ASTM D1310-86(1997)e1

Standard Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus of the flash point and fire point of liquids having flash points between 0 and 325°F (-18 and 165°C) and fire points up to 325°F.
1.2 This test method, when applied to paints and resin solutions that tend to skin over or that are very viscous, gives less reproducible results than when applied to solvents.
Note 1—In order to conserve time and sample, the fire point of a material may be determined by the Tag Open-Cup Method by continuing the heating of the specimen to its fire point. Fire points may also be determined by Test Method D 92, which should be used for fire points beyond the scope of this test method.
1.3 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-2001
• ICS: 87.060.30 - Solvents
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.21 - Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D1310-01 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM F3337-19 - Standard Guide for Taking Property and Behavior Measurements on Weathered Fractions of Oil
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D6465-99(2016) - Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D268-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling and Testing Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates for Use in Paint and Related Coatings and Material
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D92-18 - Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D5958-99(2020) - Standard Practices for Preparation of Oil-Based Ink Resin Solutions
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D56-22 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C647-19 - Standard Guide to Properties and Tests of Mastics and Coating Finishes for Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E502-21a - Standard Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Standards for the Determination of Flash Point of Chemicals by Closed Cup Methods
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D4800-94(2023) - Standard Guide for Classifying and Specifying Adhesives
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D3143/D3143M-19 - Standard Test Method for Flash Point of Cutback Asphalt with Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D6038-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Compatibility of Resin/Solvent Mixtures by Precipitation Temperature (Cloud Point)
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 1310 – 86 (Reapproved 1997)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1310; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Unit of measurement statement was added editorially and Footnote 7 and 8 were editorially updated in May 1997.
1. Scope D 1015 Test Method for Freezing Points of High-Purity
Hydrocarbons
1.1 This test method covers the determination by Tag
D 1016 Test Method for Purity of Hydrocarbons from
Open-Cup Apparatus of the flash point and fire point of liquids
Freezing Points
having flash points between 0 and 325°F (−18 and 165°C) and
D 1078 Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile
fire points up to 325°F.
Organic Liquids
1.2 This test method, when applied to paints and resin
D 1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl
solutions that tend to skin over or that are very viscous, gives
Fischer Reagent Titration Method)
less reproducible results than when applied to solvents.
D 2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane
NOTE 1—In order to conserve time and sample, the fire point of a 2
and Isooctane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
material may be determined by the Tag Open-Cup Method by continuing
D 2699 Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Motor
the heating of the specimen to its fire point. Fire points may also be
Fuels by the Research Method
determined by Test Method D 92, which should be used for fire points
D 2700 Test Method for Knock Characteristics of Motor
beyond the scope of this test method.
and Aviation Fuels by the Motor Method
1.3 This standard should be used to measure and describe
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and
Determine Conformance With Specification
should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or
fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
3. Terminology
conditions. However, results of this test may be used as
3.1 Definitions:
elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all
3.1.1 flash point—the lowest temperature, corrected to a
of the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a
pressure of 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa, 1013 mbar), at which
particular end use.
application of an ignition source causes the vapor of the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.
problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
3.2.1 fire point—the lowest temperature at which a speci-
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
men sustains burning for a minimum of5sbythe procedure
tions prior to use.
described.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 The specimen is placed in the cup of a Tag Open-Cup
D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
Apparatus and heated at a slow, but constant rate. A small test
Open Cup
flame is passed at a uniform rate across the cup at specified
D 850 Test Method for Distillation of Industrial Aromatic
intervals until a flash occurs. To determine the fire point, the
Hydrocarbons and Related Materials
test is continued until the application of the test flame causes
the specimen to ignite and burn for at least 5 s.
5. Significance and Use
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
5.1 Flash point and fire point of a liquid are physical
Subcommittee D01.22 on Health and Safety.
Current edition approved April 25, 1986. Published June 1986. Originally
published as D 1310 – 52 T. Last previous edition D 1310 – 85. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
3 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.04. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
D 1310
properties that may be used to define their flammability described in detail in Annex A1.
hazards. The flash point may be used to classify materials in
6.2 Shield, as described in detail in Annex A1.
government regulations.
6.3 Thermometers, conforming to Specification E 1, as
6. Apparatus listed in Table 1.
6.4 Flasks, 500-mL, two, with rubber stoppers.
6.1 Flash Tester—Tag Open-Cup Apparatus (Fig. 1), as
Metric Equivalents
in. mm
2 ⁄16 71.4
3 ⁄16 81
6 ⁄8 174.5
FIG. 1 Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
D 1310
TABLE 1 Thermometers
possible. Raising or lowering the taper can be achieved by
ASTM bending it slightly or preferably by adding and removing thin
Thermometer
Thermometer Thermometer Range
metal shims as required from between the taper and the vertical
Subdivisions
Number
supporting member of the swivel holder.
