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ASTM E633-00

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air

Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800&#176F (1000&#176C) in Air

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of ANSI/ISA thermocouple Types K, N, R, and S for creep and stress-rupture testing at temperatures up to 1800°F (1000°C) in air at one atmosphere of pressure. It does not cover the use of sheathed thermocouples.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-2000
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E633-00(2005) - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM E139-11(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM E21-20 - Standard Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6801-07(2021) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Maximum Spontaneous Heating Temperature of Art and Other Materials
Effective Date
10-May-2000
Referred By
ASTM E292-18 - Standard Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture Notch Tension Tests of Materials
Effective Date
10-May-2000

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ASTM E633-00 - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800&#176F (1000&#176C) in AirASTM E633-00 - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800&#176F (1000&#176C) in Air
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ASTM E633-00 - Standard Guide for Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing to 1800&#176F (1000&#176C) in Air
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E633–00
Standard Guide for
Use of Thermocouples in Creep and Stress-Rupture Testing
to 1800°F (1000°C) in Air
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E633; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide provides basic information, options, and guidelines to enable the user to apply
thermocouples, temperature measurement, and control equipment with sufficient accuracy to satisfy
the temperature requirements for creep and stress-rupture testing of materials.
1. Scope Tension Tests of Materials
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
1.1 This guide covers the use ofANSI thermocouple Types
etry
K, N, R, and S for creep and stress-rupture testing at tempera-
E574 Specification for Duplex Base Metal Thermocouple
tures up to 1800°F (1000°C) in air at one atmosphere of
Wire with Glass Fiber or Silica Fiber Insulation
pressure. It does not cover the use of sheathed thermocouples.
E1129/E1129M Specification for Thermocouple Connec-
1.2 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
tors
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
E1684 Specification for Miniature Thermocouple Connec-
information only.
tors
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions—Unless otherwise indicated, the definitions
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
given in Terminology E344 shall apply.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Classification
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The following thermocouple types are identified in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Tables E230:
E139 Practice for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture, and
2 4.1.1 Type K—Nickel—10 % chromium ( + ) versus
Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
nickel—5% (aluminum, silicon) (−),
E207 Method of Thermal EMF Test of Single Thermoele-
4.1.2 Type N—Nickel—14% chromium, 1.5% silicon (+)
ment Materials by Comparison with a Secondary Standard
versus nickel—4.5% silicon—0.1% magnesium (−),
of Similar EMF-Temperature Properties
4.1.3 Type R—Platinum—13% rhodium (+) versus plati-
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by
num (−),
Comparison Techniques
4.1.4 Type S—Platinum—10% rhodium (+) versus plati-
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
3 num (−).
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E292 Practice for Conducting Time-For-Rupture Notch
5. Summary of Guide
5.1 This guide will help the user to conduct a creep or
1 stress-rupture test with the highest degree of temperature
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E20 on Temperature
precision available. It provides information on the proper
Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.04 on Thermo-
couples.
application of thermocouples that are used to measure and
Current edition approved May 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally
control the temperature of the test specimen. It also points out
published as E633–87. Last previous edition E633–95.
sources of error and suggests methods to eliminate them.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E633
6. Significance and Use environment, handling, or wear. Therefore, a periodic recali-
bration of the measuring instrumentation with a checking
6.1 This guide presents techniques on the use of thermo-
instrument is necessary. The checking instrument should be of
couples and associated equipment for measuring temperature
higher accuracy than the measurement system, and to ensure
in creep and stress-rupture testing in air at temperatures up to
conformity to national standards, it should be calibrated with a
1800°F (1000°C).
knownprimaryteststandard,traceabletotheNationalInstitute
6.2 Since creep and stress-rupture properties are highly
of Standards and Technology.
sensitive to temperature, users should make every effort
7.3 Temperature Control Equipment Requirements—Atem-
practicable to make accurate temperature measurements and
perature controller or temperature control system should be
provide stable control of the test temperature. The goal of this
selectedonthebasisofstability(variationsof 61°F(0.5°C)or
guide is to provide users with good pyrometric practice and
less), and accuracy (uncertainty of 61.5°F (0.7°C) or less).
