ASTM E2292-21

Standard Guide for Field Investigation of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If this guide is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and corrective action may be identified to prevent future incidents.  
3.2 When attempting to identify the source of carbon monoxide, consider that it is produced at some level in virtually every fuel-burning engine, boiler, furnace, burner, stove or fire. All carbon-based fuels (for example, gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, propane, coal, wood, paper products, plastics) produce carbon monoxide as a result of incomplete combustion. When there is insufficient air for complete combustion, carbon monoxide can become a major product of combustion. In properly-operating fuel-fired combustion appliances (for example, residential furnaces and water heaters), the level of carbon monoxide produced may be as little as a hundred parts per million or less (that is, 0.01 %). In those same appliances, malfunctions can potentially result in significantly higher carbon monoxide concentrations (10 000 ppm to 100 000 ppm, or higher). Properly-operating internal combustion engines may also generate carbon monoxide concentrations on the order of 10 000 ppm or higher.  
3.3 Be aware of the effects of carbon monoxide on humans and pets. Carbon monoxide acts as a central nervous system depressant. With increasing dosage (combination of concentration and time of exposure) symptoms may include headache, dizziness, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion, and may lead to death. Carbon monoxide is especially hazardous because it is colorless and odorless, providing no warning of its presence. When inhaled, carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, creating carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). The affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin is approximately 200 times greater than the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin. Therefore, the blood can accumulate dangerou...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers collection and preservation of information and physical evidence related to incidents involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address the medical effects of carbon monoxide exposure.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or contamination in closed air systems or confined spaces. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be found in NFPA 921.  
1.4 This guide is not intended for an investigation where equipment is removed from the incident site and conducted in a more controlled setting.  
1.5 This guide is intended to be used by a wide range of investigators, including first responders, appliance technicians and engineers.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2021
• ICS: 13.300 - Protection against dangerous goods
• Technical Committee: E58 - Forensic Engineering
• Drafting Committee: E58.05 - Industrial Processes

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E2713-18 - Standard Guide to Forensic Engineering
• Effective Date: 15-May-2018
• Refers: ASTM E860-07(2013) - Standard Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM E860-07(2013)e1 - Standard Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM E1459-13 - Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2013
• Refers: ASTM E2713-11 - Standard Guide to Forensic Engineering
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM E860-07 - Standard Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2007
• Refers: ASTM E860-97(2006) - Standard Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2006
• Refers: ASTM E1459-92(2005) - Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation
• Effective Date: 01-May-2005
• Refers: ASTM E1459-92(1998) - Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1998
• Refers: ASTM E860-97 - Standard Practice for Examining and Testing Items that Are or May Become Involved in Litigation
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-1997

Overview

ASTM E2292-21: Standard Guide for Field Investigation of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents provides comprehensive guidance for professionals tasked with investigating cases of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Published by ASTM International, this standard outlines best practices for collecting and preserving information and physical evidence in the field following incidents involving CO exposure. The goal is to establish the cause of poisoning, recommend corrective actions, and prevent future occurrences.

Carbon monoxide, an odorless and colorless gas, is generated by incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels such as gasoline, diesel, propane, coal, wood, and more. Because CO is produced by a wide variety of engines and appliances, investigators must systematically evaluate all potential sources during a field investigation. This guide is useful for first responders, appliance technicians, engineers, and other professionals involved in CO incident response.

Key Topics

• Investigation Process: Procedures for securing the scene, documenting evidence, identifying potential sources, and ensuring safety for all personnel.
• CO Sources: Guidance on evaluating all types of fuel-burning appliances and engines that could produce dangerous CO levels due to malfunction or improper use.
• Safety Protocols: Emphasis on the use of calibrated CO monitors, alarms, and personal protective equipment to safeguard investigators against exposure.
• Information Collection:
  • Emergency and medical records related to the incident
  • Maintenance and service logs of relevant equipment
  • Environmental conditions such as weather and altitude
  • Statements from occupants, first responders, and other stakeholders
• Equipment Assessment:
  • Inspection of fuel-burning appliances, ventilation, flues, and exhaust systems
  • Verification of operating conditions and adjustment for location-specific factors (e.g., high altitude)
• Test Protocols: Step-by-step guidelines for measuring CO concentrations in various areas, assessing appliance function, and recording test results
• Evidence and Reporting: Recommendations for evidence labeling, preservation, and comprehensive reporting

Applications

The ASTM E2292-21 standard is designed for use in a range of practical field settings where carbon monoxide poisoning may have occurred, including:

• Residential investigations: Determining causes of CO incidents in homes, such as from heating appliances, stoves, or attached garages.
• Commercial and industrial settings: Assessing fuel-burning equipment in businesses, warehouses, and manufacturing facilities.
• Vehicle-related incidents: Investigating CO exposure due to faulty vehicle exhaust systems or use of generators in enclosed spaces.
• Forensic engineering: Supporting litigation or insurance claims with a structured, evidence-based approach.