Flash Point/
8.4 With the glass cup in place in the bath, adjust the
Fire Point:
thermometer holder so that the thermometer is supported firmly
0 to 60°F 33F-75 −36.5 to + 107.5°F 0.5°F
−18 to 15°C 33C-75 −38 to + 42°C 0.2°C
in a vertical position halfway between the center and edge of
60 to 200°F 9F-75 20 to 230°F 1°F
the cup and on a line passing through the center of the cup and
15 to 93°C 9C-75 −5 to 110°C 0.5°C
the pivot of the taper. Place the thermometer so that the bottom
200 to 325°F 35F-79 194 to 338°F 0.5°F
93 to 165°C 35C-79 90 to 170°C 0.2°C
of the bulb is ⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) from the inner bottom of the cup.
8.5 Set the draft shield around the tester so that the sides
form right angles with each other and the tester is well toward
7. Materials
the back of the shield.
7.1 Water-Glycol Solution (1 + 1), for flash points from 0 to
9. Procedure
200°F (−18 to 93°C).
9.1 Flash Points from 0 to 60°F (−18 to 16°C):
7.2 Solid Carbon Dioxide-Acetone or other Coolant.
7.3 Silicone Fluid, inert, high boiling, having a flash point
NOTE 3—Caution: Meticulous attention to all details relating to the
exceeding the test temperatures by at least 110°F (60°C) for taper, size of taper flame, rate of temperature increase, and rate of passing
the taper over the sample is necessary for good results.
flash and fire points from 200 to 325°F (93 to 165°C).
7.4 n-Heptane, for determination of flash points from 0 to
9.1.1 Equip two 500-mL flasks with rubber stoppers through
60°F (−18 to 16°C). See Annex A2 for specifications.
which are inserted ASTM 33F (33C) thermometers. Cool a
7.5 p-Xylene, for determination of flash points from 60 to
quantity of 1 + 1 water-glycol solution in one stoppered
200°F (16 to 93°C). See Annex A2 for specifications.
500-mL flask to approximately −20°F (−30°C) by immersing
7.6 Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol), for determination of
the flask in a solid carbon dioxide-acetone bath or other
flash points from 60 to 200°F (16 to 93°C). See Annex A2 for
coolant. Use extreme care not to contaminate the water-glycol
specifications.
solution with either acetone or carbon dioxide.
7.7 Diethylene Glycol, for determination of flash points
9.1.2 Pour the cooled water-glycol solution into the tester
from 200 to 325°F (93 to 165°C). See Annex A2 for specifi-
bath to a predetermined level ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) below the top
cations.
when the cup is in place. An overflow is desirable for
controlling the liquid level in the bath.
8. Assembly and Preparation of Apparatus
9.1.3 At the same time the water-glycol coolant is being
8.1 Place the tester in a level position on a solid table free of chilled, cool a portion of the sample to approximately −10°F
vibration, in a location free of perceptible draft, and in a dim
(−25°C) in the second stoppered 500-mL flask. If solid carbon
light. Maintain a room temperature of 75 6 5°F (24 6 3°C) dioxide and acetone or other volatile solvents are used as a
throughout the test. Other room temperatures may be specified
coolant, extreme care must be exercised to avoid contamina-
on agreement between buyer and seller. tion of the sample. Cool the glass cup and place it in the bath.
Position the appropriate thermometer (Table 1) as described in
NOTE 2—For materials with vapors or products of pyrolysis that are
8.4 and fill the cup with cooled sample to a depth approxi-
objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus with shield in a fume
mately ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) below the edge as determined by the
hood with the ventilation turned off. The ventilation can then be turned on
at completion of the test or when and if fumes become objectionable. leveling device.
8.2 Adjust the horizontal and vertical positions of the taper
NOTE 4—Remove all bubbles from the surface of the liquid before
so that the jet passes on the circumference of a circle having a starting a determination.
radius of at least 6 in. (150 mm). The jet should pass across the
9.1.4 Light the ignition flame and adjust it to form a flame
center of the cup at right angles to a diameter passing through 5
of spherical shape matching in size the ⁄32-in. (4.0-mm) sphere
the thermometer and in a plane ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) above the upper 5
on the apparatus or the ⁄32-in. hole in the leveling device.
edge of the cup as measured from the center of the orifice.
