ASTM F1178-11(2022)

Standard Specification for Performance of Enameling System, Baking, Metal Joiner Work and Furniture

ABSTRACT
This specification covers performance of enameling system and baking primer on metal joiner work and furniture. Specification includes procedures for cleaning, degreasing, enameling, and texturing. Performance criteria shall include test panel description, primer test panel preparation, salt spray exposure, blistering resistance, corrosion resistance, enamel test panel preparation, gloss, hardness, paint cure, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance, and color stability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance of a baking primer and enamel on metal for use on fabricated metal products, including marine furniture and joiner work.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The metric (SI) units, given in parentheses, are for information only.  
1.3 Painting facilities shall comply with all applicable Federal and State regulations regarding emissions and waste disposal.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2022
• ICS: 25.220.01 - Surface treatment and coating in general
• Technical Committee: F25 - Ships and Marine Technology
• Drafting Committee: F25.03 - Outfitting and Deck Machinery

Relations

• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-23e1 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Required Hardness, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Required Hardness, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-18 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-16 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-15 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-13 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-12a - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-12 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2012
• Refers: ASTM B117-11 - Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Refers: ASTM D3363-05(2011) - Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM D3363-05(2011)e2 - Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test (Withdrawn 2020)
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM D3363-05(2011)e1 - Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-11 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-10 - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2010
• Refers: ASTM A1008/A1008M-09a - Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009

Overview

ASTM F1178-11(2022), issued by ASTM International, sets the requirements for the performance of enameling systems and baking primers applied to metal joiner work and metal furniture, including products used in marine environments. The standard outlines procedures for cleaning, degreasing, enameling, and texturing of metal surfaces. Additionally, it specifies performance criteria concerning gloss, hardness, paint cure, adhesion, flexibility, impact resistance, corrosion resistance, and color stability. ASTM F1178-11(2022) is essential for organizations involved in the manufacturing and finishing of fabricated metal products needing durable, safety-compliant coatings.

Key Topics

• Surface Preparation: Details the necessary cleaning and degreasing processes to ensure all metal surfaces-visible and concealed-are free from contaminants before coating.
• Enameling Systems: Defines the requirements for both smooth, low-gloss and optional textured finishes. Specifies minimum dry film thickness and the use of thermosetting enamel requiring high-temperature baking.
• Performance Testing: Outlines preparation of test panels from cold-rolled steel, galvannealed steel, and aluminum alloy to verify coating performance.
• Performance Criteria:
  • Salt Spray Resistance: Panels subjected to salt spray to evaluate corrosion and blister resistance.
  • Gloss Measurement: Specifies gloss levels for furniture and ceiling panels.
  • Hardness and Flexibility: Assessed through pencil hardness tests and mandrel bend tests.
  • Adhesion: Measured using standardized cross-hatch methods.
  • Impact Resistance: Minimum thresholds required to prevent coating failure.
  • Color Stability: Evaluates resistance to color change after additional baking.
• Touch-Up Procedures: Specifies the requirements for air-dry touch-up enamel to maintain field repair quality, including color and gloss matching.
• Regulatory Compliance: Requires painting facilities to comply with relevant Federal and State regulations for emissions and waste.

Applications

ASTM F1178-11(2022) is widely used in industries manufacturing fabricated metal products such as:

• Marine furniture and joiner work: Ensures that coatings on marine doors, frames, ceilings, bulkheads, and furniture withstand harsh environments and meet appearance requirements.
• Shipbuilding: Provides robust coating specifications for accommodation areas aboard ships.
• Commercial and Institutional Furniture: Applies to steel and aluminum furniture in settings demanding high durability and consistent finish quality.
• Regulated Facilities: Supports compliance with environmental and workplace safety regulations on coating applications.

Using this standard helps manufacturers meet quality assurance requirements, improve product longevity, and achieve consistent aesthetic results. Regular performance testing also facilitates process optimization and ensures traceability for each production batch.

