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ASTM E1255-23

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Radioscopy

Standard Practice for Radioscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As with conventional radiography, radioscopic examination is broadly applicable to any material or examination object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected including metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, and other nonmetallic materials. In addition to the benefits normally associated with radiography, radioscopic examination may be either a dynamic, filmless technique allowing the examination part to be manipulated and imaging parameters optimized while the object is undergoing examination, or a static, filmless technique wherein the examination part is stationary with respect to the X-ray beam. Systems with digital detector arrays (DDAs) or an analog component such as an electro-optic device or an analog camera may be used in dynamic mode. If achievable video rates are not adequate to examine features of interest in dynamic mode then averaging techniques with no movement of the test object shall be used – in this case, if using a DDA, Practice E2698 shall be used. If used with a high speed camera system, the user must be aware of the various image conversion materials decay time such that the converter signal can change as fast or faster than the frame rate. Linear Detector Arrays (LDAs) and flying spot systems may be considered radioscopic configurations as they are included in as shown in Guide E1000.  
5.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radioscopic examination method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract.  
5.3 Weld Examination—Additional information on radioscopic weld examination may be found in Practice E1416.  
5.4 Casting Examination—Additional information on radioscopic casting examination may be found in Practice E1734.  
5.5 Electronic Components—Radioscopic examination of electronic components shall comply with Practice E1161.  
5.6 Explosives and Propellants—Radioscopic examination of exp...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers application details for radioscopic examination using penetrating radiation using an analog component such as an electro-optic device (for example, X-ray image intensifier (XRII) or analog camera, or both) or a Digital Detector Array (DDA) used in dynamic mode radioscopy. Radioscopy is a radiographic technique that can be used in (1) dynamic mode radioscopy to track motion or optimize radiographic parameters in real-time, or both (25 to 30 frames per second), near real-time (a few frames per second), or high speed (hundreds to thousands of frames per second) or (2) static mode radioscopy where there is no motion of the object during exposure as a filmless recording medium. This practice is not to be used for static mode radioscopy using DDAs. If static radioscopy using a DDA (that is, DDA radiography) is being performed, use Practice E2698.  
1.1.1 This practice also may be used for Linear Detector Array (LDA) applications where an LDA uses relative perpendicular motion of either the detector or component under examination to build an image line by line.  
1.1.2 This practice may also be used for “flying spot” applications where a pencil beam of X-rays rasters over an area to build an image point by point.  
1.2 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for radioscopic examination of metallic and non-metallic materials using X-ray or gamma radiation. Since the techniques involved and the applications for radioscopic examination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general applications of the technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E94 and E1000, and Terminology E1316, provide additional information and guidance.  
1.3 Basis of Application:  
1.3.1 The requirements of this practice and Practice E1411 shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E1411 will provide the performance qualification ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2023
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E1316-24 - Standard Terminology for <?Pub Dtl?>Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM E1255-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Refers
ASTM E1316-23b - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Effective Date
01-Sep-2023
Refers
ASTM E1255-16 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
Effective Date
01-Jun-2016
Refers
ASTM E1411-16 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
Effective Date
01-Jun-2016
Referred By
ASTM E1416-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1475-13(2023) - Standard Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of Digital Radiological Examination Data
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1931-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Non-computed X-Ray Compton Scatter Tomography
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1734-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1161-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E431-96(2022) - Standard Guide to Interpretation of Radiographs of Semiconductors and Related Devices
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E2662-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat Panel Composites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1255 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Radioscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope provide the performance qualification and long-term stability
2
test procedures for the radioscopic system. The user of the
1.1 This practice covers application details for radioscopic
radioscopic system shall establish a written procedure that
examination using penetrating radiation using an analog com-
addresses the specific requirements and tests to be used in their
ponent such as an electro-optic device (for example, X-ray
application and shall be approved by the Cognizant Radio-
image intensifier (XRII) or analog camera, or both) or a Digital
graphic Level 3 before examination of production hardware.
Detector Array (DDA) used in dynamic mode radioscopy.
There are areas (listed below 1.3.1.1 – 1.3.1.14) in this practice
Radioscopy is a radiographic technique that can be used in (1)
that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering
dynamic mode radioscopy to track motion or optimize radio-
organization and the radioscopy supplier, or specific direction
graphic parameters in real-time, or both (25 to 30 frames per
from the cognizant engineering organization. These items
second), near real-time (a few frames per second), or high
should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.
speed (hundreds to thousands of frames per second) or (2)
1.3.1.1 Systems, equipment, and materials that do not com-
static mode radioscopy where there is no motion of the object
ply with this Practice (1.5);
during exposure as a filmless recording medium. This practice
is not to be used for static mode radioscopy using DDAs. If
1.3.1.2 Modified tests and/or gauges when using a gamma
static radioscopy using a DDA (that is, DDA radiography) is
source or radiation energy above 320 kV (1.6);
being performed, use Practice E2698.
1.3.1.3 Personnel qualification and certification (5.8);
1.1.1 This practice also may be used for Linear Detector
1.3.1.4 Qualification of the NDT supplier (5.9);
Array (LDA) applications where an LDA uses relative perpen-
1.3.1.5 Alternate image displays (6.1.3.1);
dicular motion of either the detector or component under
1.3.1.6 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types
examination to build an image line by line.
(6.1.6.5);
1.1.2 This practice may also be used for “flying spot”
applications where a pencil beam of X-rays rasters over an area 1.3.1.7 Non-requirement for IQI (8.9.7);
to build an image point by point.
1.3.1.8 Examination record archiving, hard copy, and re-
cording (6.1.10);
1.2 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for
radioscopic examination of metallic and non-metallic materials
1.3.1.9 Radioscopic quality levels (8.8.1.16);
using X-ray or gamma radiation. Since the techniques involved
1.3.1.10 Total image unsharpness (8.8.1.15);
and the applications for radioscopic examination are diverse,
1.3.1.11 Performance verification (9.3);
this practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but
1.3.1.12 Interpreter duty and rest periods (10.2);
rather to address the general applications of the technology and
1.3.1.13 Examination report (11.1);
thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E94 and E1000, and
Terminology E1316, provide additional information and guid- 1.3.1.14 Retention and storage of radiographs (6.1.10, 8.16,
and 11.1);
ance.
1.3.2 Appendix X1 may be used to fulfill existing contracts
1.3 Basis of Application:
that use Appendix X1 or the former Annex A1. The former
1.3.1 The requirements of this practice and Practice E1411
mandatory Annex A1 “DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E1411 will
CONTRACTS, SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS” was
deleted and the detailed requirements are appended now in the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- non-mandatory Appendix X1.
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
1.4 This practice also requires the user to perform a tech-
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally
nique qualification suitable for its intended purpose and to
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E1255 – 16. DOI:
issue a system qualification report (see 9.7). Additionally, the
10.1520/E1255-23.
2
user shall develop part specific inspect
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1255 − 16 E1255 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Radioscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This practice covers application details for radioscopic examination using penetrating radiation using an analog component
such as an electro-optic device (for example, X-ray image intensifier (XRII) or analog camera, or both) or a Digital Detector Array
(DDA) used in dynamic mode radioscopy. Radioscopy is a radiographic technique that can be used in (1) dynamic mode
radioscopy to track motion or optimize radiographic parameters in real-time, or both (25 to 30 frames per second), near real-time
(a few frames per second), or high speed (hundreds to thousands of frames per second) or (2) static mode radioscopy where there
is no motion of the object during exposure as a filmless recording medium. This practice is not to be used for static mode
radioscopy using DDAs. If static radioscopy using a DDA (that is, DDA radiography) is being performed, use Practice E2698.
1.1.1 This practice also may be used for Linear Detector Array (LDA) applications where an LDA uses relative perpendicular
motion of either the detector or component under examination to build an image line by line.
1.1.2 This practice may also be used for “flying spot” applications where a pencil beam of X-rays rasters over an area to build
an image point by point.
1.2 This practice provides application details establishes the minimum requirements for radioscopic examination using penetrating
radiation. This includes dynamic radioscopy and for the purposes of this practice, radioscopy where there is no motion of the object
during exposure (referred to as static radioscopic imaging) both using an analog component such as an electro-optic device or
analog camera.of metallic and non-metallic materials using X-ray or gamma radiation. Since the techniques involved and the
applications for radioscopic examination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address
the general applications of the technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E94 and E1000, and Terminology E1316,
Practice E747, Practice E1025, Practice E2698, and Fed. Std. Nos. 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for a list of documents
that provide additional information and guidance.
1.3 Basis of Application:
1.3.1 The requirements of this practice and Practice E1411 shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E1411 will provide
the performance qualification and long-term stability test procedures for the radioscopic system. The user of the radioscopic system
shall establish a written procedure that addresses the specific requirements and tests to be used in their application and shall be
approved by the Cognizant Radiographic Level 3 before examination of production hardware. There are areas (listed below 1.3.1.1
– 1.3.1.14) in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the radioscopy supplier,
or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the
contract.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2023. Published July 2016January 2024. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20092016 as
E1255 - 09.E1255 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/E1255-16.10.1520/E1255-23.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice SE-1255 in Section II of that code.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1255 − 23
1.3.1.1 Systems, equipment, and materials that do not comply with this Practice (1.5);
1.3.1.2 Modified tests and/or gauges when using a gamma source or radiation energy above 320 kV (1.6);
1.3.1.3 Personnel qualification and certification (5.8);
1.3.1.4 Qualification of the NDT supplier (5.9);
1.3.1.5 Alternate image displays (6.1.3.1);
1.3.1.6 Alternate image quality indicator (IQI) types (6.1.6.5);
...

