ASTM D1781-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel for Adhesives
Standard Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel for Adhesives
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the peel resistance of adhesive bonds between: a relatively flexible adherend and a rigid adherend; and the relatively flexible facing of a sandwich structure and its core, when tested under specified conditions.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use .
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Designation: D 1781 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Climbing Drum Peel for Adhesives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1781; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope acircular drum. This is done by clampling the assembly in a
universal test machine. The average peeling load is determined
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the peel
using a standard formula.
resistance of adhesive bonds between: a relatively flexible
adherend and a rigid adherend; and the relatively flexible
5. Significance and Use
facing of a sandwich structure and its core, when tested under
5.1 This test method may be used to determine comparative
specified conditions.
rather than fundamental measurements of adhesion and is
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
particularly suitable for process control, some examples of
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
which are listed.
only.
5.1.1 This test method is particularly sensitive to adherend
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surface preparation and is of value where the adhesive is used
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in conjunction with a primer.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1.2 When a relatively brittle adhesive is used, the peel
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
resistance can often give an indication of the degree of cure,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
that is, higher values than normally realized may indicate an
2. Referenced Documents incomplete cure. Direct comparison of different adhesives or
processes can only be made when specimen design and test
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conditions are identical.
B 209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
Sheet and Plate
6. Apparatus
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives
4 6.1 Peeling Apparatus, consisting of a flanged drum, flex-
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
ible loading straps or cables, and suitable clamps for holding
3. Terminology the test specimen. The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1 has been
found to be satisfactory.
3.1 Definitions—Many of the terms used in this test method
6.1.1 The outside radius of the drum is 51.00 6 0.13 mm
are defined in Terminology D 907.
(2.000 6 0.005 in.), and the radius of the flange, including one
4. Summary of Test Method half of the thickness of the loading straps or cables, is 12.70 6
0.13 mm (0.500 6 0.005 in.) larger than the radius of the drum.
4.1 Determine the peeling force of a conditioned adhesive
This 12.70 6 0.13 mm (0.500 6 0.005 in.) less half the
bonded sandwich assembly by peeling a face skin around
thickness of the adherend to be peeled, is the effective torque
arm of the apparatus.
6.1.2 Use a suitable top clamp (Fig. 2) for supporting the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-14 on
specimen, and a drum clamp (Fig. 3) to hold the adherend
Adhesives and is under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D14.80 on Metal Bonding
against the face of the drum.
Adhesives.
Current edition approved April 10, 1998. Published February 1999. Originally
6.1.3 Balance the drum about the axis by the use of
published as D 1781 – 60 T. Last previous edition D 1781 – 93.
counterweights (as shown in Fig. 1) placed diametrically
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.02.
3 opposite the drum clamp to compensate for the weight of this
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. clamp.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 1781
6.1.4 The drum and flanges with the drum clamp and its
compensating weight weighs # 3.6 kg (8 lb), a lighter weight
being preferable to facilitate handling of the apparatus.
6.2 Testing Machine, capable of applying tensile loads
under the conditions prescribed in Section 11 and with the
following further requirements:
6.2.1 The rate of movement between heads of the testing
machine remains essentially constant under fluctuating loads
(Note 1).
6.2.2 The testing machine weighs the load to within 1 %.
The testing machine and range are selected such that the
maximum load on the specimen falls between 15 and 85 % of
the full-scale capacity.
6.2.3 The use of autographic equipment to record load
versus head movement is recommended.
6.2.4 Verification of the testing machine is made in accor-
dance with the recommendations of Practices E 4.
FIG. 1 Assembly of Peeling Apparatus
NOTE 1—It is difficult to meet this requirement when loads are
measured with a spring-type or pendulum-type weighing device.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 For evaluation of adhesives in laminated assemblies, a
specimen of the type shown in Fig. 4 has been found to be
satisfactory. The specimen is 25 mm (1 in.) wide between saw
kerfs and at least 254 mm (10 in.) long. The specimen may be
cut from larger bonded panels if desired.
7.2 For evaluation of adhesives in sandwich constructions,
make the test specimens in conformance to the general form of
the specimen shown in Fig. 1. The specimen is 76 mm (3 in.)
wide by at least 305 mm (12 in.) long, including about a
25-mm (1-in.) overhang of one facing at each end. Thickness
of the core is not important, except in the sense that the
sandwich specimen does not bend while the facing is being
peeled. For comparative evaluation of adhesives in bonding
metal-faced sandwich constructions, a facing of clad aluminum
alloy meeting the requirements of Specification B 209, Alloy
FIG. 2 Top Clamp
2024-T3, 0.51 mm (0.020 in.) thick with a core 12.7 mm (0.5
in.) thick, has been found to be suitable. Other metal facings of
comparable flexibility may also be used. The specimens may
be cut from larger bonded panels if desired.
NOTE 2—Direct comparisons of different adhesives can be made only
when specimen design and test conditions are identical.
7.3 Test at least six specimens, for example, two or more
from each of three bonded panels, for each adhesive sample.
7.4 For sandwich constructions based on orthotropic cores,
peel half of the specimens parallel to the length direction of the
core and half parallel to the width direction, as determined
from the configuration of the cell structure.
8. Preparation of Test Specimen
8.1 Do all preconditioning or special preparation of the
FIG. 3 Drum Clamp
adherends in accordance with the recommendations of the
manufacturer of the adhesive.
A suitable climbing drum peel apparatus is available from Custom Scientific
Instruments, Inc., 13 Wing Drive, Whippany, NJ, 07981. Detailed working drawings
for the apparatus illustrated are available at a nominal cost from the ASTM, 100 Barr
Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken PA 19428-2959. Request ADJD1781.
D 1781
Metric Equivalents
1 3
in. ⁄16 ⁄16
mm 1.5 4.5
FIG. 4 Test Specimen for Laminated Assemblies
8.2 Bond in accordance with the procedure and recommen- in the peel test. The forces imposed on the adherend during the
dations prescribed by the manufacturer of the adhesive. peel test usually result in greater bending than is obtained in
bending the unbonded adherend around the drum. More torque
NOTE 3—Other preconditioning, preparation, and bonding conditions
is required, therefore, to bend a bonded than an unbonded
may be used if agreeable to the supplier and the purchaser of the adhesive.
material; hence, this compensation is only approximate.
8.3 Cut specimens from the sandwich panels or laminated
10. Conditioning
panels in such a way as to avoid overheating or mechanical
damage to the bond.
10.1 Condition specimens for 7
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