By following this standard, investigators can more reliably identify unsafe conditions, recommend safety improvements, and help to prevent future CO poisoning incidents.

Related Standards

For comprehensive field investigations and enhanced safety, ASTM E2292-21 is best used in conjunction with the following referenced and related standards:

• ASTM E860: Practice for Examining and Preparing Items for Legal Proceedings
• ASTM E1459: Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Documentation
• ASTM E2713: Guide to Forensic Engineering
• NFPA 54: National Fuel Gas Code
• NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
• UL 2034: Standard for Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms
• International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC): For safe installation and inspection of fuel gas systems

These documents support thorough and standardized investigations, help address regulatory compliance, and promote overall public safety during carbon monoxide incident response.

---

Keywords: ASTM E2292-21, carbon monoxide investigation, CO poisoning, fuel-burning appliances, forensic engineering, field guide, safety standard, CO sources, evidence collection, CO alarms, incident prevention.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2292 − 21
Standard Guide for
Field Investigation of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Incidents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are
Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
1.1 This guide covers collection and preservation of infor-
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related
mation and physical evidence related to incidents involving the
Documentation
poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.
E2713 Guide to Forensic Engineering
1.2 This guide is not intended to address the medical effects
2.2 NFPA Standards:
of carbon monoxide exposure.
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
1.3 This guide is not intended to be a guide for investigating
NFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or con-
2.3 UL Standard:
tamination in closed air systems or confined spaces. Guidance
UL 2034 Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide
on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to
Alarms
fire can be found in NFPA 921.
2.4 IFGC Publication:
1.4 This guide is not intended for an investigation where
IFGC International Fuel Gas Code
equipment is removed from the incident site and conducted in
a more controlled setting.
3. Significance and Use
1.5 This guide is intended to be used by a wide range of
3.1 This guide is intended for use by individuals who
investigators, including first responders, appliance technicians
investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If
and engineers.
this guide is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
poisoning incident may be determined, and corrective action
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
may be identified to prevent future incidents.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 When attempting to identify the source of carbon
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
monoxide, consider that it is produced at some level in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
virtually every fuel-burning engine, boiler, furnace, burner,
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
stove or fire. All carbon-based fuels (for example, gasoline,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
diesel fuel, natural gas, propane, coal, wood, paper products,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
plastics) produce carbon monoxide as a result of incomplete
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
combustion. When there is insufficient air for complete
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
combustion, carbon monoxide can become a major product of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
combustion. In properly-operating fuel-fired combustion appli-
ances (for example, residential furnaces and water heaters), the
2. Referenced Documents
level of carbon monoxide produced may be as little as a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
hundred parts per million or less (that is, 0.01 %). In those
same appliances, malfunctions can potentially result in signifi-
1 cantly higher carbon monoxide concentrations (10 000 ppm to
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E58 on Forensic
Engineering and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E58.05 on Industrial
Processes.
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally approved
in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2292 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
E2292-21. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,
the ASTM website. 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.iccsafe.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2292 − 21
100 000 ppm, or higher). Properly-operating internal combus- its output provides almost instantaneous concentration data,
tion engines may also generate carbon monoxide concentra- and it therefore has the capability to warn the investigator if
tions on the order of 10 000 ppm or higher. carbon monoxide levels are reaching dangerous concentra-
tions. The carbon monoxide monitor may also be used to