Related Standards

Organizations implementing ASTM F1178-11(2022) may reference or operate in conjunction with these standards:

• ASTM B117: Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
• ASTM D3359: Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
• ASTM D3363: Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
• ASTM A1008/A1008M: Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon and Alloy Grades
• ASTM A653/A653M: Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized/ Galvannealed)
• ASTM B209/B209M: Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate
• AISC Wire and Sheet Metal Gages: For thickness references
• 40 CFR 60 Subpart EE: Standard of Performance for Surface Coating of Metal Furniture

Meeting the requirements of ASTM F1178-11(2022) fosters product reliability and regulatory compliance across the metal furniture and joiner work industries.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F1178 −11 (Reapproved 2022) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Performance of Enameling System, Baking, Metal Joiner
Work and Furniture
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1178; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B209/B209M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-
Alloy Sheet and Plate
1.1 This specification covers the performance of a baking
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
primer and enamel on metal for use on fabricated metal
Organic Coatings
products, including marine furniture and joiner work.
D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
as standard. The metric (SI) units, given in parentheses, are for 3
a Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)
information only.
D1400 TestMethodforNondestructiveMeasurementofDry
1.3 Painting facilities shall comply with all applicable Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
Federal and State regulations regarding emissions and waste
disposal. D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.2 American Institute of Steel Construction Manual:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
AISC Wire and Sheet Metal Gages Equivalent Thickness in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Decimals of an Inch, U.S. Standard Gauge (USSG) for
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Uncoated Hot and Cold Rolled Sheets and Galvanized
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Sheet Gage (GSG) for Hot-Dipped Zinc Coated Sheets
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
40 CFR 60 Subpart EE—Standard of Performance for Sur-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
face Coating of Metal Furniture
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3. Terminology
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 air dry touch-up enamel—an air drying enamel that
2. Referenced Documents
2 matches the factory applied enamel in color and gloss and is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
compatible with it.
A1008/A1008M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled,
3.1.2 baking finish—an enamel that requires baking at
Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
temperatures above 150 °F (65 °C) for the development of
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Required
desired properties.
Hardness, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
A653/A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated
3.1.3 blister—an enclosed raised spot on the paint surface
(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)
caused by moisture or solvent trapped under the surface.
by the Hot-Dip Process
3.1.4 cleaning—the first phase of the metal pretreatment
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
prior to painting.
3.1.5 cure—to condense or polymerize a material by
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships
heating, resulting in the full development of desired properties.
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.03 on
Outfitting and Deck Machinery.
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F1178 – 11 (2015). www.astm.org.
DOI: 10.1520/F1178-11R22. Available from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), One E.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Wacker Dr., Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60601-2001, http://www.aisc.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1178−11 (2022)
3.1.6 degreasing—to remove grease from a surface using 7. Enameling
chemical solvent, steam or other method. See cleaning.
7.1 All surfaces contributing to the appearance of the final
3.1.7 dry film thickness (DFT)—the actual thickness of the product shall be enameled to a smooth, low-gloss finish in
cured paint system. It is measured in mils or thousandths of an colors specified in the ordering documents.
inch, that is, 0.001 in. (25.4 µm).
7.2 Enamel shall be applied in an amount sufficient to
3.1.8 enamel—apaintcharacterizedbytheabilitytoforman
produce a minimum dry film thickness of 1.5 mils (0.0015 in.
especially smooth film.
(38.1 µm)) for joiner doors and frames. For other joiner
materials and furniture, 1 to 1.5 mils (0.001 to 0.0015 in. (25.4
3.1.9 galvanized steel—zinc coated steel sheet in confor-
to 38.1 µm)) is acceptable.
mance with Specification A653/A653M, Coating Designation
A1.
7.3 The enamel required under this specification shall be a
