ASTM D804-97
(Terminology)Terminology Relating to Naval Stores, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
Terminology Relating to Naval Stores, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
SCOPE
1.1 Although the naval stores industry has been a continuing producer of chemical products for many centuries, the nature of the industry, its products, and its terminology have changed. In particular, the original practice of recovering naval stores through the processing of the exudate from pine trees (gum naval stores) has been supplemented by their extraction by solvent (wood naval stores) and by wood pulping chemicals (sulfate naval stores). Thus, this terminology contains some old terms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms of the modern naval stores industry.
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Designation: D 804 – 97
Terminology Relating to
Naval Stores, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and conversion of other terpenes.
destructively distilled dipentene, n—from the lighter por-
1.1 Although the naval stores industry has been a continuing
tions of the oil recovered during the destructive distillation
producer of chemical products for many centuries, the nature
of pine wood.
of the industry, its products, and its terminology have changed.
steam-distilled dipentene, n—fractionated from the crude
In particular, the original practice of recovering naval stores
oleoresinous extract during the processing of related steam-
through the processing of the exudate from pine trees (gum
distilled wood naval stores.
naval stores) has been supplemented by their extraction by
sulfate dipentene, n—from the crude condensate of the
solvent (wood naval stores) and by wood pulping chemicals
vapors generated in the digestion of wood in the sulfate
(sulfate naval stores). Thus, this terminology contains some old
paper pulp process.
terms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms of
ester gum, n—a resin made from rosin and a polyhydric
the modern naval stores industry .
alcohol, generally glycerol or pentaerythritol.
2. Terminology
gloss oil, n—a solution of limed rosin or limed rosin acids in
a volatile solvent, used chiefly in surface coatings. (When
abietic acid, commercial grade, n—a product consisting
made from tall oil, the source is usually indicated.)
chiefly of rosin acids in substantially pure form, separated
gum thus, n—botanically, the oleoresin from trees of
either from rosin or tall oil commercially for specific
Boswellia species native to Arabia and Somaliland.
purposes and in which abietic acid and its isomers are the
principal components. DISCUSSION—Also known as olibanum or frankincense. As applied to
the naval stores industry, the term refers to the crystallized pine
colophony, n—a term denoting medium and high grades of
oleoresin or “scrape” collected from scarified “faces” of trees being
rosin.
worked for turpentine.
crude stripper oil, n—a by-product of the manufacture of
citrus juice, composed largely of d-limonene and containing
d-limonene, n—a purified optically active terpene hydrocar-
up to 1.5 % of aldehydes. (See also d-limonene.) bon recovered from by-products of the citrus industry.
dipentene, n—chemically defined as the optically inactive
DISCUSSION—It is used as a chemical intermediate and as a monomer
form of the monocyclic terpene hydrocarbon limonene.
in terpene resins.
DISCUSSION—Commercial dipentenes contain substantial portions of
metallic resinates, n—rosin in which part or all of the rosin
other monocyclic and bicyclic, as well as some oxygenated, terpenes
acids have been chemically reacted with those metals that
having closely related boiling ranges. They are generally obtained by
give soaps or salts which are water insoluble.
fractional distillation from crude oils recovered in the several commer-
cial methods of utilizing pine wood, also by isomerization during the
DISCUSSION—Limed rosin, zinc-treated rosin, and the resinates of
chemical processing of terpenes. There is no legal requirement under
lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese, are of the greatest industrial
the Naval Stores Act that the source, origin, or kind of dipentene be
importance.
shown in the commercial designation. Consequently, coined trade
names are sometimes used in selling this product. The four kinds of
modified rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with heat or
commercial dipentene are:
catalysts, or both with or without added chemical substances,
so as to cause substantial change in the structure of the rosin
chemically processed dipentene, n—recovered as a product
acids, as isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or
or a by-product in connection with the chemical treatment
polymerization, without substantial effect on the carboxyl
group.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint,
DISCUSSION—The following are types of modified rosin:
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of
disproportionated (dehydrogenated) rosin, n—rosin that has been
Subcommittee D01.34on Naval Stores.