3.3 Be aware of the effects of carbon monoxide on humans
survey different areas of a building to locate the area of highest
and pets. Carbon monoxide acts as a central nervous system
concentration, helping to identify the source. Monitors with
depressant.With increasing dosage (combination of concentra-
data logging capabilities are preferred to assist in assessments
tion and time of exposure) symptoms may include headache,
of dosage.
dizziness, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and
4.1.2 Carbon Monoxide Alarms (compliant with UL
confusion, and may lead to death. Carbon monoxide is espe-
2034)—These alarms may be used as warning devices (see
cially hazardous because it is colorless and odorless, providing
Section 5). Alarms with digital readouts should not be used as
no warning of its presence. When inhaled, carbon monoxide
primary investigative monitors since their range is typically
binds with hemoglobin in the blood, creating carboxyhemo-
limited to ~100 ppm (that is, 0.01 %).
globin (COHb). The affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglo-
bin is approximately 200 times greater than the affinity of 4.1.3 Combustion Gas Analyzer—Because malfunctioning
oxygen for hemoglobin. Therefore, the blood can accumulate
combustion equipment is sometimes found to be the source of
dangerous levels of COHb, depriving the body of oxygen.
excessive carbon monoxide, portable gas analyzers are useful
to check the combustion products produced by fuel burning
3.4 Since there is the potential for investigators to become
equipment. These instruments indicate carbon monoxide as
victims of elevated carbon monoxide levels themselves, ex-
wellasotherexhaustgases.Combustiongasanalyzersareused
treme care should be taken to assure the safety of investigators
to determine whether the combustion equipment is operating
and anyone else at risk of continuing carbon monoxide
within its normal limits for carbon monoxide in the exhaust.A
exposure. Carbon monoxide monitoring and measurement
measurement range up to 10 % carbon monoxide (100 000
equipment is required to ensure life safety of those present, as
ppm) may be required.
well as to determine the cause of the problem and its solution.
4.1.4 Manometer, or equivalent instrument, capable of de-
4. Equipment
terminingpositiveandnegativepressuresinthecombustionair
supply, exhaust stack, and inside the living space while fuel
4.1 The following is a listing of basic measurement equip-
burning equipment is operating.
ment that may be useful in diagnosing a carbon monoxide
problem and determining the source, cause, and validating 4.1.5 Ventilation Equipment—A fan, blower, or similar de-
corrective actions: vice should be available to provide air movement in the space
4.1.1 Electronic Carbon Monoxide Monitor—A properly around equipment between tests to lower the carbon monoxide
calibrated direct reading electronic monitor having a range of level to the baseline. Monitor the carbon monoxide level in the
0to1000or2000ppm(thatis,0.1to0.2%)ispreferredinthat area before running each test.
FIG. 1 Common Locations of Carbon Monoxide Build-Up
E2292 − 21
4.1.6 SCBA (self contained breathing apparatus) may be 6.1.2 The fuel supply to the scene should be turned off.This
used if entering a highly contaminated area while conducting may require the switching off of internal combustion engines,
tests. or the closing of valves for gaseous or liquid fuels.
4.1.7 All indicating equipment should be calibrated at least
6.2 Notify individuals who have been identified as poten-
annually or in accordance with the manufacturer’s
tially having an interest in the testing of the time that the tests
recommendations, and checked prior to each use. The equip-
are going to take place. Prior to the testing, provide each of
ment may be checked against a standard reference gas.
these individuals a copy of the testing protocol developed for
Selection of calibration gas concentrations should reflect both
their information and comment. For additional guidance on
low and high range for gas measurement equipment.
notification, see Guide E2713, E860, and NFPA 921 at 7.10
and 12.3.5. The advice of legal counsel may be advisable.
5. Safety
6.2.1 Such individuals may include the property owner,
representatives of the victim(s), equipment manufacturers, fuel
5.1 Entering spaces and testing of equipment suspected of
suppliers, equipment service personnel, law enforcement
causing carbon monoxide poisoning may yield definitive
officers, code enforcement officers, and the insurance carrier
results that cannot be obtained any other way. Testing of
for any of the parties listed above.
equipment that may have injured individuals, however, is a
potentially dangerous undertaking, in that the investigator runs 6.2.2 Keeparecordofindividualswhohavebeennotifiedof
the proposed testing.
the risk of becoming exposed to carbon monoxide being
produced by improperly functioning equipment. 6.2.3 Notification of other interested parties may not be
necessary if the investigation is going to be limited to obser-
5.2 Safe testing procedures are of the utmost importance.
vationsthatdonotchangetheconditionofanyofthestructures
Before any testing is undertaken, a safety officer should be
or equipment.
identified.The safety officer’s responsibilities are to protect the
safety and health of the investigator and any individuals who 6.3 Documentary Information—The following information
