ASTM E2431-12
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Use of this practice assumes:
the glass edges shall be free from damage,
the glass shall be properly glazed,
the glass shall not have been subjected to abuse, and
the glass edge support allows in-plane movement of the glass due to thermal expansion and contraction.
This practice does not address all factors that cause thermally induced stresses in annealed glass. Factors that are not addressed include: transient thermal stresses, HVAC registers, thermally insulating window coverings, drop ceilings and other heat traps, increased solar irradiance caused by exterior reflections, variations in heat transfer coefficients other than those assumed for the steady state analysis described herein, and stresses induced by thermal sources other than the sun. Factors other than those listed above may also induce thermal stress.
Many other factors shall be considered in glass selection. These factors include, but are not limited to, mechanically induced stresses, wind effects, windborne debris impacts, excessive deflections, seismic effects, heat flow, noise abatement, potential post-breakage consequences, and so forth. In addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with criteria presented in safety glazing standards and site specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.
The proper use of this practice is intended to reduce the risk of thermally induced breakage of annealed window glass in buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure to determine the resistance of annealed architectural flat glass to thermally induced stresses caused by exposure to sun and shadows for a specified probability of breakage (Pb). Proper use of this procedure is intended to reduce the possibility of thermal breakage of annealed glass in buildings.
1.2 This practice applies to vertical or sloped glazing in buildings.
1.3 This practice applies to monolithic and laminated glass of rectangular shape and assumes that all glass edges are simply supported.
1.4 This practice applies only to annealed flat soda-lime silica glass with clean cut, seamed, flat ground, or ground and polished edges that are free from damage. The glass may be clear or tinted as well as coated (not including coatings that reduce emissivity of the glass).
1.5 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass or glass with surface and edge treatments, other than those described in 1.4, that alter the glass strength.
1.6 This practice does not address uniform loads such as wind and snow loads, safety requirements, fire, or impact resistance.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E2431 − 12
Standard Practice for
Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed
1
Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2431; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice covers a procedure to determine the
resistance of annealed architectural flat glass to thermally
2. Referenced Documents
induced stresses caused by exposure to sun and shadows for a
2
specified probability of breakage (P ). Proper use of this
b
2.1 ASTM Documents:
procedure is intended to reduce the possibility of thermal
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
breakage of annealed glass in buildings.
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Use of the International System of Units
1.2 This practice applies to vertical or sloped glazing in
(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
buildings.
3
2.2 Other Documents:
1.3 This practice applies to monolithic and laminated glass
2005 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals
of rectangular shape and assumes that all glass edges are
simply supported.
3. Terminology
1.4 This practice applies only to annealed flat soda-lime
3.1 Definitions:
silica glass with clean cut, seamed, flat ground, or ground and
3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to building
polished edges that are free from damage. The glass may be
construction used in this test method refer to Terminology
clear or tinted as well as coated (not including coatings that
E631, and for general terms related to glass and glass products,
reduce emissivity of the glass).
refer to Terminology C162.
1.5 This practice does not apply to any form of wired,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
patterned, etched, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved
3.2.1 edge bite, n—the width of the glass edge (measured
glass or glass with surface and edge treatments, other than
perpendicular to the cut edge, in the plane of the glass) that is
those described in 1.4, that alter the glass strength.
protected from direct exposure to solar irradiance by the
1.6 This practice does not address uniform loads such as
window frame edge conditions expressed in mm (in.) [see
wind and snow loads, safety requirements, fire, or impact
Table 1].
resistance.
3.2.2 edge thermal stress factor (TSF ),n—the ratio of
edge
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
induced thermal stress to the solar load, SL, as the result of the
2
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical edge bite condition expressed in MPa/(W/m ).
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
3.2.3 frame type, n—the manner in which the edges of the
tion only and are not considered standard. For conversion of
glass are supported in the window frame [see Table 1].
quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer
3.2.4 glass dimensions, n—the rectangular dimensions of
to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
the glass (not the daylight opening), with the width being the
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
smaller dimension and the length being the larger dimension
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
both expressed in mm.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.52 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Glass Use in Buildings. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2431 – 06 (2011). Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
DOI: 10.1520/E2431-12. 30329, http://www.ashrae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2431 − 12
TABLE 1 Frame Types
Frame Type Sketch
Insulated edge -- This condition should only be used in the analysis if it can
reasonably be assumed that the heat loss from the glass to the glazing
pocket is negligible.
Conventional edge -- This condition should be used in the a
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2431–06 (Reapproved 2011) Designation:E2431–12
Standard Practice for
Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed
1
Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2431; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a procedure to determine the resistance of annealed architectural flat glass to thermally induced stresses
caused by exposure to sun and shadows for a specified probability of breakage (P ). Proper use of this procedure is intended to
b
reduce the possibility of thermal breakage of annealed glass in buildings.
1.2 This practice applies to vertical or sloped glazing in buildings.
1.3 This practice applies to monolithic and laminated glass of rectangular shape and assumes that all glass edges are simply
supported.
1.4 This practice applies only to annealed flat soda-lime silica glass with clean cut, seamed, flat ground, or ground and polished
edges that are free from damage. The glass may be clear or tinted as well as coated (not including coatings that reduce emissivity
of the glass).
1.5 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass or glass
with surface and edge treatments, other than those described in 1.4, that alter the glass strength.
1.6 This practice does not address uniform loads such as wind and snow loads, safety requirements, fire, or impact resistance.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions
to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. For conversion of quantities in various
systems of measurements to SI units refer to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Documents:
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Use of the International System of Units (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
3
2.2 Other Documents:
2005 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1Refer to Terminologies C162 and
3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to building construction used in this test method refer to Terminology E631for
additional terms used in this practice , and for general terms related to glass and glass products, refer to Terminology C162.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 edge bite, n—the width of the glass edge (measured perpendicular to the cut edge, in the plane of the glass) that is
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 on Performance
of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E2431–06. DOI:
10.1520/E2431-06R11.
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2431 – 06 (2011). DOI:
10.1520/E2431-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329,
http://www.ashrae.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2431–12
protected from direct exposure to solar irradiance by the window frame edge conditions expressed in mm (in.) [see Table 1].
3.2.2 edge thermal stress factor (TSF ), n—the ratio of induced thermal stress to the solar load, SL, as the result of the edge
edge
2
bite condition expressed in MPa/(
...
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