subjected to chemical or physical treatment, or both, so as to cause
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published June 1998. Originally
published as D 804 – 44 T. Last previous edition D 804 – 92. substantial simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the
Zinkel, D. F., and Russell, J., eds., Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry and
Utilization, Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 1989.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D804–97
rosin acids to form their hydrogenated and dehydrogenated counter-
variable quantities of terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones,
parts.
phenols, and phenolic ethers, the amount and character of
heat-treated rosin, n—rosin in which a reduction of acid number and a
which depend on the source and method of manufacture.
positive shift in optical rotation has been brought about by controlled
heat treatment only, in order to improve its suitability for specific uses.
DISCUSSION—The four commercial kinds of pine oil are:
hydrogenated rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with hydrogen under
destructively distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the lighter distillate
conditions that cause a partial or complete saturation of the resin acids
from the destructive distillation (carbonization) of pine wood.
present, best indicated by a drop in the refractive index. Commercial
steam-distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the crude oleoresinous
hydrogenated rosin is usually only partially saturated.
extract of pinewood during the processing of related steam-distilled
wood naval stores . sulfate pine oil, n—a high boiling fraction obtained
polymerized rosin, n—rosin that has been treated by chemical
in the refining and fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine.
or physical means, or both, in a manner so as to cause a
synthetic pine oil, n—obtained by chemical hydration of pinenes to
union of a part of the rosin acids to form dimers to such an
form monocyclic terpene alcohols, mainly alpha-terpineol.
extent that the average molecular weight of such rosin will
pine tar, n—A product of the destructive distillation of pine
be measurably greater than that of the original rosin. Also
wood.
known as “dimerged resin.”
monocyclic terpenes, n—a designation sometimes used in the DISCUSSION—There are several types of pine tar as follows:
trade to describe a heterogeneous mixture of monocyclic,
kiln burned, pine tar, n—the heavy, oily liquid resulting
bicyclic, and other related terpene C H hydrocarbons
10 16
from controlled carbonization (slow burning) of pine knots
recovered or removed in the fractionation of certain terpenes
and stump-wood to charcoal in earth-covered piles or
or other essential oils, or as a by-product in the chemical
88kilns,” with introduction of insufficient air to permit
conversion of pinenes generally sold under trade names.
complete combustion; contains undecomposed resin acids
DISCUSSION—The term “other monocyclic hydrocarbons,” used in along with the decomposition products. This product is
statistical reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, covers this
sometimes called “country tar.”
type of material.
pine tar oil, n—the oil obtained by condensing the vapors
from the retorts in which resinous pine wood is destructively
naval stores, n—chemically reactive oils, resins, tars, and
distilled (carbonized).
pitches derived from the oleoresin contained in, exuded by,
retort, pine tar, n—the tar produced by removal of volatile
or extracted from wood chiefly of the pine species ( Genus
oils from pine tar oil by steam distillation. Several grades are
Pinus).
marketed, namely: Thin, Medium, Heavy, and Extra Heavy,
neutral content, n—the total amount of material contained in
so classified on the basis of viscosity, and depending upon
naval stores, such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivatives that
the quantity of volatile oils removed.
do not contain any acidic functionality.
Stockholm, pine tar, n—kiln-burned pine tar produced in
DISCUSSION—Neutral content includes unsaponifiable matter and any
Scandinavian countries from wood of the Northern Euro-
combined acidic material present as derivatives, such as esters, anhy-
pean pine, Pinus sylvestris.
drides, or lactones.
pitch—a term to describe a variety of solid or semi solid
oil of (pine) tar, n—certain heavier fractions of the volatile oil
products isolated from trees as follows:
recovered by distilling pine-tar oil to convert it into pine tar.
Archangel pitch, n—originally a genuine pine pitch made
oil of turpentine, n—the pharmaceutical name for spirits of
from pine tar in the Archangel district of Russia; in this
turpentine that conforms to the requirements of the National
country a similar product is made from residues of pine
Formulary.
origin blended with various oils to make a pitch for caulking
oleoresin, n—pine gum, the nonaqueous secretion of resin
boats.
acids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil that is produced
Brewer’s pitch, n—a term used to designate a type of pitch
or exuded from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree,
made by blending certain oils, waxes or other ingredients
and is present, together with oxidation products, in the dead
with rosin for the coating of beer barrels.
wood of weathered limbs and stumps.