may be of interest; not all of the information ultimately
may be affected by the testing.
obtained will be available at the time of the initial field
5.3 Stable communications should be assured between the
investigation.Nevertheless,thecollectionprocessshouldbegin
site and emergency service providers.
as soon as practical.
5.4 Audible carbon monoxide alarms, compliant with UL
6.3.1 Emergency phone line recordings and medical
2034, may be used as warning devices to warn participants of
records, particularly those that describe the blood gas analysis
hazardous conditions. Such alarms are not substitutes for
of the victims.
carbon monoxide monitors or analyzers, which may be worn
6.3.2 Obtain statements as early as possible from all indi-
on-person and can be configured to alert the user at different
viduals associated with the incident.
thresholds.
6.3.2.1 Determine if the occupants (including small ani-
mals) have exhibited prior signs of carbon monoxide exposure;
5.5 Until its safe operation has been verified, the minimum
for example, flu like symptoms.
number of participants should be in the space where a piece of
6.3.2.2 First responders’ test protocols and data.
equipment is being tested for carbon monoxide output that the
potentially interested parties will agree upon. Those persons
6.3.2.3 First responders’ actions to correct defects or re-
inside should remain within sight of the safety officer or move carbon monoxide sources.
another individual capable of rescuing that individual from the
6.3.3 Weather data prior to and at the time of the incident;
space. SCBAs may be used if necessary.
wind speed and direction, temperature, precipitation (snow,
rain).
5.6 All testing should be discussed in detail with all indi-
6.3.4 Altitude of the site if over 2000 ft; see NFPA 54
viduals involved in the testing, prior to the beginning of any
regarding high altitude installations.
test. A written test protocol may be advisable, as discussed in
6.3.5 Maintenance/service records for any fuel burning
6.11 below.
equipment, including maintenance contracts.
5.7 Permissible levels of carbon monoxide concentration
6.3.6 Equipment manuals or other related information re-
depend on the time of exposure. The U.S. Environmental
garding operation, service, maintenance, and input ratings.
Protection Agency (EPA) advises a threshold of 50 ppm
6.3.7 Activities prior to the incident that may have affected
averaged over 8 hours. Higher concentrations or longer expo-
the fuel sources, fuel burning equipment or ventilation of
sures at lower levels, or both, are also hazardous.
combustion products.
6.3.8 Information about the status of carbon monoxide
6. Procedure
alarms and monitoring systems.
6.1 Scene Security—If the carbon monoxide concentration
6.3.9 Layout of the rooms and their dimensions. If the
is elevated in the area, the first priority is to evacuate the scene structure contains more than one heating appliance, indicate
and prevent further injuries or loss of life.
which appliances service each room.
6.1.1 After evacuation, the scene should be secured. If 6.3.10 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
possible, field measurements of carbon monoxide levels in system configurations and settings. For structures, this may
various locations around the scene should be taken. include thermostat setpoint, supply duct locations, and louver
E2292 − 21
positions. For vehicles, this may include settings such as 6.7.2 Determine whether the equipment has an adequate
fresh-air mode or recirculation mode, and fan speed. supply of air for combustion and ventilation as specified in
NFPA 54, Chapter 9, or the International Fuel Gas Code
6.3.11 Window and door positions.
(IFGC), Section 304.
6.4 Identify all fuel-burning equipment in the site. Deter-
6.7.2.1 Where combustion air is obtained directly from the
mine when and how often the equipment operates.
outdoors, determine whether openings comply with NFPA 54
6.4.1 Fuel gas burning equipment is operated on natural gas
(or IFGC); including reduction due to louvers, grills and
or propane. This equipment includes boilers, furnaces, water
screens.
heaters, dryers, forklifts, gas fireplaces, stoves, ovens, etc.This
6.7.2.2 Where combustion air is mechanically supplied,
equipment may be vented to the outside or unvented (discharg-
determine whether openings comply with NFPA54 (or IFGC).
ing combustion products to the living or working space).
6.7.2.3 Determine whether there is a separation between the
6.4.2 Liquid burning equipment is operated on gasoline,
return air and combustion air supply in HVAC installations in
diesel, kerosene or fuel oil. This equipment includes internal
accordance with NFPA 54 (or IFGC).
combustion engines, kerosene heaters and fuel oil burning
6.7.2.4 Document whether safety switches such as spill
furnaces. The equipment is usually unvented if it is portable
switches have been bypassed or tampered with.
and vented if it is stationary.
6.8 Determine whether the equipment, if venting is
6.4.3 Solid burning equipment includes wood stoves, fire-
required, is vented to safely carry the products of combustion
places and pellet stoves. These are usually stationary and
outside, as required by NFPA 54, Chapter 12; IFGC, Section
vented. If applicable, note position of fireplace dampers (open
503; and relevant building codes.
or closed) as well as door and window positions.
