 ⁄2in. (300mm 613mm) apart. Their pur-
pose is to prevent fuel from rolling or falling forward during
5. Significance and Use
testing, thus helping to prevent an aborted test. (See Fig. 1.)
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission
3.2.15 test facility, n—the area in which the tested fireplace
factors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fire-
is installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.
places.
3.2.16 third fuel crib, n—the third and final fuel load
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
(including fuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed
performance during product development.
on the residual fuel from the second fuel crib. The specific
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
configuration is described in 9.3.5.3.
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
4. Summary of Test Method
sion performance limits.
4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with Test 5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
Method E2515. The fireplace under evaluation is fueled with regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality
kindlingandcribsinawaythatsimulatesfireplaceoperationin from fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patterns
FIG. 1 Example, Standardized Fuel Retainer
E2558 − 13 (2021)
mustbefactoredintoanypredictionofatmosphericparticulate expected test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recali-
matter impacts from fireplaces based on results from this brate the scale before use with at least five calibration weights
method. spanning the operational range of the scale.
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilo- 8.3 Test Fuel Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
gram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per hour. leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)ofthetestfuel
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration
from non-heating appliances: grams per kilogram. results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
5.2.2 Appropriatereportingunitsforpredictingatmospheric test, audit the scale with the wood heater in place by weighing
emission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in: at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-
grams per hour. sponds to between 20% and 80% of the expected test fuel
charge weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the
6. Safety
calibration weight within 0.01 lb (0.005 kg) or1%ofthe
expected test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recali-
6.1 Disclaimer—This test method may involve hazardous
brate the scale before use with at least five calibration weights
materials,operations,andequipment.Thistestmethodmaynot
spanning the operational range of the scale.
address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish
8.4 Temperature Sensors—Temperature measuring equip-
appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the
ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing this
annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with
test method.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mono-
graph 175 Temperature-Electromotive Force Reference Func-
7. Equipment and Supplies
tions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple
Types Based on the ITS-90.
7.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrated electrical resistance
meter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1 %
9. Procedure
moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirements
specified in 8.1.
9.1 Preconditioning of the Fireplace—Prior to testing for
emissions, the fireplace to be evaluated must be burned until
7.2 Test Fuel Scale—Ascalecapableofweighingtestfuelto
within 0.01 lb (0.005 kg). Must meet the calibration require- the weight of the fireplace is stable to within 60.5lb
(60.25kg) but for no less than 10h for fireplaces without
ments specified in 8.3.
catalytic combustors or no less than 48 h for fireplaces with
7.3 Platform Scale—A scale capable of weighing the test
catalytic combustor(s). This may be done inside or outside the
fireplaceandattachedchimney,includingtheweightofthetest
test facility.
fuel, to within 0.1 lb (0.05 kg). Must meet the calibration
9.1.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance with instructions
requirements specified in 8.2.
provided by the manufacturer. The total height of chimney
7.4 Fireplace Flue Gas Temperature Measurement
when measured from the base of the fireplace shall be 15ft 6
Device—A0.125 in. (3.2 mm) diameter sheathed, non-isolated
1ft (4.6m 6 0.3m).
junction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gas
9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
temperature with an accuracy of 4.0°F (2.2°C) or 0.75 % of
the center of the flue, 8ft 6 0.3ft (2.4m 6 0.1m) above the
the reading, whichever is greater and meeting the calibration
base of the fireplace.
requirements specified in 8.4.
9.1.3 Record the start time, fireplace weight, and flue gas
temperature.
7.5 Fireplace Temperature Measuring Device—A tempera-
9.1.4 Ignite a fire using newspaper and kindling and estab-
ture sensor capable of measuring firebox surface temperatures
with an accuracy of 4.0°F (2.2°C) or 0.75 % of the reading, lishanactivelyburningfire.Addmorefuelasneededtosustain
the fire.
whichever is greater and meeting the calibration requirements
specified in 8.4.
NOTE 1—Any type of untreated wood may be used for the precondi-
tioning.
8. Calibration and Standardization
9.1.5 Record the time and weight for all fuel added.
8.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrate as in accordance with
9.1.6 Record the flue-gas temperature at least once during
the manufacturer’s instructions before each certification test.
each 30 min of operation.
8.2 Platform Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at 9.1.7 Periodically allow the fire to burn down completely.
While the fireplace is still warm, shovel out all residual fuel,
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)oftheplatform
scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration ash and other debris, lift the fireplace off the scale, re-zero the
scaleandreturnthefireplacetoscale.Recordtheemptyweight
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
test, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighing of the fireplace. Repeat this process of burning the fireplace
and determining the empty weight until the weight becomes
at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-
sponds to between 20% and 80% of the expected test fuel stable in accordance t
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