thermosettingtype,requiringahighbakingscheduleforproper
3.1.10 gloss—the degree to which a painted surface reflects
cure. This enamel shall satisfy the requirements of Section 9.
light.
3.1.11 joiner work—doors, frames, ceilings, bulkheads,
8. Texturing (Optional)
window casings, and all trim pieces in accommodation spaces
8.1 If a textured finish is required by ordering documents,
aboard ship.
the enamel chosen shall be capable of producing a suitable
3.1.12 low gloss—finish that shows a gloss of 25 to 35 when
raised textured finish when using equipment and techniques
measured with 60° glossmeter.Aceiling gloss is 6 to 16 when
recommended by the manufacturer.
measured the same way.
8.2 All requirements for enameling of the textured finish
3.1.13 pretreatment—usually restricted to mean the chemi-
shall remain as written for the smooth, low-gloss finish except
cal treatment of unpaired surfaces before painting.
that the gloss shown in 9.2.3.2 shall be 6 minimum to 16
3.1.14 smooth—even surface finish, glass-like to touch.
maximum for ceiling panels. Other items may vary according
to paint specified.
3.1.15 textured—regular or irregular surface finish.
9. Performance Criteria
4. Ordering Information
9.1 Test Panel Description—Test panels shall be 4 ⁄2 in.
4.1 Unless otherwise specified, a smooth, low-gloss enamel
(114 mm) minimum width and 7 ⁄2 in. (191 mm) maximum
finish will be applied.
length of material and thickness as listed below:
4.1.1 Color of enamel top coat.
9.1.1 Cold rolled steel sheet—In accordance with Specifi-
4.1.2 Finish:
cation A1008/A1008M, USSG 20 gauge 0.0359 in. (0.91 mm)
4.1.2.1 Smooth.
thick.
4.1.2.2 Textured.
9.1.2 Galvannealed steel sheet—In accordance with Speci-
4.1.3 Gloss (measured with 60° glossmeter):
fication A653/A653M with coating designation A1, GSG 20
4.1.3.1 Low gloss—25 to 35.
gauge 0.0396 in. (1.01 mm) thick.
4.1.3.2 Ceiling gloss—6 to 18.
9.1.3 Type 5052-H32 aluminum alloy—In accordance with
Specification B209/B209M, 0.040 in. (1.02 mm) thick.
5. Materials and Manufacture
9.2 Prepare test panels for testing, test, and evaluate in
5.1 Metal substrate—This specification is intended for use
accordance with the following requirements:
on metal furniture and joiner work of either steel or aluminum.
9.2.1 Dry Film Thickness—Measure the total dry film
thickness, either prime coat or prime coat plus enamel, on
5.2 For a smooth, low-gloss finish, the furniture or joiner
metal test panels or products in accordance with Test Method
work manufacturer shall follow the procedures in the order and
D1400. Where only steel products are being enameled, the dry
as listed in Sections 6 through 7.
film thickness shall be measured in accordance with Test
5.3 If a textured finish is specified, the furniture or joiner
Methods D1186.
work manufacturer shall follow the procedures in the order and
9.2.2 Primer:
as listed in Sections 6 through 8.
9.2.2.1 Preparation of Primer Test Panels—Clean,pre-treat,
andcoattwometaltestpanelswithprimeronbothsidesandon
6. Cleaning and Degreasing
all edges in the production cycle. After baking the primed test
panels, scribe one side of each panel with two diagonal scribe
6.1 All exterior and interior surfaces, both visible and
lines that extend through the prime coat down to the base
concealed, and all joints shall be thoroughly cleaned and
metal. For scribing, use a sharp instrument and a suitable
degreased.
straightedge. Hold the scribing tool perpendicular to the
6.2 The cleaning/rinsing process shall remove dirt, oil
surface of the test panel, and make two intersecting diagonal
grease, moisture, and other foreign matter.
scribe marks. Begin each scribe line at a point approximately
6.3 No detrimental residue from this process shall remain ⁄2 in. (13 mm) from a corner and continue to a point approxi-
deposited on any surface. mately ⁄2 in.(13mm)fromthediagonallyoppositecorner.The
F1178−11 (2022)
scribe must penetrate the prime coating down to the metal, cross-hatchtestinaccordancewithTestMethodsD3359andas
leaving a uniformly bright line. follows: Scribe the enameled test panel with a sharp knife or
similar instrument to give a cross hatch pattern with overall
9.2.2.2 Salt Spray Exposure of Primer Test Panels—Expose
2 2
size of 1 in. (6.45 cm ). Make 17 parallel cuts at about ⁄16 in.
the metal panels in accordance with Practice B117 for 250 h at
(2 mm) spacing and extending through the coating to the base
95 °F (35 °C). Remove test panels from the salt spray cabinet
metal. Make 17 similar cuts at 90° to and crossing the first 17,
and rinse them using a gentle stream of water at a temperature
giving a cross-hatched area of 256 squares. Press masking tape
of 100 6 10 °F (37.8 6 5.5 °C). Dry the test panels and
1 in. (25 mm) wide firmly onto the entire hatched area and then
vigorously scrape the scribed side of each panel with a dull
immediately jerk cleanly away from the panel. Examine the
knife blade or a suitable piece of sheet metal having a similar
hatched area. Normally, no paint squares will be lifted by this
dull edge. Hold the scraper with its face perpendicular to the
test, but a classification of 3B, in accordance with Test
specimen surface and parallel to the scribe, moving it back and
Methods D3359, for one panel out of three is permissible.
forth across the scribed line. Complete the scraping within 15
9.2.3.6 Flexibility—Test the enameled metal test panel for
min of the drying of the surface
...