ASTM F2084/F2084M-01(2024)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide defines a series of test methods to determine the oil containment effectiveness of containment booms when they are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions. The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boom first loses oil (both in calm water and in various wave conditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a gross oil loss condition (both in calm water and in various wave conditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditions for various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (qualitatively), resulting tow forces when encountering various speeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at high speeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relative to its hardware (that is, connectors, ballast members), and general durability.
4.2 Users of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boom draft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the tow loads (see Appendix X1 discussion).
4.3 Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment, required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportability also affect performance in an actual spill but are not measured in this guide. These variables should be considered along with the test data when making comparisons or evaluations of containment booms.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness of full-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled test facility.
1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessary permits for disposal of the used test oil.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2084/F2084M − 01 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Guide for
Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in
Controlled Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2084/F2084M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Insulating
Liquids Against Water by the Ring Method
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness of
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
full-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled test
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
facility.
ucts by Hydrometer Method
1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that may
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
the user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessary
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Au-
permits for disposal of the used test oil.
tomatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubri-
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units cants using a Rotational Viscometer
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
with the standard.
F631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in
Controlled Environments
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
F818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Booms and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Barriers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 Boom Performance Data Terminology—Terms associ-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ated with boom performance tests conducted in controlled
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
environments:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.1 boom submergence (aka submarining)—containment
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
failure due to loss of freeboard.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.2 first-loss tow/current velocity—minimum tow/current
2. Referenced Documents
velocity normal to the membrane at which oil continually
escapes past a boom This applies to the boom in the catenary
2.1 ASTM Standards:
position.
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
3.1.3 gross loss tow/current velocity—the minimum speed at
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
which massive continual oil loss is observed escaping past the
ity)
boom.
3.1.4 harbor chop—a condition of the water surface pro-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
duced by an irregular pattern of waves.
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F20.11 on Control.
3.1.5 preload—during testing, the quantity of test fluid
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
distributed in front of and contained by the boom prior to the
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F2084_F2084 – 01
onset of a test.
(2018). DOI: 10.1520/F2084_F2084M-01R24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.6 tow speed—the relative speed difference between a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
boom and the water in which the boom is floating. In this
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. standard guide relative current speed is equivalent.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2084/F2084M − 01 (2024)
3.1.7 wave height—(significant wave height) the average the water through a test section where the test device is
height, measured crest to trough, of the one-third highest mounted. A wave generator may be installed on this type of test
waves, considering only short-period waves (that is, period less facility.
than 10 s). 6.1.3 Other facilities, such as private ponds or flumes, may
also be used, provided the test parameters can be suitably
3.1.8 wave period—(significant wave period) the average
controlled.
period of the one-third highest waves, measured as the elapsed
time between crests of succeeding waves. 6.2 Ancillary systems for facilities include, but are not
limited to a distribution system for accurately delivering test
4. Significance and Use fluids to the water surface, skimming systems to assist in
cleaning the facility between tests, and adequate tankage for
4.1 This guide defines a series of test methods to determine
storing the test fluids.
the oil containment effectiveness of containment booms when
they are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions.
7. Test Configuration and Instrumentation
The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boom
7.1 The boom should be rigged in a catenary configuration,
first loses oil (both in calm water and in various wave
with the gap equal to 33 % of the length; or boom gap-to-
conditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a gross
length ratio of 1:3. Towing bridles are generally supplied by the
oil loss condition (both in calm water and in various wave
manufacturer for both ends of the boom which provide
conditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditions
attachment points for towing (Fig. 1). At each end of the boom,
for various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies,
the towing apparatus shall be joined to the tow bridle or tow
(qualitatively), resulting tow forces when encountering various
lead by a single point only. Boom towing force should be
speeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at high
measured with in-line load cells positioned between the boom
speeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relative
towing bridles and tow points.
to its hardware (that is, connectors, ballast members), and
general durability.
7.2 Preload oil should be pumped directly into the boom
apex.
4.2 Users of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boom
draft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the tow
7.3 Data obtained during each test should include electroni-
loads (see Appendix X1 discussion).
cally collected data and manually collected data. Oil and water
property data should be based on fluid samples obtained during
4.3 Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment,
required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportabil-
ity also affect performance in an actual spill but are not
measured in this guide. These variables should be considered
along with the test data when making comparisons or evalua-
tions of containment booms.
5. Summary of Guide
5.1 This guide provides standardized procedures for evalu-
ating any boom system and provides an evaluation of a
particular boom’s attributes in different environmental condi-
tions and the ability to compare test results of a particular boom
type with others having undergone these standard tests.
5.2 The maximum wave and tow speeds at which any boom
can effectively gather and contain oil are known as boundary
conditions. Booms that cannot maintain their design draft,
freeboard, profile, and buoyancy at these conditions may be
less effective. The boundary conditions depend on the charac-
teristics of oil viscosity, oil/water interfacial tension and
oil/water density gradient.
6. Test Facilities
6.1 Several types of test facilities can be used to conduct the
tests outlined in this guide:
6.1.1 Wave/Tow Tank—A wave/tow tank has a movable
bridge or other mechanism for towing the test device through
water for the length of the facility. A wave generator may be
installed on one end, or on the side of the facility, or both.
6.1.2 Current Tank—A current tank is a water-filled tank
equipped with a pump or other propulsion system for moving FIG. 1 Typical Boom Test Setup in Tank
F2084/F2084M − 01 (2024)
the test period. Recommended data to be collected during 10.2 Data should be expressed with an indication of vari-
testing, along with the method of collection, is listed in Table ability. Table 2 contains a list of typical measurements showing
1. attainable precision and accuracy values.
10.3 Varying surface conditions should be employed during
8. Test Fluids
testing. Conditions should be measurable and repeatable.