6.8.1 Determine whether any temporary obstruction of the
6.5 Identify all ventilation equipment, not associated with
equipment ventilation, including obstructions of the return
fuel burning equipment. This equipment includes power vents
vents, have been moved. Veri
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2292 − 14 E2292 − 21
Standard Guide for
Field Investigation of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Incidents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers collection and preservation of information and physical evidence related to incidents involving the poisoning
of individuals by carbon monoxide.
1.2 This guide is not intended to address the medical effects of carbon monoxide exposure.
1.3 This guide is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or contamination
in closed air systems or confined spaces. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be found
in NFPA 921.
1.4 This guide is not intended for an investigation where equipment is removed from the incident site and conducted in a more
controlled setting.
1.5 This guide is intended to be used by a wide range of investigators, including first responders, appliance technicians and
engineers.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation
E2713 Guide to Forensic Engineering
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E58 on Forensic Engineering and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E58.05 on Industrial Processes.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014July 1, 2021. Published September 2014July 2021. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20122014 as
E2292 – 04 (2012).E2292 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/E2292-14.10.1520/E2292-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2292 − 21
2.2 NFPA Standards:
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
NFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
2.3 UL Standards:Standard:
UL 2034 Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms
2.4 IFGC Publication:
IFGC International Fuel Gas Code
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This guide is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If this guide
is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and corrective action may be identified to
prevent future incidents.
3.2 When attempting to identify the source of carbon monoxide, consider that it is produced at some level in virtually every
fuel-burning engine, boiler, furnace, burner, stove or fire. All carbon-based fuels (for example, gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas,
propane, coal, wood, paper products, plastics) produce carbon monoxide as a result of incomplete combustion. When there is
insufficient air for complete combustion, carbon monoxide can become a major product of combustion. In properly-operating
combustion equipment, fuel-fired combustion appliances (for example, residential furnaces and water heaters), the level of carbon
monoxide produced may be as little as a hundred parts per million or less (that is, 0.01 %). However, combustion with insufficient
air can produce 0.01 %). In those same appliances, malfunctions can potentially result in significantly higher carbon monoxide
concentrations of 10 000 ppm to 100 000 ppm (that is, 1 to 10 %) (10 000 ppm to 100 000 ppm, or higher). Properly-operating
internal combustion engines may also generate carbon monoxide concentrations on the order of 10 000 ppm or higher.
3.3 Be aware of the effects of carbon monoxide on humans and pets. Carbon monoxide acts as a central nervous system depressant.
With increasing concentration or time of exposure, or both, carbon monoxide will cause people to feel sleepy or sick, lose
consciousness, and die. dosage (combination of concentration and time of exposure) symptoms may include headache, dizziness,
weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion, and may lead to death. Carbon monoxide is especially hazardous
because it is colorless and odorless, providing no warning of its presence. When inhaled, carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin
in the blood, creating carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). The affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin is approximately 200 times
greater than the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin. Therefore, the blood can accumulate dangerous levels of COHb, depriving the
body of oxygen.
3.4 Since there is the potential for investigators to become victims of elevated carbon monoxide levels themselves, extreme care
should be taken to assure the safety of investigators and anyone else at risk of continuing carbon monoxide exposure. Carbon
monoxide monitoring and measurement equipment is required to ensure life safety of those present, as well as to determine the
cause of the problem and its solution.
4. Equipment
4.1 The following is a listing of basic measurement equipment that may be useful in diagnosing a carbon monoxide problem and
determining the source, cause, and validating corrective actions:
4.1.1 Electronic Carbon Monoxide Monitor—A properly calibrated direct reading electronic monitor having a range of 0 to 1000
or 2000 ppm (that is, 0.1 to 0.2 %) is preferred in that its output provides almost instantaneous concentration data, and it therefore