techniques for precise temperature control for creep and
Generally, a control system with proportional band, automatic
stress-rupture testing.
reset, and slow approach to final set point features should be
6.3 Techniques are given in this guide for maintaining a
used. When employing an automatic feedback control system,
stable temperature throughout the period of test.
the tuning constants or control algorithm shall be optimized,
6.4 If the techniques of this guide are followed, the differ-
4 5
not only to maintain the test specimen at the set point without
ence between “indicated” temperature and “true” tempera-
excessive deviations, but to eliminate or limit the amount of
ture will be reduced to the lowest practical level.
overshoot upon initial heating.
7. Apparatus
NOTE 1—The same precautions regarding reference junction compen-
7.1 Instrumentation may be individual instruments, a data
sation in the control device apply as in 7.2.1.
acquisition system (multipoint recorders or digital type), a
7.3.1 Configuration—The control configuration may take
computer-based control system, or a combination of these
one of several forms:
devices. (Warning—Since each thermocouple is “grounded”
7.3.1.1 The center thermocouple is connected to a control
by contacting the specimen, it is necessary that the instrumen-
loopthatstrivestomaintainthetemperatureofthecenterofthe
tationtreateachthermocoupleasisolatedor“floating”fromall
reduced section at set point. The upper and lower thermo-
other thermocouples. Neither leg should be connected to a
couplesareusedtomeasurethetemperaturesattheendsofthe
commongroundattheinstrumentationendofthesystem.Also,
reduced section. Means shall be provided to adjust the heating
equipment having a high common mode rejection ratio is
poweraboveandbelowthecentertoequalizethetemperatures.
necessary because of the proximity of strong electromagnetic
7.3.1.2 The bottom and top thermocouples may be con-
fields from the heating elements of the furnace.)
nectedtocontrolloopsthatregulatethepowertotheupperand
7.2 Temperature Measurement Instrumentation—The mea-
lower heaters independently. Thus, the end temperatures are
surement system should be able to resolve the thermocouple
maintained automatically. The center thermocouple is used
signal to 60.1°F (0.05°C). The temperature indication should
only as a monitor.
havenomorethan 61.0°F(0.5°C)uncertaintyforthepurposes
7.3.2 Control System Recalibration and Reliability—The
of this test. In addition, where specific corrections for the
calibration of individual thermocouples or a thermocouple lot control system should be subjected to routine recalibration, as
circumstances and type of equipment dictate. The checking
is required, the capability of the instrumentation system to
accommodate these data shall be considered. procedure should include calibration of the controller and a
7.2.1 Reference Junction Compensation: sensitivity check. A calibration circuit, as shown in Appendix
X1, should be employed.
7.2.1.1 Thermocouples are usually calibrated to a 32°F
(0°C) reference temperature. Unless an ice point reference is
7.4 Heating Equipment—Furnaces should be appropriately
used, some means must be provided to compensate for the
sized or adjusted relative to the workload and heat losses to
temperature where the thermoelectric circuit connects to the
provide a zone of uniform temperature across the specimen.
instrument (refer to MNL-12 on Reference Junctions ).
Because creep and stress-rupture testing is usually done at
7.2.1.2 Reference junction compensation is usually per-
constanttemperatureandwithanunchangingfurnaceload,the
formed within the instrumentation itself. Most devices or
main requirement is a well-insulated furnace, capable of
electronic data acquisition systems measure the temperature
achieving the desired temperatures. The top and bottom open-
where the thermoelements connect to the input terminals and
ings should be closed to limit convection losses, but the
introduce a compensating emf to simulate the ice point.
furnace should not be sealed airtight.
7.2.1.3 The input connections shall be isothermal and
shielded from sudden changes of temperature.