8.1 Test fluids may be crude, refined, or simulated, but
Examples of achievable surface conditions in controlled test
should be stable and have properties that do not vary during a environments are:
test run. Test oils for use with this guide should be selected to
10.3.1 Calm—No waves generated.
fall within the range of typical oil properties as defined in 10.3.2 Wave #1—sinusoidal wave with an H ⁄3 of .30 metres
Appendix X2 of this guide.
[12.0 inches], wavelength of 4.27 metres [14.0 feet], and an
average period of t=1.7 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches are
8.2 Test fluids should be discharged at ambient water
employed during the generation of this wave condition).
temperatures to reduce variation in fluid properties through a
10.3.3 Wave #2—Sinusoidal wave with an H ⁄3 of .42 metres
test run.
[16.5 inches], wavelength of 12.8 metres [42.0 feet], and an
average period of t=2.9 seconds. (Wave dampening beaches are
9. Safety Precautions
employed during the generation of this wave condition).
9.1 Test operation shall conform to established safety (and
10.3.4 Wave #3—A harbor chop condition with an average
regulatory) requirements for both test facility operations and
H ⁄3 of .38 metres [15.0 inches]. This is also defined as a
oil handling. Particular caution must be exercised when han-
confused sea condition where reflective waves are allowed to
dling flammable or toxic test fluids.
develop. No wavelength is calculated for this condition.
where:
10. Test Variables
H ⁄3 = significant wave height = the average of the highest ⁄3
10.1 At the onset of the test the independent or controlled
of measured waves,
test parameters should be selected. The test evaluator should
L = wavelength = the distance on a sine wave from trough
include a discussion of the procedures that were used to
to trough (or peak to peak), and
establish calibration and standardization. These procedures
T = wave period = the time it takes to travel one
typically include initial calibrations, pre-test and post-test
wavelength.
checks, sampling requirements and documentation of signifi-
cant occurrences/variations, and data precision and accuracy.
11. Procedures
11.1 Prior to the test, select the operating parameters, then
prepare the facility and containment boom for the test run.
TABLE 1 Typical Data Collected During Tests Measure the experimental conditions.
11.1.1 The conventional boom under test should be a
Typical Collection
Data
Instrumentation Method
full-scale representative section. The boom section’s basic
Wind Speed, Wind Monitor Computer/Data
physical properties should be measured in accordance with
Direction Logger,
ASTM definitions. Table 3 contains a list of typical measure-
Manual Readings
ments and additional specification data.
Air and Water Resistance Computer/Data
Temperature Temperature Logger,
11.2 Measure or note immediately prior to each test the
Detector (RTD), Manual Readings
Themocouples,
following parameters:
Thermometer
11.2.1 Wind speed, direction.
Tow Pulse Counter and Computer, Control
Speed/Relative Digital Input Console, Local Display
Current Tachometer, Current
TABLE 2 Measurement Precision and Accuracy
Meter
Wave Data Distance Sensor, Computer/Data logger
Measurement Accuracy (±) Precision (±)
Capacitance probe,
Bottom solids and To be determined To be determined
Pressure Sensor
Water (ASTM) (ASTM)
Tow Force, Load Cell Computer/Data logger
3 3
Oil Distribution 0.3 m /h 0.05 m /h
Average
0 0
Salinity 0.01 ⁄00 0.01 ⁄00
(Maximum
3 3
Specific Gravity, 0.001 g/cm 0.0001 g/cm
during Wave
Density
Conditions)
Surface Tension 0.1 Dyne/cm 0.04 Dyne/cm
Test Fluid Storage Tank Level Computer/Data
Temperature 0.2 °C 0.2 °C
(Volume Soundings, or Logger,
Tow, Current 0.051 m/s (0.1 kt)/ 0.0255 m/s (0.05 kt)/
Distributed) Distance Manual Readings
Speeds (Tank/Open 0.255 m/s (0.5 kt) 0.102 m/s (0.2 kt)
Sensor and capacity
water)
vs.
Tow Force 0.25 % of full scale 2.5 lbs/1000 lbs
Volume Conversions
Viscosity 2.0 % 1.0 %
Distribution Rate Positive Displacement Pump Control Panel,
Wave Meter, 6 mm/10 mm 1.44 mm/10 mm
Pump with Speed Computer/Data
(Tank/Open Water)
Indicator, Volume Logger,
Wind Direction 3° 3°
Distributed Divided by Manual Readings
Wind Speed 0.3 m/s [0.6 mph] 0.3 m/s [0.6 mph]
Time
F2084/F2084M − 01 (2024)
TABLE 3 Typical Basic Physical Properties TABLE 4 Typical Test Schedule
Specification Data Tow Speed Wave Preload
Test No. Test Type
As reported by As measured by (kts) Conditions Volume (gal)
Measurement
Manufacturer Tester
1 Dry Run 1 calm N/A
Boom Type Fence, curtain, fire containment, other 2 Preload variable calm 60
Length m [ft] Standard section length, total rigged section 3 Preload variable calm 120
Height mm [in.] Standard section height 4 Preload variable calm 180
Freeboard mm [in.] Distance above water line 5 Preload variable calm 240
Draft mm [in.] Distance below water line 6 Preload variable calm 300
Weight of Section Boom Fabric Type (freeboard and skirt material) 7 Preload variable calm 360
kg/m [lb/ft] and Tensile Strength Characteristics 8 Preload variable calm 420
Ballast Bottom Tension Member Type/Break 9 Gross Loss variable calm determined
Ballast Length m [ft]
A
Strength and Length during
Ballast Weight kg/m Preload test
Chain, cable or weights
[lb/ft] 10 1st & Gross variable
...
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