has the capability to warn the investigator if carbon monoxide levels are reaching dangerous concentrations. The carbon monoxide
monitor may also be used to survey different areas of a building to locate the area of highest concentration, helping to identify the
source. Monitors with data logging capabilities are preferred to assist in assessments of dosage.
4.1.2 Carbon Monoxide Alarms (compliant with UL 2034)—These alarms may be used as warning devices (see Section 5). Alarms
with digital readouts should not be used as primary investigative monitors since their range is typically limited to ~100 ppm (that
is, 0.01 %).
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas, WA 98607-8542, http://www.ul.com.
Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.iccsafe.org.
E2292 − 21
FIG. 1 Common Locations of Carbon Monoxide Build-Up
4.1.3 Combustion Gas Analyzer—Because malfunctioning combustion equipment is sometimes found to be the source of
excessive carbon monoxide, portable gas analyzers are useful to check the combustion products produced by fuel burning
equipment. These instruments indicate carbon monoxide as well as other exhaust gases. Combustion gas analyzers are used to
determine whether the combustion equipment is operating within its normal limits for carbon monoxide in the exhaust. A
measurement range up to 10 % carbon monoxide (100 000 (100 000 ppm) may be required.
4.1.4 Manometer, or equivalent insturment,instrument, capable of determining positive and negative pressures in the combustion
air supply, exhaust stack, and inside the living space while fuel burning equipment is operating.
4.1.5 Ventilation Equipment—A fan, blower, or similar device should be available to provide air movement in the space around
equipment between tests. tests to lower the carbon monoxide level to the baseline. Monitor the carbon monoxide level in the area
before running each test.
4.1.6 SCBA (self contained breathing apparatus) may be used if entering a highly contaminated area while conducting tests.
4.1.7 All indicating equipment should be calibrated at least annually or per the manufacturer’sin accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations, and checked prior to each use. The equipment may be checked against a standard reference gas.
Selection of calibration gas concentrations should reflect both low and high range for gas measurement equipment.
5. Safety
5.1 Entering spaces and testing of equipment suspected of causing carbon monoxide poisoning may yield definitive results that
cannot be obtained any other way. Testing of equipment that may have injured individuals;individuals, however, is a potentially
dangerous undertaking, in that the investigator runs the risk of becoming exposed to carbon monoxide being produced by
improperly functioning equipment.
5.2 Safe testing procedures are of the utmost importance. Before any testing is undertaken, a safety officer should be identified.
The safety officer’sofficer’s responsibilities are to protect the safety and health of the investigator and any individuals who may
be affected by the testing.
5.3 Stable communications should be assured between the site and emergency service providers.
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5.4 Audible carbon monoxide alarms, compliant with UL 2034, may be used as warning devices to warn participants of hazardous
conditions. Such alarms are not substitutes for carbon monoxide monitors or analyzers, which provide better accuracy.may be worn
on-person and can be configured to alert the user at different thresholds.
5.5 Until its safe operation has been verified, the minimum number of participants should be in the space where a piece of
equipment is being tested for carbon monoxide output that the potentially interested parties will agree upon. Those persons inside
should remain within sight of the safety officer or another individual capable of rescuing that individual from the space. SCBAs
may be used if necessary.
5.6 All testing should be discussed in detail with all individuals involved in the testing, prior to the beginning of any test. A written
test protocol may be advisable, as discussed in 6.96.11 below.
5.7 Permissible levels of carbon monoxide concentration depend on the time of exposure. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) advises a threshold of 50 ppm averaged over 8 hours. Higher concentrations or longer exposures at lower levels,
or both, are also hazardous.
6. Procedure
6.1 Scene Security—If the carbon monoxide concentration is elevated in the area, the first priority is to evacuate the scene and
prevent further injuries or loss of life.
6.1.1 After evacuation, the scene should be secured. If possible, field measurements of carbon monoxide levels in various locations
around the scene should be taken.
6.1.2 The fuel supply to the scene should be turned off. This may require the switching off of internal combustion engines, or the
closing of valves for gaseous or liquid fuels.
6.2 Notify individuals who have been identified as possiblypotentially having an interest in the testing of the time that the tests
are going to take place. Prior to the testing, provide each of these individuals a copy of the testing protocol developed for their
information and comment. For additional guidance on notification, see Guide E2713., E860, and NFPA 921 at 7.10 and 12.3.5. The
advice of legal counsel may be advisable.
