ASTM D6825-02
(Guide)Standard Guide for Placement of Riprap Revetments
Standard Guide for Placement of Riprap Revetments
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods to place riprap with associated filters for erosion control purposes. This guide does not recommend a specific course of action because of the diverse methods and procedures that are capable of producing a functional product. This guide identifies favorable riprap qualities and recommends practices best suited to obtain those qualities. The production of rock, use of recycled materials, rock with cut dimensions, and engineering and design is beyond the scope of this guide. Special forms of riprap, including hand placed riprap, grouted riprap, or keyed (plated) riprap that is tamped into place to smooth the surface, are also beyond the scope of this guide.
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been developed and approved through the ASTM consensus process
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D6825–02
Standard Guide for
Placement of Riprap Revetments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6825; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.1 This guide covers methods to place riprap with associ-
Fluids
ated filters for erosion control purposes. This guide does not
D 4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be used for
recommend a specific course of action because of the diverse
Erosion Control
methods and procedures that are capable of producing a
D 5519 Practice for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and
functional product.This guide identifies favorable riprap quali-
Man-Made Riprap Materials
ties and recommends practices best suited to obtain those
D 6092 Practice for Specifying Standard Sizes of Stone for
qualities. The production of rock, use of recycled materials,
Erosion Control
rock with cut dimensions, and engineering and design is
2.2 AASHTO Standard:
beyond the scope of this guide. Special forms of riprap,
M 288–2000 Geotextile Specification for HighwayApplica-
including hand placed riprap, grouted riprap, or keyed (plated)
tions
riprap that is tamped into place to smooth the surface, are also
beyond the scope of this guide.
3. Terminology
1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information
3.1 Terminology used in this guide, which is not included or
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
not completely defined in Terminology D 653, is defined
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
below.
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
3.2.1 bedding—an aggregate mixture placed below the
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
riprap. Bedding material is usually sand and gravel sized, but
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
may include cobble sized material. If placed without a geotex-
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
tile, the bedding material may be used as a filter. If placed in
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
conjunction with a geotextile, the bedding may provide a
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
cushionforprotectionofthegeotextileduringriprapplacement
document means only that the document has been developed
andprovideconfinementofthegeotextile.Itispossibletohave
and approved through the ASTM consensus process
more than one bedding layer.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous operations and
3.2.2 chinking—the practice of filling riprap surface voids
equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the
with smaller sized rock or aggregate.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 clam shell—a bucket tool that is operated from a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dragline or crane. The bucket is hinged at the top and opens
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
like a clam so that rock can be placed without dropping it.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3.2.4 D —the particle diameter at which x % by weight
x
2. Referenced Documents (dry) of the particles of a particular sample are finer.
3.2.5 filter—any substance, as geotextile or layer of sand/
2.1 ASTM Standards:
aggregate, placed to provide separation and retention of mate-
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
rials, while allowing water to pass.
C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
3.2.6 floater—a individual rock within the riprap layer that
Aggregates
is not interlocked with the surrounding rocks.
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock for Erosion
Control.
Current edition approved August 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D6825–02
3.2.7 maximum aspect ratio—the ratio of the greatest to the 4.2 Revetments provide a facing or lining to armor a
least dimension, measured across mutually perpendicular axes, surface; and the layer thickness is typically minimized while
for any piece of rock; synonym, slabbiness. providing the necessary resistance to scour. In this case,
3.2.8 orange peel—a bucket tool that is operated from a standardized practices to obtain consistent coverage having
draglineorcraneandresemblestheshapeofanorangepeeling. acceptable thickness tolerances and voids become important.
The sides lift up and out so that rock can be placed without 4.3 This guide may be used by owners, installation contrac-
dropping it. tors, regulatory agencies, inspection organizations, and design-
3.2.9 pit run material—rock that has been blasted but not ersandspecifierswhoareinvolvedintheconstructionofriprap
processed to remove undersize pieces; synonym, shot rock or revetments. Modifications may be required for specific job
quarry run. conditions.This guide is not intentded for construction speci-
3.2.10 revetment—bank protection by armor, that is, by fications on large projects, but may be referenced where
facing of a bank or embankment with erosion-resistant mate- preparation of job specific construction specifications are not
rial. justified. If this practice is included by reference in contract
3.2.11 riprap—material generally less than 2 tons (1.8 documents, the specifier must provide a list of supplemental
tonnes) in mass, specially selected and graded. When properly requirements.
placed, riprap prevents erosion through minor wave action, or
5. Planning for Riprap Placement
strong currents and thereby preserves the shape of a surface,
5.1 Site conditions, level of protection required, construc-
slope, or underlying structure. Riprap may be specifically
tion methods, and equipment may affect the sizing, thickness,
produced for the intended purpose, or it may be a by-product
and lateral extent of a riprap revetment. For some small
from a mining operation, structure demolition, or industrial
projects, riprap may be dumped with minimal analysis or
process.
quality control, and still fulfill the intended purpose. For larger
3.2.12 rock—any naturally formed aggregate of mineral
projects and critical structures, engineering, careful placement,
matter occurring in large masses or fragments. Rock may be
and quality control become increasingly justified to minimize
either insitu or excavated material.
material costs and reduce the chance of failure. The degree of
4. Significance and Use
control appropriate should be appropriate for each project. The
4.1 Riprapisacommonlyusedformofscourprotectionand methods for placement and quality control should be compat-
general slope protection. Riprap provides a long term solution iblewiththelevelofsiteinvestigationandotherconsiderations
when properly sized and installed. Riprap has structural flex- included in Table 1. Table 1 includes factors which should be
ibility so it will conform to irregular surfaces and adapt to considered, but are beyond the scope of this guide. Some
minor subgrade settlement. It is often appropriate for use in recommended publications for further information on these
conjunction with soil bioengineering (vegetation establish- factors and engineering criteria are given in the References
ment) alternatives. In some environments, riprap may provide section. Designing the revetment is beyond the scope of this
habitat for benthic organisms and fish. guide.