8. Hazards
7.2.2 Recalibration—The accuracy of the temperature mea-
8.1 The duration of a creep test ranges from a few hours to
surement equipment may be affected by component aging,
several hundred hours at elevated temperatures, at least par-
tially unattended by operators. Such tests are normally ended
beforetestspecimenfailure.Stress-rupturetestsmayoperateat
As defined in Practices E139 and E292.
higher stresses, higher temperatures, and for shorter times than
As defined in Practice E139.
creep tests, but they normally continue until the specimen has
Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement, ASTM
MNL-12. achieved its required life or has failed.
E633
8.2 The stability of the emf of the thermocouples and the high emf and are relatively stable over the low and middle
rapid response of the control system to any changes of temperatures of the testing range.
temperature over the period of the test are crucial to maintain 9.3.2 Limitations—Conventional Type K, and to a lesser
the specimen within the allowable temperature band. extent,TypeNthermocouplesundergoemfdriftastheresultof
8.3 Thermocouple Requirements—The requirements for metallurgical changes during use. Therefore, that portion of
thermocouples used for measurement are somewhat different wire that has been exposed to temperatures above 500°F
from thermocouples used for control purposes (especially with (260°C) or 1600°F (870°C) forTypes K and N thermocouples,
automatic feedback control systems). Of course, both require- respectively, should be discarded after one use.
ments may be met with one set of thermocouples that is
judiciously chosen and placed.
TABLE 1 Thermocouple and Extension Wire Tolerances and
8.3.1 Measurement—Thermocouples used for measurement
Calibration Uncertainties
are designed to represent the temperature of the specimen
Thermocouples, °F
along its reduced section. Since only two or three thermo-
Typical
Temperature
Type Tolerance Calibration
couples are used, they shall be located at places on the
Range
A
Uncertainty
specimen that represent the average temperature of their
B
Standard Special
respective sections. This can be determined by a test program,
K, N 32 to 2000 4 or 0.75 % 2 or 0.4 % 1.8 to 2.2
S, R 32 to 2000 2.7 or 0.25 % 1 or 0.1 % 1.1 to 1.2
where more than the usual number of thermocouples are
mountedalongthereducedsectiontoestablishthetemperature
C
Extension Wire, °F
D
profile. KX, NX 32 to 400 4 0.5to2
D
RX, SX 32 to 400 9 2to4
8.3.2 Control—Thermocouples used for control are de-
Thermocouples, °C
signed and placed to be sensitive to changes of or impending
Typical
Temperature
changes to the temperature of the specimen. Control thermo- Type Tolerance Calibration
Range
A
Uncertainty
couple wire should be as thin as possible. However, the wire
B
Standard Special
should not be so thin that oxidation or strain would cause emf
K, N 0 to 1100 2.2 or 0.75 % 1.1 or 0.4 % 1 to 1.2
R, S 0 to 1100 1.5 or 0.25 % 0.6 or 0.1 % 0.6 to 0.7
errors or failure during the test period.
C
NOTE 2—Locatingacontrolthermocouplenexttotheheaterasameans
Extension Wire, °C
D
KX, NX 0 to + 200 2 0.3to1
to limit fluctuations of temperature is not advisable. A controller with a
D
RX, SX 0 to + 200 5 1to2
wideproportionalbandandautomaticresetiscapableofcompensatingfor
A
the thermal lag of most furnace designs. Calibration uncertainty in an actual test depends on number of test points,
media, and reference standard used during the calibration (see Test Method
E 220).
9. Thermocouples
B
Tolerances and uncertainties are plus or minus the indicated values expressed
9.1 Basic Information—Information on basic thermocouple in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius or as a percentage of the value of the
measured temperature, whichever is greater (see Tables 1, 2, and 3 in Specifica-
characteristics and performance is available from ASTM pub-
tion E 230).
licationssuchasMNL-12. Stabilityoftheemfovertheperiod C
Worst case, where the temperature of the transition point differs from the
of test is the most crucial requirement for a control thermo- instrument’s reference junction by 360°F (200°C).
D
No special tolerance limits have been established, but materials with toler-
couple, whereas accuracy of the measurement thermocouple is
ances closer than the standard limits may be available.
paramount for successful correlation of test results.