6.2.1 Identify any individuals who may have an interest in the outcome of the testing. Such individuals may include the property
owner, representatives of the victim(s), equipment manufacturers, fuel suppliers, equipment service personnel, law enforcement
officers, code enforcement officers, and the insurance carrier for any of the parties listed above. Provide each of these individuals
a copy of the testing protocol developed for their information and comment.
6.2.2 Keep a record of individuals who have been notified of the proposed testing.
6.2.3 Notification of other interested parties may not be necessary if the investigation is going to be limited to observations that
do not change the condition of any of the structures or equipment.
6.3 Documentary Information—The following information may be of interest; not all of the information ultimately obtained will
be available at the time of the initial field investigation. Nevertheless, the collection process should begin as soon as practical.
6.3.1 Emergency phone line recordings and medical records, particularly those that describe the blood gas analysis of the victims.
6.3.2 Obtain statements as early as possible from all individuals associated with the incident.
6.3.2.1 Determination of whether Determine if the occupants (including small animals) have exhibited prior signs of carbon
monoxide exposure; for example, flu like symptoms.
6.3.2.2 First responders’ test protocols and data.
6.3.2.3 First responders’ actions to correct defects or remove carbon monoxide sources.
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6.3.3 Weather data prior to and at the time of the incident; wind speed and direction, temperature, precipitation (snow, rain).
6.3.4 Altitude of the site if over 2000 feet;ft; see NFPA 54 regarding high altitude installations.
6.3.5 Maintenance/service records for any fuel burning equipment, including maintenance contracts.
6.3.6 Equipment manuals or other related information regarding operation, service, maintenance, and input ratings.
6.3.7 Activities prior to the incident that may have affected the fuel sources, fuel burning equipment or ventilation of combustion
products.
6.3.8 Information about the status of carbon monoxide alarms and monitoring systems.
6.3.9 Layout of the rooms and their dimensions. If the structure contains more than one heating appliance, indicate which
appliances service each room.
6.3.10 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system configurations and settings. For structures, this may include
thermostat setpoint, supply duct locations, and louver positions. For vehicles, this may include settings such as fresh-air mode or
recirculation mode, and fan speed.
6.3.11 Window and door positions.
6.4 Identify all fuel-burning equipment in the site. Determine when and how often the equipment operates.
6.4.1 Fuel gas burning equipment is operated on natural gas or propane. This equipment includes boilers, furnaces, water heaters,
dryers, forklifts, gas fireplaces, stoves, ovens, etc. This equipment may be vented to the outside or unvented (discharging
combustion products to the living or working space).
6.4.2 Liquid burning equipment is operated on gasoline, diesel, kerosene or fuel oil. This equipment includes internal combustion
engines, kerosene heaters and fuel oil burning furnaces. The equipment is usually unvented if it is portable and vented if it is
stationary.
6.4.3 Solid burning equipment includes wood stoves, fireplaces and pellet stoves. These are usually stationary and vented. If
applicable, note position of fireplace dampers (open or closed) as well as door and window positions.
6.5 Identify all ventilation equipment, not associated with fuel burning equipment. This equipment includes power vents for
bathrooms or gas ranges, electric dryers, and heat recovery ventilators.
6.6 Determine and document the condition of the equipment at the time of the incident.
6.6.1 Determine the condition of the flues on ventilated equipment. Look for sooting that would indicate incomplete combustion.
Look for corrosion that might permit the recirculation of combustion products as combustion air. For appliances or vehicles which
have internal combustion engines, listen for exhaust leaks and look for sooting emanating from junctions.
6.6.2 If the equipment includes a heat exchanger, determine whether there is a crack or break that might permit combustion
products being introduced into the living/working space.
6.6.3 Measure the pressure to fuel gas appliances during operation, as well as the regulated pressure within those appliances.
6.6.4 If the equipment is convertible (for example, natural gas to propane), determine whether it is properly configured and
adjusted.
6.6.5 If the altitude is above 2000 feetft above sea level, determine whether the equipment is adjusted in accordance with the
appliance instructions or NFPA 54.
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6.6.6 Establish the condition of valves and/or switches. Systems within an appliance may be tested individually or in combination
with the overall function of the appliance.
6.7 Determine the source of fuel, combustion air, and ventilation of each piece of equipment.
6.7.1 Determine whether any of the equipment is located in an enclosure that can be defined as a “confined space.”‘confined
space.’ Confined spaces are defin
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