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Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination

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4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the application and control of the radiographic method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the NDT facility and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure (see 6.1). Practices E1030/E1030M, E1032, and E1416 contain information to help develop detailed technique/procedure requirements.
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1.3.11 Non-requirement for IQI, 6.18.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references (1,2).6
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].  
1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1444/E1444M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for Aerospace

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-1949.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.  
1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5.1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1814-14(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of Castings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.  
4.2 The most common applications of CT for castings are for the following: locating and characterizing discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink; measuring as-cast part dimensions for comparison with design dimensions; and extracting dimensional measurements for reverse engineering.  
4.3 The extent to which a CT image reproduces an object or a feature within an object is dictated largely by the competing influences of spatial resolution, contrast discrimination, the specific geometry and material of the object itself, and artifacts of the imaging system. Operating parameters strike an overall balance between image quality, examination time, and cost.  
4.4 Artifacts are often the limiting factor in CT image quality. (See Practice E1570 for an in-depth discussion of artifacts.) Artifacts are reproducible features in an image that are not related to actual features in the object. Artifacts can be considered correlated noise because they form repeatable fixed patterns under given conditions yet carry no object information. For castings, it is imperative to recognize what is and is not an artifact since an artifact can obscure or masquerade as a discontinuity. Artifacts are most prevalent in castings with long straight edges or complex geometries, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:  
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;  
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and  
1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1774-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
4.3 Specific Advantages—Since an EMAT technique does not have to be in contact with the material under examination, no fluid couplant is required. Important consequences of this include applications to moving objects, in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.  
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.  
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

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ASTM E215-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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