9.1.5 Make the final adjustment of the specimen level in the
8.3 Using the leveling device as a gage, adjust the height of
cup when the temperature is 20°F (10°C) below the anticipated
the taper so that the center of the orifice is exactly ⁄8 in. (3.2
flash point. Two trial determinations may be necessary to select
mm) above the top edge of the glass cup when it is in place. It
the proper temperature at which to adjust the liquid level. A
is imperative that this adjustment be made as accurately as
hypodermic syringe or medicine dropper provides a convenient
means of adding or removing sample from the cup.
9.1.6 Allow the temperature of the specimen to increase
Satisfactory n-heptane and p-xylene can be obtained from Special Products
spontaneously without applying any heat until the rate of
Division, Chemical Department, Phillips Petroleum Company, Drawer O, Borger,
temperature rise decreases to 2°F (1°C)/min. At this point,
TX 79607.
apply heat to maintain an increase in temperature at a rate of 2
Satisfactory isopropanol may be obtained from Exxon Chemical, Americus P.
O. Box 3272, Houston, TX 77001, Shell Chemical Co., One Shell Plaza, Houston,
6 0.5°F (1 6 0.25°C)/min.
TX 77002, or Union Carbide Co., P. O. Box 8361, South Charleston, WV 25303.
NOTE 5—With viscous materials, this rate of heating cannot always be
Satisfactory diethylene glycol may be obtained from Union Carbide Co., S.
Charleston, WV. maintained.
D 1310
9.1.7 Determine the approximate flash point by passing the (90°C), adjust the heat input so that the temperature of the
taper flame across the specimen at intervals of 2°F (1°C). Make specimen increases at a rate of 2 6 0.5°F (1 6 0.25°C)/min.
the first pass of the taper flame immediately after the final
NOTE 8—The heaters on some testers do not have sufficient capacity to
adjustment of the specimen level, as in 9.1.5. The time required
maintain the proper rate of heating when the temperature approaches
to pass the ignition flame across the surface of the liquid should
250°F (120°C) or above. The heat input to the liquid bath may be
be 1 s. Each pass must be in one direction only, and the taper increased if necessary by using a variable transformer to increase the
voltage to the heater or by wrapping the bath with electrical heating tape.
should be kept in the “off” position at one or the other end of
The application of suitable insulation to the outside of the bath to prevent
the swing except when the flame is applied to the specimen. In
heat loss is also permissible. The important factor is to maintain the rate
case the material tends to “creep” over the edge of the cup,
of temperature increase of the specimen at 2 6 0.5°F (1 6 0.25°C)/min.
carefully wipe the edge with absorbant tissue to remove frost
9.3.6 Determine the approximate flash point by passing the
and liquid just prior to passage of the taper over the cup.
taper flame across the specimen at intervals of 2°F (1°C) as
NOTE 6—When determining the flash point or fire point, or both, of
described in 9.1.7.
viscous liquids and those liquids that tend to form a surface film, the
9.4 Determine and record not less than three test values, as
following procedure is suggested: About 15 s before the taper is passed
1 follows:
over the surface, insert the end of a stirring rod to a depth of about ⁄2 in.
9.4.1 After the initial test to determine the approximate flash
(15 mm) in approximately a vertical position. Move the rod from
side-to-side of the cup for three or four complete passes following point of the materials, repeat the procedure by cooling a fresh
approximately the path of the taper, remove, and make the test.
portion of the sample, the glass cup, the bath solution, and the
NOTE 7—Discontinue heating and checking flash point if the specimen
thermometer to more than 20°F (10°C) below the approximate
boils before flashing. Record that the material has no flash point prior to
flash point. When the temperature of the specimen is exactly
boiling.
20°F below the approximate flash point, adjust the center of the
9.1.8 Continue with procedure in 9.4. liquid level to ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) below the upper edge of the cup
9.2 Flash Points from 60 to 200°F (16 to 93°C) (See Notes as determined with the leveling device placed across the
3-6): diameter of the cup.
9.2.1 Fill the bath with cold water or water-glycol solution 9.4.2 Resume heating, or allow the temperature to rise
to a predetermined level ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) below the top when spontaneously in the case of materials flashing below 60°F
the cup is in place. The bath liquid should be at least 30°F (16°C). Following the instructions given in 9.1.7, pass the taper
(17°C) below the anticipated flash point. flame across the specimen at two intervals of 5°F (3°C) and
9.2.2 If necessary, cool a portion of the sample to at least then at intervals of 2°F (1°C) until the flash point is reached.
20°F (10°C) below th
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