9.1.1 Factors affecting thermocouple selection are: atmo-
sphere, temperature of exposure, duration of testing, and 9.3.3 Assessment—Type K or N thermocouples should be
responsetime.Thesefactorsshouldbeconsideredtodetermine reused only after their suitability for a particular test program
type (K, N, R, or S), wire size, insulation, and installation is proven by a body of test data. Stability tests are advised,
methods. using Type R or S thermocouples as references.
9.2 Precautions—The emf output of a thermocouple is 9.4 Types R and S Thermocouples:
affected by inhomogeneities in the region of a temperature 9.4.1 Suitability—Types R and S are highly resistant to
gradient. Inhomogeneities are produced by cold work, con- oxidation and are therefore stable for these tests at the higher
tamination, or metallurgical changes produced by temperature temperatures of the range. They provide the highest reproduc-
itself. Therefore, thermocouples should be handled carefully ibility and repeatability of the several thermocouple types but
without unnecessary stretching, bending, or twisting the wires. areinitiallymorecostly.Becausetheydonotdeteriorateduring
Bending around small radii should be avoided entirely, espe- normal use, it is possible to reuse them. When Types R and S
ciallywherethewiresmaylieinatemperaturegradient.Where wires are no longer suitable
...

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6.1 This guide presents techniques on the use of thermocouples and associated equipment for measuring temperature in elevated-temperature mechanical testing under typical conditions. Test durations range from minutes for tension, compression, Young's modulus, and superplastic property tests to thousands of hours for creep, stress-rupture, creep rupture, notch tension, and stress-relaxation tests.  
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5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.  
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This specification contains reference tables that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for types B, E, J, K, N, R, S, T, and C thermocouples. These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. Thermocouples and matched thermocouple wire pairs are normally supplied to the tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature. Color codes for insulation on thermocouple grade materials, along with corresponding thermocouple and thermoelement letter designations are given. Four types of tables are presented: general tables, EMF versus temperature tables for thermocouples, EMF versus temperature tables for thermoelements, and supplementary tables.
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1750-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Water Triple Point Cells

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes a procedure for placing a water triple-point cell in service and for using it as a reference temperature in thermometer calibration.  
4.2 The reference temperature attained is that of a fundamental state of pure water, the equilibrium between coexisting solid, liquid, and vapor phases.  
4.3 The cell is subject to qualification but not to calibration. The cell may be qualified as capable of representing the fundamental state (see 4.2) by comparison with a bank of similar qualified cells of known history, and it may be so qualified and the qualification documented by its manufacturer.  
4.4 The temperature to be attributed to a qualified water triple-point cell is exactly 273.16 K on the ITS-90, unless corrected for isotopic composition (refer to Appendix X3).  
4.5 Continued accuracy of a qualified cell depends upon sustained physical integrity. This may be verified by techniques described in Section 6.  
4.6 The commercially available triple point of water cells described in this standard are capable of achieving an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of between ±0.1 mK and ±0.05 mK, depending upon the method of preparation. Specified measurement procedures shall be followed to achieve these levels of uncertainty.  
4.7 Commercially-available triple point of water cells of unknown isotopic composition should be capable of achieving an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of no greater than 0.25 mK, depending upon the actual isotopic composition (3). These types of cells are acceptable for use at this larger value of uncertainty.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the nature of two commercial water triple-point cells (types A and B, see Fig. 1) and provides a method for preparing the cell to realize the water triple-point and calibrate thermometers. The qualifications concerning preparation and the types of glass used for a cell are discussed. Tests for assuring the integrity of a qualified cell and of cells yet to be qualified are given. Precautions for handling the cell to avoid breakage are also described.  
FIG. 1 Configurations of two commonly used triple point of water cells, Type A and Type B, with ice mantle prepared for measurement at the ice/water equilibrium temperature. The cells are used immersed in an ice bath or water bath controlled close to 0.01 °C (see 5.5)  
1.2 The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the temperature of a water triple-point cell is discussed.  
1.3 Procedures for adjusting the observed SPRT resistance readings for the effects of self-heating and hydrostatic pressure are described in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2067-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxygen consumption principle, used for the measurements described here, is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion (1).7 Approximately 13.1 MJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a prescribed external heating source.  