Burgundy pitch, n—originally the solidified resin obtained
pine needle oil, n—an essential oil of typical fragrance
by heating and straining the air-dried solid oleoresin exuded
obtained by steam distillation of the leaves (needles) of
by the Norway spruce (Picea excelsa) and European silver
certain species of pine.
fir (Abies pectinata); now denotes an artificial mixture made
by heating rosin with certain fixed oils, the combination
DISCUSSION—Some imported oils derived from other conifers are
being used for adhesive plasters.
classified as pine needle oil.
Navy pitch, n—a pitch obtained by melting rosin with pine
pinenes, n—bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons, the principal con-
tar, with or without rosin distillation residues. The terms
stituent of all turpentines and existing therein in two iso-
Archangel pitch, Brewer’s pitch, Burgundy pitch, and Navy
meric forms, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene.
pitch have been in use in the naval stores industry for many
pine oil, n—a colorless to amber colored volatile oil with
characteristic pinaceous odor, consisting principally of iso-
meric tertiary and secondary cyclic terpene alcohols, with
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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D804–97
years. They cover a wide variety of compounded products in rosin reclaimed—See reclaimed rosin.
which the one constituent common to all is a large propor- rosin spirits, n—the relatively light, volatile portion of the
tion of rosin. condensate obtained in the first stages when rosin is sub-
reclaimed, rosin, n—rosin that has been recovered or re- jected to dry destructive distillation.
claimed by any means from waste or deteriorated material, rosin standards, n—the combinations of assembled colored
provided that the concentration of rosin acids is not below glasses having the colors designated as representative of the
that normal for rosin, and any residual or contaminating established U.S. grades used in classifying rosin.
component from the waste material itself or from any article
DISCUSSION—The recognized official standards are those developed
used in the recovery process is not in sufficient quantity to
and issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or similar standards
cause the physical or chemical properties of the reclaimed
made of Lovibond glass, when certified by the same Government
product to differ materially from those of rosin.
agency. The official grades established by or under authority of the
Federal Naval Stores Act, for which standards are provided, are as
rectified tar oil, n—the volatile oil that is rectified by steam
follows in order of increasing color XC, XB, XA, X, WW, WG, N, M, K,
distillation of pine tar, obtained by destructive distillation of
I, H, G, F, E, D, and FF (the latter grade is used only for wood rosin).
various species of Pinus.
Rosin darker in color than the standard for Grade D or FF is graded B.
DISCUSSION—It is a thin liquid, having a dark reddish-brown color The designation Opaque with the grade letters OP is used to describe
and a strong empyreumatic odor and taste. It is miscible in all rosin that, because of a turbid, cloudy, or nontransparent condition due
proportions with ethyl alcohol and is used in certain pharmaceutical to occluded moisture, excessive crystallization, or presence of foreign
preparations. The specific gravity of rectified tar oil is not less than matter other than dirt, cannot be accurately graded by comparison with
0.960 nor more than 0.990 at 77°F (25°C). any of the described rosin grade standards.
rosin type (sample), n—a sample of rosin, or a mold of
resinates, metallic—See metallic resinates.
rosin, n—a specific kind of natural resin obtained as a vitreous thermosetting plastic material, used as an unofficial standard
in grading rosin.
water-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal of
the volatile oils, or from tall oil by the removal of the fatty
DISCUSSION—Such sample shall be so selected, sized, and surface-
acid components thereof.
finished that it will have the form of an approximate ⁄8-in. (22 mm)
cube with at least two opposite faces having smooth parallel surfaces,
DISCUSSION—It consists primarily of several diterpenoid isomers of
and shall have a color when viewed through these faces which matches
tricyclic monocarboxylic acids having the general empirical formula
within rather narrow tolerances the color of the corresponding official
C H O , with small quantities of compounds saponifiable with
30 2
Government standard made of glass.
boiling alcoholic potassium
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