TABLE 1 Predominant Factors for Placement and Maintenance of Riprap
Post
Site Design Construction
No. Factor Construction
Condition Control Control
Control
1 Hydraulic bed shear stress X
flow velocity or wave amplitude
flow turbulence
flow depth or wave run-up
water density (salinity)
2 Debris impact and ice action X X
3 Bed slope, side slopes (hydraulic stability) X X
4 Slope Stability (see Note 1) X X
5 Site Conditions (under water placement, temporary access,XX
encroaching structures, property limits, meandering rivers and
scour adjacent to revetment)
6 Environmental considerations (water quality, recreation use, affects X
on vegetation and wildlife)
7 Rock availability and cost X
8 Risk analysis (critical structure, return period for design storm or XX
flood event)
9 Filter requirements (subgrade drainage, filter clogging, installation XX X
damage, particle retention, degradation)
10 Rock gradation, angularity and placement X
11 Revetment thickness XX X
12 Revetment extent (toe protection, key-in, free board) X X
13 Construction Methods/Equipment X X
14 Quality Control/Quality Assurance X X
15 Disturbances (People moving stones, animals burrowing through XX
filters)
16 Material Durability (rock degradation, exposure of geotextile) X X X X
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D6825–02
NOTE 1—Slope stability should always be considered. If it is not NOTE 4—Due to the economical limitations of obtaining the number
investigated analytically by a qualified professional, then it should at least and size of samples to be statistically meaningful, the Owner and
be considered subjectively in light of the site conditions and surrounding Contractor should have a partnering relationship. Both parties should
conditions (riverbanks, shorelines, or landforms). Many agencies have make an effort to be present during rock source sampling and field testing.
generalized maximum allowable slopes (usually in the range of 1.5H:1V
6.2.2 Pit run material, rather than processed rock, is often
to 3H:1V); however, these must be recognized as site specific. Limitations
used due to it’s lower cost, greater availability, and broader
of the foundation, bank, material interfaces, seepage conditions, or toe
grading. For similar rock stability and filtration characteristics,
scour may lead to instability.
pit run material must be placed in greater thickness and stone
6. Riprap Materials size than processed riprap.
6.3 Recycled Materials—Recycled materials may be used
6.1 Stone Sources and Evaluation—Rock must be durable
for sustainable design and development. However, quality
material. In some cases, a source may be established based on
assurance of recycled material is generally more difficult and
rock classification, geologic evaluation, and observations of
the material must be appropriate for the intended use. Crushed
existing installations showing that the rock is durable. If a
hydraulic-cement concrete may be obtained from various
history of rock durability is not established, sampling and
sources with inconsistent strength and durability. Slabs in the
testing the rock may be required. Acceptable material proper-
source material and the amount of reinforcing steel can
ties for rock is dependent on the conditions (such as abrasion
complicate control of the grading requirements and the aspect
and saturation frequency due to wave run-up) and climate in
ratio of individual stones.
the vicinity of where it will be used. Source selection must also
consider the material properties available from local sources.
7. Filter Materials
Riprap is most commonly produced at a quarry, but it may also
7.1 Purpose of Filters—For revetments placed as thin
be screened from a gravel pit operation, processed from rock
facings or linings, a filter is required to prevent loss of the
collected from some other source, or manufactured from
subgrade by turbulent flow through the voids in the riprap.
crushed hydraulic-cement (recycled) concrete.
Filters for riprap consist of bedding or geotextiles. Filters are
NOTE 2—Borrowing stone, cobbles or gravel from stream or lake beds
selected to provide soil retention and adequate permeability for
that do not otherwise need to be disturbed may have environmental
subgrade drainage. This requires balancing two opposing
consequences and may not be allowed under state and federal permits.
criteria: the opening sizes (voids) must be small enough to
6.1.1 Sampling and Testing Rock Sources—Practice D 4992
retain the subgrade particles and large enough to provide
provides guidance on sampling a source rock. Criteria for
adequate permeability for water passage. In some cases,
acceptance should consider criteria in EM 1110-2-2302, but
multiple layers may be required.
may also consider characteristics of rock found in nearby
7.2 Bedding—Bedding material should be composed of
quarries. Information provided with rock samples should
tough, durable particles, free from thin, flat and elongated
include the location from which the sample was taken, and the
pieces,andshouldcontainminimalquantitiesoforganicmatter
stratigraphy for samples obtained at quarries. (See Note 3).
and soft friable particles.Aggregates should generally meet the
quality requirements of Specification C 33. Some typical
NOTE 3—Due to the relative cost of producing and transporting riprap
gradation requirements for bedding materials are given in
in relation to placing it at the site, there is a potential for disputes where
sampling and testing at the source have implied acceptance of the material
Practice D 6092. It is sometimes more economical to specify a
and the Owner later rejects the material at the placement site. Contract
commonly produced gradation, such as a state transportation
specifications should clearly state where the riprap will be sampled for
department gradation for concrete or bituminous aggregate. It
testing and what constitutes final acceptance of the material.
may be necessary to adjust the gradation requirements to meet
filter requirements for protection of the subgrade soils.
6.2 Riprap Grading—Recommended gradation require-
ments for processed riprap are given in Practice D 6092. The 7.3 Geotextiles—The geotextiles must have adequate
gradations are considered to be optimum size variations strength to withstand installation stresses during
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