4.1.1 This technique is not appropriate for use on its own when the combustible fuel is an oxidizer or an explosive agent, which release oxygen. Further analysis is required in such cases (see Appendix X2).  
4.2 The heat release is determined by the measurement of the oxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the combustion product stream, in a full scale environment.  
4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentration and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the specimen ignitability, the smoke obscuration generated, the specimen mass loss rate, the effective heat of combustion and the yields of combustion products from the test specimen.  
4.4 The oxygen consumption technique is used in different types of test methods. Intermediate scale (Test Method E1623, UL 1975) and full scale (Test Method D5424, Test Method D5537, Test Method E1537, Test Method E1590, Test Method E1822, ISO 9705, NFPA 265, NFPA 266, NFPA 267, NFPA 286, UL 1685) test methods, as well as unstandardized room scale experiments following Guide E603, using this technique involve a large instrumented exhaust hood, where oxygen concentration is measured, either standing alone or positioned outside a doorway. A large test specimen is placed either under the hood or inside the room. This practice is intended to address issues associated with equipment requiring a large instrumented hood and not stand-alone test apparatuses with small test specimens.  
4.4.1 Small scale test methods using this technique, such as Tes...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice deals with methods to construct, calibrate, and use full scale oxygen consumption calorimeters to help minimize testing result discrepancies between laboratories.  
1.2 The methodology described herein is used in a number of ASTM test methods, in a variety of unstandardized test methods, and for research purposes. This practice will facilitate coordination of generic requirements, which are not specific to the item under test.  
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from the test methods using this technique are those associated with heat release from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Other fire-test-response characteristics also are determined.  
1.4 This practice is intended to apply to the conduction of different types of tests, including both some in which the objective is to assess the comparative fire performance of products releasing low amounts of heat or smoke and some in which the objective is to assess whether flashover will occur.  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool, nor does it describe a test method for any material or product.  
1.6 For use of the SI system of units in referee decisions, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
Note 1: This is the standard caveat described in section F2.2.2.1 of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manual for fire-test-response standards. In actual fact, this practice does not provide quantitative measures.  
1.8 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguar...

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ASTM
ASTM E452-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.  
5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1363-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermomechanical analyzers are employed in their various modes of operation (penetration, expansion, flexure, etc.) to characterize a wide range of materials. In most cases, the value to be assigned in thermomechanical measurements is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of all TMA thermal curves must be accurately calibrated either by direct reading of a temperature sensor or by adjusting the programmer temperature to match the actual temperature over the temperature range of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration of thermomechanical analyzers from −50 °C to 1500 °C. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7 and Note 12.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1860-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elapsed Time Calibration of Thermal Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most thermal analysis experiments are carried out under increasing temperature conditions where temperature is the independent parameter. Some experiments, however, are carried out under isothermal temperature conditions where the elapsed time to an event is measured as the independent parameter. Isothermal Kinetics (Test Methods E2070), Thermal Stability (Test Method E487), Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) (Test Methods D3895, D4565, D5483, E1858, and Specification D3350) and Loss-on-Drying (Test Methods E1868) are common examples of these kinds of experiments.  
5.2 Modern scientific instruments, including thermal analyzers, usually measure elapsed time with excellent precision and accuracy. In such cases, it may only be necessary to confirm the performance of the instrument by comparison to a suitable reference. Only rarely will it may be required to correct the calibration of an instrument's elapsed time signal through the use of a calibration factor.  
5.3 It is necessary to obtain elapsed time signal conformity only to 0.1 times the repeatability relative standard deviation (standard deviation divided by the mean value) expressed as a percent for the test method in which the thermal analyzer is to be used. For those test methods listed in Section 2 this conformity is 0.1 %.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance confirmation of the elapsed-time signal from thermal analyzers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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