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ASTM D4685-07

(Specification)

Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion

Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for quality control testing and commercial shipment acceptance.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take test specimens that are from the lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using student’t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
Finishes and changes in fabric surfaces may exert a large effect on pile retention of corduroy. Therefore, it may be desirable to test before as well as after laundering or drycleaning, or both.
The separate testing of specimens on the face and back of the fabric is important in this test method since the pile pull-out may be due to abrasive action on either the face or back. With many pile fabrics, specifically corduroy constructions, pile retention properties are worse when abraded on the back.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion of pile fabrics when the loss of pile tuffs occur, sometimes called pile retention or pile pull out. It includes two procedures:
1.1.1 Procedure AThe "Heavy Duty" procedure describes the test option for fabrics over 240 g/m2 (7 oz/yd2) or fabrics which should meet heavy duty end-use conditions of wear.
1.1.2 Procedure BThe "Light Duty" procedure describes the test option for fabrics under 240 g/m2 (7 oz/yd2) or fabrics which should meet light duty end-use conditions of wear.
1.2 The test method is intended for both regular, ribless woven corduroy or other woven pile fabric constructions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2006
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D4685-07(2011)e1 - Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
Effective Date
01-May-2011
Referred By
ASTM D3884-22 - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform Abrader Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D4685-07 - Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric AbrasionASTM D4685-07 - Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
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ASTM D4685-07 - Standard Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4685–07
Standard Test Method for
1
Pile Fabric Abrasion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
4
1. Scope 2.3 AATCC Method:
TM 135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laun-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
dering of Woven or Knit Fabrics
sion of pile fabrics when the loss of pile tuffs occur, sometimes
calledpileretentionorpilepullout.Itincludestwoprocedures:
3. Terminology
1.1.1 Procedure A—The “Heavy Duty” procedure describes
2 2
3.1 For all terminology related to fabric see Terminology
the test option for fabrics over 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics
D4850.
which should meet heavy duty end-use conditions of wear.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.1.2 Procedure B—The “Light Duty” procedure describes
2 2 3.2.1 abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a
the test option for fabrics under 240 g/m (7 oz/yd ) or fabrics
material by rubbing against another surface.
which should meet light duty end-use conditions of wear.
3.2.2 corduroy, n—a filling cut-pile fabric in which the cut
1.2 The test method is intended for both regular, ribless
fibers form a surface of wales (rounded cords or ribs) which
woven corduroy or other woven pile fabric constructions.
usually run in the warp direction.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2.3 pile fabric, n—a fabric in which certain yarns project
standard.
from the weave structure to form a rib or wale (not to be
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
confused with knitted construction column of looped yarns) on
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
the face of the fabric that can be cut or remain uncut.
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Corduroy and velveteen are examples
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
of cut filling pile fabrics.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
3.2.4 pile retention, n—the degree to which cut-pile yarns
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
are held secure and intact during wear (Ant. pile loss, pile
2. Referenced Documents pull-out).
2
3.2.5 velveteen, n—a woven fabric in twill or plain weave
2.1 ASTM Standards:
made with short, closely packed cut filling pile in imitation of
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
velvet.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
D2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated
method, refer to Terminology D123.
Apparel Fabrics
D3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
4. Summary of Test Method
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
4.1 Test specimens are exposed to a specified number of
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
abrasion cycles on face and back separately and then evaluated
Methods
3 by viewing the specimen over a light box and comparing to
2.2 ASTM Adjunct: Photographic Scale for Pile Reten-
photographicstandards.Themethodmeasuresonlytheamount
tion
of pile pulled out of the base fabric structure and not the
surface pile appearance attributes, such as crushed or flatten
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
ribs.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
General.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originally
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1987 as D4685 – 87, which
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for quality
waswithdrawnApril1997andreinstatedinJanuary2007.DOI:10.1520/D4685-07.
control testing and commercial shipment acceptance.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
A set of six photographic standards for pile retention of corduroy fabrics is Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
available fromASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, W. Conchohocken, PA (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
19483-9585. Request adjunct no. 12-446850-18. www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4685–07
5.1.1 In case of a disput
...

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5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
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5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
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Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off